Development and characterization of medium and high internal phase novel multiple Pickering emulsions stabilized by hordein nanoparticles

Characteristics and stabilization of Pickering emulsions constructed using myosin from bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis)

Myosin from bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) as a main type of fish protein possesses a good emulsifying ability. However, whether bighead carp myosin (BCM) could construct stable Pickering emulsions is still unclear. Therefore, myosin particles and Pickering emulsions stabilized by bighead carp myosin (BCMPEs) were analyzed. The surface structure of BCM particles at 0.6 mol/L NaCl treatment was uniform and compact with a contact angle of 86.4 ± 2.7°, exhibiting the potential ability to construct O/W Pickering emulsions. The size and flocculation index (FI) of BCMPEs decreased with the increase in BCM concentrations of 1%-4% (w/v). Reversely, the size of BCMPEs increased with the increase in oil-water ratios. BCM particles could uniformly distribute at the oil-water interface to stabilize BCMPEs at a BCM concentration of 4% (w/v) and an oil-water ratio of 6:4 (v/v). This study could help explore fish proteins to construct Pickering emulsions for the deep processing of fish products.

Multiple Pickering emulsions stabilized by food-grade particles as innovative delivery systems for bioactive compounds

The most common carrier for encapsulation of bioactive components is still simple emulsion. Recently, bio-based novel emulsion systems such as multiple emulsions (MEs) and Pickering emulsions (PEs) have been introduced as innovative colloidal delivery systems for encapsulation and controlled release of bioactive compounds. Multiple PEs (MPEs), which carries both benefit of MEs and PEs could be fabricated by relatively scalable and simple operations. In comparison with costly synthetic surfactants and inorganic particles which are widely used for stabilization of both MEs and PEs, MPEs stabilized by food-grade particles, while having health-promoting aspects, are able to host the "clean label" and "green label" attributes. Nevertheless, in achieving qualified techno-functional attributes and encapsulation properties, the selection of suitable materials is a crucial step in the construction of such complex systems. Current review takes a cue from both MEs and PEs emulsification techniques to grant a robust background for designing various MPEs. Herein, various fabrication methods of MEs and PEs are described comprehensively in a physical viewpoint in order to find key conception of successful formulation of MPEs. This review also highlights the link between the underlying aspects and exemplified specimens of evidence which grant insights into the rational design of MPEs through food-based ingredients to introduces MPEs as novel colloidal/functional materials. Their utilization for encapsulation of bioactive compounds is discussed as well. In the last part, instability behavior of MPEs under various conditions will be discussed. In sum, this review aims to gain researchers who work with food-based components, basics of innovative design of MPEs.

Characterization of Pickering emulsions stabilized by delipidated egg yolk granular protein nanoparticles crosslinked with ultraviolet radiation

In this study, delipidated egg yolk proteins were used for the first time to prepare nanoparticles by the self-assembling method at pH 8.0, then treated with UV-C as a crosslinking agent, and their stability tested at pH 7.0, which is a more convenient pH for food applications. According to the results obtained, non-irradiated nanoparticles had a size of 431.8 ± 75.7 nm at pH 7.0, but the 10 min UV-C irradiated nanoparticles had an average size of 139.7 ± 5.9 nm. These nanoparticles also showed a high resistance to destabilization by SDS, urea or DTT and noticeable antioxidant and ferrous chelating activities. Pickering emulsions prepared at the nanoparticle concentration of 1 % (w/w) showed the smallest average droplet size and the lowest Turbiscan stability index value after 80 days of storage. All in all, these results have important implications for the utilisation of these proteins as a conventional Pickering emulsifying agent.

Plant protein-based emulsions for the delivery of bioactive compounds

Emulsion-based delivery systems (EBDSs) can be used as effective carriers for bioactive compounds (bioactives). Recent studies have shown that plant proteins (PLPs) have the potential to be utilized as stabilizers of emulsions for loading, protection and delivery of bioactives. Different strategies combining physical, chemical and biological techniques can be applied for alteration of the structural characteristics and improving the emulsification and encapsulation performance of PLPs. The stability, release, and bioavailability of the encapsulated bioactives can be tailored via optimizing the processing conditions and formulation of the emulsions. This paper presents cutting-edge information on PLP-based emulsions carrying bioactives in terms of their preparation methods, physicochemical characteristics, stability, encapsulation efficiency and release behavior of bioactives. Strategies applied for improvement of emulsifying and encapsulation properties of PLPs used in EBDSs are also reviewed. Special emphasis is given to the use of PLP-carbohydrate complexes for stabilizing bioactive-loaded emulsions.

Protein-Based High Internal Phase Pickering Emulsions: A Review of Their Fabrication, Composition and Future Perspectives in the Food Industry

Protein-based high internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPEs) are emulsions using protein particles as a stabilizer in which the volume fraction of the dispersed phase exceeds 74%. Stabilizers are irreversibly adsorbed at the interface of the oil phase and water phase to maintain the droplet structure. Protein-based HIPEs have shown great potential for a variety of fields, including foods, due to the wide range of materials, simple preparation, and good biocompatibility. This review introduces the preparation routes of protein-based HIPEs and summarizes and classifies the preparation methods of protein stabilizers according to their formation mechanism. Further outlined are the types and properties of protein stabilizers used in the present studies, the composition of the oil phase, the encapsulating substances, and the properties of the constituted protein-based HIPEs. Finally, future development of protein-based HIPEs was explored, such as the development of protein-based stabilizers, the improvement of emulsification technology, and the quality control of stabilizers and protein-based HIPEs.

The Potential Application of Pickering Multiple Emulsions in Food

Emulsions stabilized by adsorbed particles—Pickering particles (PPs) instead of surfactants and emulsifiers are called Pickering emulsions. Here, we review the possible uses of Pickering multiple emulsions (PMEs) in the food industry. Food-grade PMEs are very complex systems with high potential for application in food technology. They can be prepared by traditional two-step emulsification processes but also using complex techniques, e.g., microfluidic devices. Compared to those stabilized with an emulsifier, PMEs provide more benefits such as lower susceptibility to coalescence, possible encapsulation of functional compounds in PMEs or even PPs with controlled release, etc. Additionally, the PPs can be made from food-grade by-products. Naturally, w/o/w emulsions in the Pickering form can also provide benefits such as fat reduction by partial replacement of fat phase with internal water phase and encapsulation of sensitive compounds in the internal water phase. A possible advanced type of PMEs may be stabilized by Janus particles, which can change their physicochemical properties and control properties of the whole emulsion systems. These emulsions have big potential as biosensors. In this paper, recent advances in the application of PPs in food emulsions are highlighted with emphasis on the potential application in food-grade PMEs.

Glycosylation of Zein Hydrolysate as a Nanocarrier for Lutein Delivery: Preparation and Stability

Lutein is a functional carotenoid that has a wide range of physiological benefits in humans. However, it easily degrades and becomes inactivated during storage and processing, resulting in low bioavailability. The development of new nanocarriers can effectively improve the stability and biological activity of lutein. In this study, zein hydrolysate (ZH) carriers were glycosylated with glucosamine (GLU) under the action of transglutaminase, and lutein-loaded glycosylated ZH nanoparticles (GZH-LUT) were constructed by liquid–liquid dispersion. The results showed that the GZH-LUT particles had a narrow size distribution in the range of 200–300 nm and a decreased zeta potential and polydispersity index. In particular, GZH trapped lutein more efficiently than ZH. In addition, GZH-LUT had better physical and chemical properties, including better water solubility, oxidative stability, and environmental stability than free lutein and ZH-LUT. These results indicate that glycosylated zein hydrolysate has the potential to be used as a novel protein-based nanocarrier to enhance the solubility and stability of lutein, which can further improve its bioavailability.