Effect of cassava starch structure on scalding of dough and baking expansion ability

Understanding key component factors influencing the processing performance of extruded foxtail millet

This study elucidated the relationship among physicochemical properties of native/extruded foxtail millet, rheological properties, and processing performance of dough made from extruded millet through an in-depth exploration utilizing Pearson correlation, principal component, and K-means cluster analysis. Results showed that crude protein (8.21 %-9.27 %) and lipid content (1.47 %-5.19 %), peak time (4.6-5.3 min), and starch short-range order (R995/1016) of native millet (1.564-1.901) were pivotal in shaping the molecular dynamics, degradation and reorganization processes during extrusion. Notably, heightened levels of crude protein and lipid content, alongside increased short-range order of starch in native millet, hindered the disorder and reorganization of starch, resulting in decreased expansion ratio, degree of gelatinization, water solubility index, and R995/1016 value. These factors significantly impacted dough properties, leading to increased hardness and elasticity while concurrently reducing viscosity. K-means cluster analysis classified 11 foxtail millet varieties into three groups: those exhibiting high hardness (9.26 % protein, 3.77 % lipid and R995/1016 = 1.87) (1), exceptional springiness (8.58 % protein, 1.77 % lipid and R995/1016 = 1.75) (2), and advantageous viscosity (8.46 % protein, 1.82 % lipid and R995/1016 = 1.71) (3).

Effect of different initiators on the properties of diacetone acrylamide grafted starch-based adhesive

Environmentally friendly and non-toxic bio-based adhesives are emerging as the most promising substitutes for petroleum-based adhesives, attracting increasing attention. This work involved the synthesis of a starch-based adhesive for particleboards by grafting diacetone acrylamide (DAAM) onto starch. The graft polymerization was initiated using three different initiators: ammonium persulfate (APS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)/ammonium ferrous sulfate system, and ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN). A comparative study was conducted to assess the varying effects of these initiators. The results showed that in the graft copolymerization of starch with DAAM, different initiators produced different types of free radicals, and CAN initiation produced alkyl radicals and long-chain alkyl radicals with a peak total spin value of 3.96 × 1015, and thus had the highest grafting efficiency and grafting rate of 72.59 % and 16.75 %, respectively. From the comparison of the total number of spins, it can be seen that CAN is more targeted for starch initiation. In addition, characterization results from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and confocal Raman spectroscopy showed that DAAM underwent a graft copolymerization reaction with starch. Notably, the adhesive initiated by CAN demonstrated the highest water resistance and mechanical strength, with an absorption thickness expansion and static bending strength of 8.52 % and 10.56 MPa, respectively.

Natural fermentation of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) starch: Effect of cultivar, amylose content, and drying method on expansion, chemical and morphological properties

Natural fermentation with sun-drying is a modification that promotes the expansion capacity of starch, and its effects on potato starch have not been reported so far. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the amylose content of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) starches and natural fermentation followed by oven or sun drying on its properties. Cassava starch was also used a control. Native and fermented starches were evaluated based on their chemical composition, amylose, carboxyl and carbonyl content as well as their thermal, pasty, and morphological properties. The fermentation water was evaluated by pH and titratable acidity to control the process. Puffed balls were prepared to evaluate expandability, mass loss, porosity and texture. The fermentation intensity was greater for potato and cassava starch with low-amylose content than for potato starch with higher amylose content. In addition, the acidity of the fermentation water increased faster with cassava starch than with potato starches. The fermented potato starches with the highest amylose content had low acidity and low expansion capacity compared to the fermented potato and cassava starches with low-amylose content. Fermentation and sun-drying of low-amylose potato and cassava starches increased the expansion and reduced the hardness of the puffed balls.

Structural characteristics and paste properties of wheat starch in natural fermentation during traditional Chinese Mianpi processing

Fermentation plays a crucial role in traditional Chinese mianpi processing, where short-term natural fermentation (within 24 h) is considered advantageous for mianpi production. However, the influence of short-term natural fermentation on the properties of wheat starch is not explored yet. Hence, structural characteristics and paste properties of wheat starch during natural fermentation were investigated in this study. The findings revealed that fermenting for 24 h had a slight effect on the morphology of wheat starch but significantly decreased the particle size of starch. Compared to native wheat starch, the enzyme activity produced during fermentation may destroy the integrity of starch granules, resulting in a lower molecular weight but higher relative crystallinity and orderliness of starch. After 24 h of natural fermentation, higher solubility and swelling power were obtained compared to non-fermentation. Regarding paste properties, fermented starches exhibited higher peak viscosity and breakdown, along with lower final viscosity, tough viscosity, and setback. Furthermore, the hardness, gel strength, G', and G" decreased after fermentation. Clarifying changes in starch during the short-term natural fermentation process could provide theoretical guidance for improving the quality and production of short-term naturally fermented foods such as mianpi, as discussed in this study.

The relationship between molecular structure and film-forming properties of thermoplastic starches from different botanical sources

To illustrate the correlations between molecular structures and the film-forming properties of thermoplastic starch from various botanical sources, starches from cereal, tuber and legume were modified by thermoplastic extrusion and the corresponding thermoplastic starch films were prepared including thermoplastic corn starch (TCS), thermoplastic rice starch (TRS), thermoplastic sweet potato starch (TSPS), thermoplastic cassava starch (TCAS) and thermoplastic pea starch (TPES) films. TPES film displayed a higher tensile strength (6.28 MPa) and stronger water resistance, such as lower water solubility (15.70 %), water absorption (42.35 %), and water vapor permeability (0.285 g·mm·h-1·m-2·kPa-1) due to higher contents of amylose and B1 chains. TCAS showed a smoother and more amorphous film due to higher amylopectin content, resulting higher elongation at break and larger opacity. TCS film was the most transparent due to a compacter network and more ordered crystallinity structure, which was suit for the packaging of fresh vegetables and aquatic products, whereas TCAS film was the opaquest, which protected package foods from light such as meat products, etc. The outcome would provide an innovative theory to regulate accurately the functional properties of thermoplastic starch films for different food needs.

Native and fermented waxy cassava starch as a novel gluten-free and clean label ingredient for baking and expanded product development

Amylose-free and wild-type cassava starches were fermented for up to 30 days and oven- or sun-dried. The specific volume (ν) after baking was measured in native and fermented starches. The average ν (across treatments) for waxy starch was 3.5 times higher than that in wild-type starches (17.6 vs. 4.8 cm³ g^-1). The best wild-type starch (obtained after fermentation and sun-drying) had considerably poorer breadmaking potential than native waxy cassava (8.4 vs. 16.4 cm³ g^-1, respectively). The best results were generally obtained through the synergistic combination of fermentation (for about 10-14 days) and sun-drying. Fermentation reduced viscosities and the weight average molar mass led to denser macromolecules and increased branching degree, which are linked to a high loaf volume. The absence of amylose, however, was shown to be a main determinant as well. Native waxy starch (neutral in taste, gluten-free, and considerably less expensive than the current alternatives to cassava) could become a new ingredient for the formulation of clean label-baked or fried expanded products.

High-amylose starch: Structure, functionality and applications

Starch with a high amylose (AM) content (high AM starch, HAS) has attracted increasing research attention due to its industrial application potential, such as functional foods and biodegradable packaging. In the past two decades, HAS structure, functionality, and applications have been the research hotspots. However, a review that comprehensively summarizes these areas is lacking, making it difficult for interested readers to keep track of past and recent advances. In this review, we highlight studies that benefited from rapidly developing techniques, and systematically review the structure, functionality, and applications of HAS. We particularly emphasize the relationships between HAS molecular structure and physicochemical properties.

Clean-label techno-functional ingredients for baking products - a review

The increased awareness of consumers regarding unfamiliar labels speeded up the ongoing clean label trend. As baking products are widely consumed worldwide, the reduction of non-natural baking aids and improvers is of great interest for consumer's health but also representing a big challenge for food industries. Thus, this paper aims at describing new techno-functional clean label ingredients for baked products and their production processes conditions. Firstly, it includes ingredients such as sustainable protein sources, fat replacers and leavening alternatives. Then, it addresses new process alternatives for producing baking ingredients with natural claim as well as current concepts as the natural fermentation. In particular, molecular and functional modifications of the flour are discussed regarding malting and dry heat treatments. By being considered as green and emerging technologies that improve flour functionality, the resulting ingredients can replace additives. Changes in quality and technological attributes of breads and cakes will be discussed as a consequence of the partial to total replacement of conventional ingredients. This paper provides new alternatives for the baking industry to meet the demand of a growing health-concerned population. In addition, it focused on opening up new possibilities for the food industry to go in line with the consumers' expectations.

Effect of lipids with different physical state on the physicochemical properties of starch/gelatin edible films prepared by extrusion blowing

The effects of various physical state lipids (rapeseed oil (RO), shortening (ST), beeswax (BW)), on the physicochemical properties of starch (S) (hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate (HP), oxidized hydroxypropyl starch (OS))/gelatin (G) blown films were studied. S/G-lipid blends showed decreased storage modulus and complex viscosity. The formation of hydrogen bonds was inhibited by the ST and BW, but facilitated by the RO. Compared with BW and ST, RO was more effective to promote the melted and fractured of starch. Lipids addition promoted the compatibility of starch and gelatin. The presence of the lipids significantly improved the surface hydrophobicity, mechanical, water vapor barrier and water resistance properties of S/G films. S/G-RO films exhibited the strongest surface hydrophobicity and tensile strength, while HP/G-BW film showed the strongest water resistance and water vapor barrier properties. These results revealed that the appropriate lipids could be used to produce S/G-lipid films with desirable physicochemical properties.