In vivo-in vitro correlations (IVIVC) for the assessment of pyrethroid bioavailability in honey

Implications of inhalation bioaccessibility for the exposure assessment of drifting airborne pesticides caused by field spraying

Pesticide contamination in ambient air due to spray drifting has received extensive attention. Quantifying the associated health risk highlights the importance of incorporating bioaccessibility into inhalation exposure assessments rather than using the total inhaled concentration of airborne pesticides. In this study, we measured the inhalation unit exposure (UE) of three typical pesticides (lambda-cyhalothrin, phoxim, and acetamiprid) during application and post-application drift at the recommended application dosage. The UE values were found to be 1.74-424.37 ng/m3 and 0.07-1.40 ng/m3, respectively, with marked variation between different spraying nozzles and formulations. For the inhalation exposure assessment, an in vitro method was developed to determine the inhalation bioaccessibility of lambda-cyhalothrin, phoxim, and acetamiprid and its applicability was validated based on in vivo-in vitro correlations (IVIVC) analysis. Their conservative inhalation bioaccessibility values estimates were 46.09 %, 67.12 %, and 40.31 %, respectively. The calculated average daily dose values of the analyzed pesticides in both single and mixed formulations ranged from 8.03 × 10-8 to 4.35 × 10-5 mg/kg·day based on the bioaccessible UE, corresponding to 22.99-67.11 % of the total exposure. Collectively, these findings are of guiding significance for improving risk management in pesticide application.

Co-exposure to boscalid and amoxicillin inhibited the degradation of boscalid and aggravated the threat to the earthworm

The extensive application of pesticides and antibiotics in agricultural production makes it possible for them to coexist in farmland, and the interaction of the two pollutants can lead to changes in environmental behavior and toxicity, creating uncertainty risks to soil and soil organisms. In this study, we explored the environmental behavior and the effects of earthworms under co-exposure to amoxicillin and boscalid and further explored the accumulation and toxic effects on earthworms. The results showed that amoxicillin increased the adsorption of boscalid in soil and inhibited its degradation. In addition, we noticed that the co-exposure of amoxicillin and boscalid caused intestinal barrier damage, which increased the bioaccumulation of earthworms for boscalid and led to more severe oxidative stress and metabolic disorders in earthworms. In summary, our findings indicate that amoxicillin can increase the ecological risk of boscalid in the environment and imply that the encounter between antibiotics and pesticides in the environment can amplify the toxic effects of pesticides, which provides new insights into the ecological risks of antibiotics.

Study of Factors Influencing the Oral Bioaccessibility of Commonly Used and Detected Pesticides in Bananas and Mangoes Based on in vitro Methods

Estimating the impact of pesticide residue bioaccessibility in fruits on dietary exposure is a complex task in human health risk assessment. This research investigated the bioaccessibility of ten commonly used and detected pesticides in bananas and mangoes, as well as the factors influencing it, using an in vitro model. The highest bioaccessibility was observed at pH levels of 2.5 and 6.5 in the gastric and intestinal stages, respectively. Bioaccessibility decreased significantly with increasing solid/liquid ratios for most pesticides. The consumption of protein and four dietary components (carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and dietary fiber) could significantly reduce pesticide bioaccessibility by 9.89-48.32% (p < 0.05). Bioaccessibility in oral and gastric stages among four populations followed the order of adults/the elderly > children > infants, due to decreasing concentrations of α-amylase and pepsin. Pesticides in bananas generally exhibited a higher bioaccessibility (18.65-82.97%) compared to that in mangoes (11.68-87.57%). Bioaccessibility showed a negative correlation with the Log P values of the target pesticide, while no clear relationship was found between bioaccessibility and initial pesticide concentrations. Incorporating bioaccessible pesticide concentrations into risk assessments could lower dietary risk estimates by 11.85-79.57%. Assessing human exposure to pesticides based on bioaccessibility would greatly improve the accuracy of the risk assessment.

Inhalation bioaccessibility of imidacloprid in particulate matter: Implications for risk assessment during spraying

Adverse health outcomes due to the inhalation of pesticide residues in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) are gaining global attention. Quantitative health risk assessments of pesticide inhalation exposure highlight the need to understand the bioaccessibility of pesticide residues. Herein, the inhalation bioaccessibility of imidacloprid in PM was determined using three commonly used in vitro lung modeling methods (Artificial Lysosomal Fluid, Gamble Solution, and Simulated Lung Fluid). To validate its feasibility and effectiveness, we evaluated the bioavailability of imidacloprid using a mouse nasal instillation assay. The in vitro inhalation bioaccessibility of imidacloprid was extracted using Gamble Solution with a solid-liquid ratio of 1/1000, an oscillation rate of 150 r/min, and an extraction time of 24 h, showed a strong linear correlation with its in vivo liver-based bioavailability (R2 =0.8928). Moreover, the margin of exposure was incorporated into the inhalation exposure risk assessment, considering both formulations and nozzles. The inhalation unit exposure of imidacloprid for residents was 0.95-4.09 ng/m3. The margin of exposure for imidacloprid was determined to be acceptable when considering inhalation bioaccessibility. Taken together, these results indicate that the inhalation bioaccessibility of pesticides should be incorporated into assessments of human health risks posed by PM particles.