Phosphatidylcholine, an edible carrier for nanoencapsulation of unstable thiamine

Modulating the glycemic response of starch-based foods using organic nanomaterials: strategies and opportunities

Traditionally, diverse natural bioactive compounds (polyphenols, proteins, fatty acids, dietary fibers) are used as inhibitors of starch digestive enzymes for lowering glycemic index (GI) and preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In recent years, organic nanomaterials (ONMs) have drawn a great attention because of their ability to overcome the stability and solubility issues of bioactive. This review aimed to elucidate the implications of ONMs in lowering GI and as encapsulating agents of enzymes inhibitors. The major ONMs are presented. The mechanisms underlying the inhibition of enzymes, the stability within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and safety of ONMs are also provided. As a result of encapsulation of bioactive in ONMs, a more pronounced inhibition of enzymes was observed compared to un-encapsulated bioactive. More importantly, the lower the size of ONMs, the higher their inhibitory effects due to facile binding with enzymes. Additionally, in vivo studies exhibited the potentiality of ONMs for protection and sustained release of insulin for GI management. Overall, regulating the GI using ONMs could be a safe, robust and viable alternative compared to synthetic drugs (acarbose and voglibose) and un-encapsulated bioactive. Future researches should prioritize ONMs in real food products and evaluate their safety on a case-by-case basis.

Current Applications of Liposomes for the Delivery of Vitamins: A Systematic Review

Liposomes have been used for several decades for the encapsulation of drugs and bioactives in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. On the other hand, the use of these phospholipid vesicles in food applications is more recent and is increasing significantly in the last ten years. Although in different stages of technological maturity-in the case of cosmetics, many products are on the market-processes to obtain liposomes suitable for the encapsulation and delivery of bioactives are highly expensive, especially those aiming at scaling up. Among the bioactives proposed for cosmetics and food applications, vitamins are the most frequently used. Despite the differences between the administration routes (oral for food and mainly dermal for cosmetics), some challenges are very similar (e.g., stability, bioactive load, average size, increase in drug bioaccessibility and bioavailability). In the present work, a systematic review of the technological advancements in the nanoencapsulation of vitamins using liposomes and related processes was performed; challenges and future perspectives were also discussed in order to underline the advantages of these drug-loaded biocompatible nanocarriers for cosmetics and food applications.

Natural carriers: Recent advances in their use to improve the stability and bioaccessibility of food active compounds

In the last decades, the incorporation of bioactive compounds in food supplements aroused the attention of scientists. However, these ingredients often exhibit both low solubility and stability and their poor bioaccessibility within the gastrointestinal tract limits their effectiveness. To overcome these drawbacks, many carriers have been investigated for encapsulating nutraceuticals and enhancing their bioavailability. It is note that several different vegetable wall materials have been applied to build delivery systems. Considering their encapsulation mechanism, lipid and protein-based carriers display specific interaction patterns with bioactives, whereas polysaccharidic-based carriers can entrap them by creating porous highly stable networks. To maximize the encapsulation efficiency, mixed systems are very promising. Following the current goal of using natural and sustainable ingredients, only a limited number of studies about the isolation of new ingredients from agro-food waste are available. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the state of art in the development of innovative natural lipid-, protein- and polysaccharide-based plant carriers is presented, focusing on their application as food active compounds. Different aspects to be considered in the design of delivery systems are discussed, including the carrier structure and chemical features, the interaction between the encapsulating and the core material, and the parameters affecting bioactives entrapment.

Nanofortification of vitamin B-complex in food matrix: Need, regulations, and prospects

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Overview of nanomaterials to fortify food with vitamin B-complex.

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Nanofortification of food with vitamin B-complex to overcome conventional fortification challenges.

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Regulatory aspects, prospects, and upcoming trends of this indispensable technology are also discussed.

Micronutrient malnutrition (or hidden hunger) caused by vitamin B-complex deficiency is a significant concern in the growing population. Vitamin B-complex plays an essential role in many body functions. With the introduction of nanotechnology in the food industry, new and innovative techniques have started to develop, which holds a promising future to end malnutrition and help achieve United Nations Sustainable Developmental Goal-2 (UN SDG-2), named as zero hunger. This review highlights the need for nanofortification of vitamin B-complex in food matrix to address challenges faced by conventional fortification methods (bioavailability, controlled release, physicochemical stability, and shelf life). Further, different nanomaterials like organic, inorganic, carbon, and composites along with their applications, are discussed in detail. Among various nanomaterials, organic nanomaterials (lipid, polysaccharides, proteins, and biopolymers) were found best for fortifying vitamin B-complex in foods. Additionally, different regulatory aspects across the globe and prospects of this upcoming field are also highlighted in this review.

Enhanced cellular uptake, transport and oral bioavailability of optimized folic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles

Folic acid is a synthetic form of folate widely used for food fortification. However, its bioavailability is limited due to its inherent instability at several conditions. Therefore, a suitable encapsulation system is highly required. In the present study, the fabrication condition for folic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticle (FA-Chi-NP) was optimized and then subjected to characterization. The optimized formulation had the particle size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency of 180 nm, +52 mV, and 90%, respectively. In vitro release profile showed a controlled release of folic acid from the nanoparticles. Treatment of Caco-2 cells with the formulation showed no adverse effects based on MTT and LDH assays, and also, the cellular uptake was significantly higher after 2 h compared to free folic acid. Further, the oral administration of rats with FA-Chi-NPs (1 mg/kg BW) increased the plasma level of both folic acid (3.2-fold) and its metabolites such as tetrahydrofolate (2.3-fold) and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (1.6-fold) significantly compared to free folic acid. In a bio-distribution study, duodenum and jejunum were found to be the primary sites for absorption. These findings suggest that chitosan may be a promising carrier for the delivery of folic acid and, therefore, could be exploited for various food applications.

Spirulina platensis extract nanoliposomes: preparation, characterization and application to white cheese

BACKGROUND

Ultrafiltration cheese is produced in large scale from treated and pasteurized treated and pasteurized milk with mesophilic starter and to expand its shelf life preservatives addition is needed.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the present study was preparation of encapsulate Spirulina platensis algae nanoliposomes to evaluate the characteristics of the nanoliposomes loaded with Spirulina extract (SE-NLs). In addition, the chemical and microbiological properties of white cheese produced with SE-NLs were studied.

METHODS

Nanoliposomes are composed of lecithin and cholesterol, used for the encapsulation of SE. The SE-NLs were prepared using the thin layer hydration method. The characteristics of produced SE-NLs including particle size, zeta potential, morphology and the encapsulation efficiency (EE) was studied during 4 weeks in different storage conditions (4 °C and 25 °C). In addition, the effect of SE and SE-NLs on the chemical and microbiological properties of white cheese was evaluated during 60 days of ripening.

RESULTS

The results showed that the nanoliposomes loaded with 3 mg/g of SE had the optimum formulation due to the higher EE, smaller particle size, and higher negatively charged zeta potential. The quality of the produced nanoliposomes decreased by increasing the time of storage but the SE-NLs stored at 4 °C were more stable and possessed higher EE and smaller particle sizes. While the chemical composition of the cheeses manufactured by the nanoliposome loaded with 3 mg/g SE- NLs were comparable to that of control cheese at 60 days of ripening, it showed a significant inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes after 30 days.

CONCLUSION

The utilization of SE-NLs can be considered as a natural antimicrobial and an alternative to the use of synthetic preservatives in the production of white cheese.

HIGHLIGHTS

Nanoliposomes of Spirulina platensis extracts was prepared.UF white cheese prepared by nanoliposomes and then were evaluated.

The pH-Dependent Controlled Release of Encapsulated Vitamin B1 from Liposomal Nanocarrier

In this work, we firstly presented a simple encapsulation method to prepare thiamine hydrochloride (vitamin B1)-loaded asolectin-based liposomes with average hydrodynamic diameter of ca. 225 and 245 nm under physiological and acidic conditions, respectively. In addition to the optimization of the sonication and magnetic stirring times used for size regulation, the effect of the concentrations of both asolectin carrier and initial vitamin B1 on the entrapment efficiency (EE %) was also investigated. Thermoanalytical measurements clearly demonstrated that after the successful encapsulation, only weak interactions were discovered between the carriers and the drug molecules. Moreover, the dissolution profiles under physiological (pH = 7.40) and gastric conditions (pH = 1.50) were also registered and the release profiles of our liposomal B1 system were compared with the dissolution profile of the pure drug solution and a manufactured tablet containing thiamin hydrochloride as active ingredient. The release curves were evaluated by nonlinear fitting of six different kinetic models. The best goodness of fit, where the correlation coefficients in the case of all three systems were larger than 0.98, was reached by application of the well-known second-order kinetic model. Based on the evaluation, it was estimated that our liposomal nanocarrier system shows 4.5-fold and 1.5-fold larger drug retention compared to the unpackaged vitamin B1 under physiological conditions and in artificial gastric juice, respectively.

Development and Characterization of Inkjet Printed Edible Films for Buccal Delivery of B-Complex Vitamins

Buccal films containing two vitamins, i.e., thiamine hydrochloride (THCl) and nicotinic acid (NA), were fabricated via two-dimensional (2D) inkjet printing. For the preparation of buccal films, solubility studies and rheological evaluations were conducted in distilled water and propylene-glycol (PG) as main solvent and viscosity/surface tension modifier, respectively. The increased solubility in the solvents' mixture indicated that manufacturing of several doses of the THCl and NA is achievable. Various doses were deposited onto sugar-sheet substrates, by increasing the number of printing passes. The physiochemical characterization (SEM, DSC, FTIR) revealed that inkjet printing does not affect the solid state of the matrix. Water uptake studies were conducted, to compare the different vitamin-loaded formulations. The in vitro release studies indicated the burst release of both vitamins within 10 min, a preferable feature for buccal administration. The in vitro permeation studies indicated that higher concentrations of the vitamins onto the sugar sheet improved the in vitro permeation performance of printed formulations.

Lipid vesicles: applications, principal components and methods used in their formulations: A review

Liposomes and niosomes are currently the most studied lipid vesicles in the nanomedicine field. The system formed by a phospholipid bilayer in aqueous medium allows these vesicles to carry both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds, providing an increase in solubility of drugs lready used in conventional therapy. The focus on the development of these vesicles should be directed to determining the ideal composition, with low toxicity, biocompatibility and which remains stable for long periods. These characteristics are related to the components used for formulation and the substances that will be encapsulated. Another important point relates to the methods used during formulation, which are important in determining the type of vesicle formed, whether these be large or small, unilamellar or multilamellar. Because of the deliberate actions applied in the development of these vesicles, this review sought to gather updated information regarding the different methods used, including their main components while considering the behavior of each of them when used in different formulations. Also, data showing the importance of formulations in the medical field evidencing studies performed with liposome and niosome vesicles as promising in this area, and others, were included. The approach allows a better understanding of the participation of components in formulations such as cholesterol and non-ionic surfactants, as well as the basis for choosing the ideal components and methods for future research in the development of these vesicles.

A systematic review on nanoencapsulation of food bioactive ingredients and nutraceuticals by various nanocarriers

Today, there is an ever-growing interest on natural food ingredients both by consumers and producers in the food industry. In fact, people are looking for those products in the market which are free from artificial and synthetic additives and can promote their health. These food bioactive ingredients should be formulated in such a way that protects them against harsh process and environmental conditions and safely could be delivered to the target organs and cells. Nanoencapsulation is a perfect strategy for this situation and there have been many studies in recent years for nanoencapsulation of food components and nutraceuticals by different technologies. In this review paper, our main goal is firstly to have an overview of nanoencapsulation techniques applicable to food ingredients in a systematic classification, i.e., lipid-based nanocarriers, nature-inspired nanocarriers, special-equipment-based nanocarriers, biopolymer nanocarriers, and other miscellaneous nanocarriers. Then, application of these cutting-edge nanocarriers for different nutraceuticals including phenolic compounds and antioxidants, natural food colorants, antimicrobial agents and essential oils, vitamins, minerals, flavors, fish oils and essential fatty acids will be discussed along with presenting some examples in each field.

Polypeptide – decorated nanoliposomes as novel delivery systems for lutein

Lutein (LUT) is a bioactive food compound found in various vegetables and plays a critical role in the promotion of health and well-being. However, lutein is an unstable molecule which has a very low bioavailability caused by its poor solubility in aqueous media, and is poorly absorbed when administered orally. To enhance the stability, release and bioactivity of lutein, poly-l-lysine (PLL) decorated nanoliposomes (PLL–LUT-NLP) were developed as novel delivery systems for lutein. The mean particle size of PLL–LUT-NLP was found to be in the range 264–367 nm with a low polydispersity index (PDI < 0.4). The zeta potential changed from −38.6 mV in undecorated nanoliposomes to −27.9 mV in PLL-decorated nanoliposomes. Furthermore, the lutein entrapment efficiency (EE%) of PLL–LUT-NLP was found to be highest in nanoliposomes decorated with 0.06% (w/v) PLL. PLL could protect lutein in nanoliposomes from degradation and promote the lutein release from the nanoliposomes in gastrointestinal fluid conditions. Additionally, the PLL-decorated nanoliposomes maintained the antioxidant activity of the lutein, and the antiproliferative activity was more significant than that of undecorated nanoliposomes in inhibiting the proliferation of human tumor cells. These results suggest that PLL-decorated nanoliposomes have potential to be used for efficient delivery of lutein and further improve its bioavailability.

Polypeptide decorated nanoliposomes were prepared as novel delivery systems to enhance the stability, release and bioactivity of lutein.

Dietary supplementation of thiamine and pyridoxine-loaded vanillic acid-grafted chitosan microspheres enhances growth performance, metabolic and immune responses in experimental rats

In the present investigation, the effect of dietary supplementation of thiamine and pyridoxine loaded vanillic acid-grafted chitosan microspheres (TPVGC) on growth, metabolic and immune responses in Wistar strain albino rats was studied. Eight experimental groups, namely four groups each for male and female rats were fed with 0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6% of TPVGC in the diet. At the end of 45days feeding trials, both male and female rats supplemented with TPVGC had higher weight gain% and specific growth rate than the control groups. Significantly (p<0.05) lower blood glucose level and higher respiratory burst activity were recorded in the treatment groups than the control groups of both male and female rats. Activity of metabolic enzymes (aspartate amino transferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione S-transferase) were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the control groups and a decreasing trend in the same was observed with a gradual increase in the inclusion level of TPVGC in the diet of the treatment groups. However, a reverse trend was observed for acetylcholine esterase. It was inferred that dietary supplementation of thiamine and pyridoxine loaded vanillic acid-grafted chitosan enhanced the growth performance, metabolic and immune responses in the animal-model.