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Pino-Ramos LL, Gómez-Plaza E, Olate-Olave VR, Laurie VF, Bautista-Ortín AB. Protein extracts from amaranth and quinoa as novel fining agents for red wines. Food Chem 2024; 448:139055. [PMID: 38554587 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Due to allergenic concerns, only pea, potato, and wheat proteins have been approved as alternatives for replacing animal-based fining agents in wines. In pursuit of other substitutes, this work aimed to determine the fining ability of amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus L.) proteins (AP) in red wine, compared to quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) (QP) and a commercial pea protein. Phenolic and volatile composition, as well as color characteristics, were analyzed. AP was as effective as QP at decreasing condensed tannins, with AP at 50 g/hL being the most effective treatment (25.6% reduction). QP and AP produced a minor or no statistical change in the total anthocyanins and wine color intensity. They reduced the total ester concentration, but the total alcohols remained unchanged. The outcomes of AP and QP were similar, and sometimes better than the pea proteins, thus suggesting that they could be promising options for the development of novel fining agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudis L Pino-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinaria, Universidad de Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile
| | - Encarna Gómez-Plaza
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Verónica R Olate-Olave
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinaria, Universidad de Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile
| | - V Felipe Laurie
- Laboratorio de enología, Departamento de Horticultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile.
| | - Ana Belen Bautista-Ortín
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Dias L, Milheiro J, Ribeiro M, Fernandes C, Neves N, Filipe-Ribeiro L, Cosme F, Nunes FM. Fast and Simple UPLC-Q-TOF MS Method for Determination of Bitter Flavan-3-ols and Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins: Impact of Vegetable Protein Fining Agents on Red Wine Composition. Foods 2023; 12:3313. [PMID: 37685245 PMCID: PMC10486807 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Wine phenolic compounds, particularly proanthocyanidins (PAs), play a significant role in wine sensory characteristics, specifically bitterness and astringency. Although not consensual, flavan-3-ols and oligomeric PAs are generally considered the primary contributors to wine bitterness. Patatin, a vegetable protein fining agent, has been explored as an alternative to animal and synthetic fining agents for reducing wine bitterness. However, contradictory results exist regarding its effectiveness in removing flavan-3-ols and oligomeric PAs in red wines. In this work, a UPLC-Q-TOF MS/MS method was optimized and validated for accurately measuring flavan-3-ols, as well as dimeric and trimeric PAs, in red wines. The MS/MS analysis of flavan-3-ols, in addition to the typical fragmentation described in the literature, revealed an intense mass fragment resulting from the loss of C3O2 and C3O2 + H2O from the parent ion. It was observed that flavan-3-ols and PAs undergo oxidation during sample preparation, which was reversed by the addition of 5 g/L of ascorbic acid. The method demonstrated good linearity range (2 mg/L to 20 mg/L), detection limit (0.3 mg/L to 0.7 mg/L), quantification limit (0.8 mg/L to 2.2 mg/L), precision (repeatability 2.2% to 7.3%), and accuracy (recovery 98.5% to 100.5%). The application of patatin at different doses (5 g/L to 30 g/L) in two different red wine matrices did not reduce the levels of monomeric, dimeric, and trimeric PAs in red wines. However, similar behaviors were observed for pea protein and gelatin. Therefore, wine fining trials and efficiency measurements of the treatments in each matrix are strongly advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Dias
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Laboratory, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (L.D.); (J.M.); (M.R.); (L.F.-R.)
| | - Juliana Milheiro
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Laboratory, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (L.D.); (J.M.); (M.R.); (L.F.-R.)
| | - Miguel Ribeiro
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Laboratory, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (L.D.); (J.M.); (M.R.); (L.F.-R.)
- Genetics and Biotechnology Department, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Nuno Neves
- Sogrape Vinhos S.A., 4430-809 Avintes, Portugal; (C.F.); (N.N.)
| | - Luís Filipe-Ribeiro
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Laboratory, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (L.D.); (J.M.); (M.R.); (L.F.-R.)
| | - Fernanda Cosme
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Laboratory, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (L.D.); (J.M.); (M.R.); (L.F.-R.)
- Biology and Environment Department, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernando M. Nunes
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Laboratory, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (L.D.); (J.M.); (M.R.); (L.F.-R.)
- Chemistry Department, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Chamizo-González F, Estévez IG, Gordillo B, Manjón E, Escribano-Bailón MT, Heredia FJ, González-Miret ML. First insights into the binding mechanism and colour effect of the interaction of grape seed 11S globulin with malvidin 3-O-glucoside by fluorescence spectroscopy, differential colorimetry and molecular modelling. Food Chem 2023; 413:135591. [PMID: 36764161 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the search for alternative proteins endogenous to grapes to be used as wine colour protecting agents became an important research trend. In this study, the molecular interaction between the grape seed 11S globulin from winemaking by-product and malvidin-3-O-glucoside was investigated by fluorescence, differential colorimetry and molecular modelling. Fluorescence studies revealed the formation of grape seed protein- pigment complex whose KS was 8.5 × 104 M-1 and binding sites, n = 1.3. Malvidin-3-O-glucoside showed darker and more vivid bluish colour of in the presence of 11S globulin, suggesting the flavylium cation protection in a hydrophobic region of the protein. Docking analysis and molecular dynamics simulation indicated that malvidin-3-O-glucoside interacts mainly with the acidic subunit (40 kDa) of the 11S globulin monomer (60 kDa). An average of two hydrogen bonds and Van der Wall forces were the main interaction forces found for the protein-pigment complex, whose stability was confirmed by root-means-square deviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Chamizo-González
- Food Colour & Quality Lab., Área de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ignacio García Estévez
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Belén Gordillo
- Food Colour & Quality Lab., Área de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Elvira Manjón
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - M T Escribano-Bailón
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Heredia
- Food Colour & Quality Lab., Área de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - M Lourdes González-Miret
- Food Colour & Quality Lab., Área de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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Pino-Ramos LL, Peña-Martínez PA, Laurie VF. Quinoa protein extract: an effective alternative for the fining of wine phenolics. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:6320-6327. [PMID: 35531787 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lately, there has been an increasing interest in using plant-derived proteins for wine phenolic fining. Proteins extracted from cereals, potatoes, and legumes have been proposed as effective fining agents, but only those from pea, wheat, and potatoes have been approved for their use in wine. This work aimed at determining the fining ability of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) protein extracts (QP), compared to commercial fining agents, on red wines. RESULTS The trials compared the performance of QP (30 and 50 g/hL), two potato protein extracts and gelatin, at two different contact times (48 and 96 h), using Petit Verdot, Malbec, and Cabernet Sauvignon wines. Turbidity, total phenolics, precipitable tannins, catechins, and color characteristics were determined. QP reduced the turbidity of all wines in a similar way to commercial fining agents. Both doses of QP significantly reduced tannins and other phenolic measures, including color intensity reductions, in a similar way to commercial fining agents. CONCLUSION QP behaved as an effective fining agent that deserves further studies in order to improve its performance and advance its characterization. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula A Peña-Martínez
- Doctorado en Ciencias Agrarias, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - V Felipe Laurie
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
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Proteomic and computational characterisation of 11S globulins from grape seed flour by-product and its interaction with malvidin 3-glucoside by molecular docking. Food Chem 2022; 386:132842. [PMID: 35366628 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Grape seed flour by-product (GSBP) is an economic and renewable source of proteins, increasingly being explored due to interesting technological application such as colour protection in rich-anthocyanins beverages. Globulin-like proteins from GSBP were characterised by proteomic and computational studies. MALDI TOF/TOF analysis revealed the presence of two 11S globulins (acid and basic), whose 3D structures have been elucidated for the first time in Vitis vinifera L. grape seeds by using homology models and molecular dynamics. The secondary structure showed 11 α-helices and 25 β-sheets for acid and 12 α-helices and 24 β-sheets for basic 11S globulins. Molecular docking results indicate that both grape seed 11S globulins could establish different types of non-covalent interactions (π-π) with malvidin 3-O-glucoside (wine anthocyanin), which suggest a possible colour protection similar to that occurring in copigmentation phenomenon. These findings provide valuable information of globulin family proteins that could be relevant in food industry applications.
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Baca-Bocanegra B, Gonçalves S, Nogales-Bueno J, Mansinhos I, Heredia FJ, Hernández-Hierro JM, Romano A. Influence of Wine pH and Ethanol Content on the Fining Efficacy of Proteins from Winemaking By-Products. Foods 2022; 11:foods11121688. [PMID: 35741886 PMCID: PMC9222633 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Wine color and limpidity are important aspects of consumer preferences. The alteration of these parameters can damage wine’s appearance but also its mouthfeel characteristics due to its relationship with attributes such as bitterness and astringency. Fining is a practice usually used in enology to modulate undesirable wine organoleptic attributes. However, there are several factors that influence this technique. In this study, the influence of wine pH and ethanol content on grape seed protein fining efficacy has been assessed. Wine clarification, total phenolic and flavanol contents, antioxidant activity, and chromatic parameters have been investigated before and after fining process. The most noticeable clarifying effects were observed for the experimental wines with a lower pH and ethanol content. Control of these factors will make it possible to modulate the main organoleptic properties of the wine, also avoiding the addition of large amounts of fining agents and thus providing greater versatility to wineries during winemaking. Furthermore, our findings indicated that grape seed protein is a potential alternative to other plant-based fining proteins commonly used in winemaking. Its effects on clarification and color quality have been found to be comparable to those of potato protein and significantly better than those of pea protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Baca-Bocanegra
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (B.B.-B.); (J.N.-B.)
| | - Sandra Gonçalves
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development and CHANGE–Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (S.G.); (I.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Julio Nogales-Bueno
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (B.B.-B.); (J.N.-B.)
| | - Inês Mansinhos
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development and CHANGE–Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (S.G.); (I.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Francisco José Heredia
- Food Colour and Quality Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - José Miguel Hernández-Hierro
- Food Colour and Quality Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-954-556-495
| | - Anabela Romano
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development and CHANGE–Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (S.G.); (I.M.); (A.R.)
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Cejudo-Bastante MJ, Oliva-Sobrado M, González-Miret ML, Heredia FJ. Optimisation of the methodology for obtaining enzymatic protein hydrolysates from an industrial grape seed meal residue. Food Chem 2022; 370:131078. [PMID: 34536783 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The grape pomace industry produces large quantities of protein-rich seeds, which can be a sustainable non-animal protein source; their techno-functional properties could be exploited to improve the colour stabilisation and modulating the astringency of red wines in warm climates. This study aims to optimise the methodology of obtaining protein hydrolysates from defatted grape seed meal residue. Five assays using different quantities of enzyme and raw materials were considered. Based on the protein purity, hydrolysates yield, colour and molecular weight distribution achieved, optimal conditions were the hydrolysis of the alkaline protein concentrate with the highest amount of enzyme. The products obtained showed the lowest colour parameters, with the lightness contributing the most to the colour differences, which were visually perceptible (ΔE*ab > 3). The hydrophobic amino acids remained within the peptide sequence, leaving polar and charged amino acids in terminal positions, which could affect the wine equilibrium related to colour stabilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie Oliva-Sobrado
- Food Colour and Quality Laboratory, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - M Lourdes González-Miret
- Food Colour and Quality Laboratory, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Heredia
- Food Colour and Quality Laboratory, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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