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Mahmudiono T, Mazaheri Y, Sadighara P, Akbarlou Z, Hoseinvandtabar S, Fakhri Y. Prevalence and concentration of aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A in cheese: a global systematic review and meta-analysis and probabilistic risk assessment. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 0:reveh-2023-0069. [PMID: 37800701 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2023-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to mycotoxins such as aflatoxins can endanger human health, especially infants and children. In this study, an attempt was made to retrieved studies related to the concentration of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA). Search was performed in international databases such as Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for the period 1 January 2010 to 20 February 2023. Then, the pooled concentration in the defined subgroups was calculated using meta-analysis and the health risk assessment was conducted by margin of exposure (MOEs). Thirty-one scientific papers with 34 data reports (Sample size=2,277) were included in our study. The lowest and highest prevalence of AFM1 in cheese was related to El Salvador (12.18 %) and Serbia (100.00 %). The pooled prevalence of AFM1 was 49.85 %, 95 %CI (37.93-61.78 %). The lowest and highest prevalence of OTA in cheese was related to Türkiye (6.67 %) and Italy (44.21 %). The pooled prevalence of OTA was 35.64 %, 95 %CI (17.16-56.44 %). Health risk of AFM1 revealed that except Pakistan and Iran, MOE in the other countries was lower than 10,000 for adults and also except Pakistan, MOE for other countries was lower than 10,000 for children. Health risk of OTA revealed that except Greece, MOE in the other countries was higher than 10,000 for adults and also except Germany and Greece, MOE for other countries was higher than 10,000 for children. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct control plans to reduce the concentration of mycotoxins in cheese, especially AFM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trias Mahmudiono
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Yeganeh Mazaheri
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Sadighara
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeynab Akbarlou
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Somayeh Hoseinvandtabar
- Student Research Committee, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Cow, Goat, Buffalo, Camel, and Yak Milk in China in 2016. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120870. [PMID: 36548766 PMCID: PMC9784103 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this present study, 195 cow milk, 100 goat milk, 50 buffalo milk, 50 camel milk, and 50 yak milk samples were collected in China in May and October 2016. The presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. For all cow milk samples, 128 samples (65.7%) contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.191 µg/L, and 6 samples (3.1%) from Sichuan province in October were contaminated with AFM1 above 0.05 µg/L (EU limit). For all goat milk samples, 76.0% of samples contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.135 µg/L, and 9 samples (9.0%) from Shanxi province in October were contaminated with AFM1 above 0.05 µg/L. For all buffalo milk samples, 24 samples (48.0%) contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.089 µg/L, and 2 samples collected in October were contaminated with AFM1 above 0.05 µg/L. Furthermore, 28.0% of samples contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.007 µg/L in camel milk samples, and 18.0% of samples contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.007 µg/L in yak milk samples. Our survey study has expanded the current knowledge of the occurrence of AFM1 in milk from five dairy species in China, in particular the minor dairy species.
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The prevalence and concentration of aflatoxin M1 among different types of cheeses: A global systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Maggira M, Ioannidou M, Sakaridis I, Samouris G. Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk Using an HPLC-FL Method in Comparison with Commercial ELISA Kits-Application in Raw Milk Samples from Various Regions of Greece. Vet Sci 2021; 8:46. [PMID: 33802039 PMCID: PMC7998348 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly toxic Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is most often detected in milk using an Enzyme-Linked-Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for screening purposes, while High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detector (HPLC-FL) is the reference method used for confirmation. The aim of the present study was the comparison between three commercially available ELISA kits and a newly developed HPLC-FL method for the determination of the AFM1 in milk samples. The developed HPLC-FL method was validated for the AFM1 and Aflatoxin M2 (AFM2), determining the accuracy, precision, linearity, decision limit, and detection capability with fairly good results. All three ELISA kits were also validated and showed equally good performance with high recovery rates. Moreover, the Limit Of Detection (LOD) and Limit Of Quantification (LOQ) values were found to be significantly lower than the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) (50 ng kg-1). After the evaluation of all three commercial kits, the ELISA kit with the optimum performance along with the HPLC method was used for the determination of AFM1 in raw cow's, goat's, and sheep's milk samples (396) obtained from producers in different regions of Greece. The evaluation of both methods showed that this ELISA kit could be considered as a faster and equally reliable alternative method to HPLC in routine analysis for the determination of AFM1 in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Georgios Samouris
- Department of Hygiene and Technology of Food of Animal Origin, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.M.); (M.I.); (I.S.)
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de Matos CJ, Schabo DC, do Nascimento YM, Tavares JF, Lima EDO, da Cruz PO, de Souza EL, Magnani M, Magalhães HIF. Aflatoxin M 1 in Brazilian goat milk and health risk assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2021; 56:415-422. [PMID: 33657979 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2021.1892434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of goat milk with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a public health concern. This study investigated filamentous fungi in goat feed and quantified AFM1 in milk samples (n = 108) from goat fed forage and concentrate. Based on the detected AFM1 concentration, risk assessment analyses were performed concerning the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) for one-year-old children and adults. Filamentous fungi were found in goat feed samples in a range of 3.1 ± 1.9 to 4.2 ± 0.2 log CFU/g. Five genera were identified, to cite Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Rhizopus and Acremonium. Aspergillus species comprised A. flavus, A. niger, and A. ochraceus. All goat milk samples were contaminated with AFM1 (5.60-48.20 ng/L; mean 21.90 ± 10.28 ng/L) in amounts below the limits imposed by regulatory agencies. However, EDI values for AFM1 through goat milk estimated for one-year-old children were above the Tolerable Daily Intake. The calculated Hazard Index for one-year-old children indicated potential risk of liver cancer due to goat milk consumption. The Margin of Exposure values to AFM1 in one-year-old children and adults consuming goat milk as the unique milk source indicated increased health risk. Therefore, contamination of goat milk with AFM1 should be considered a high priority for Brazil's risk management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse J de Matos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Danieli C Schabo
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rondônia, Colorado do Oeste, Brazil
| | - Yuri M do Nascimento
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Josean F Tavares
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Edeltrudes de O Lima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Paloma O da Cruz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Marciane Magnani
- Department of Food Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Hemerson I F Magalhães
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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Marimón Sibaja KV, Garcia SDO, Nogueira WV, de Oliveira FK, Badiale-Furlong E, Garda-Buffon J. Dietary Exposure Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and Dairy Products of Latin America. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1880434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Vanessa Marimón Sibaja
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Sabrina De Oliveira Garcia
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Wesclen Vilar Nogueira
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Francine Kerstner de Oliveira
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Eliana Badiale-Furlong
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Garda-Buffon
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Brazil
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Muaz K, Riaz M, Oliveira CAFD, Akhtar S, Ali SW, Nadeem H, Park S, Balasubramanian B. Aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products: global occurrence and potential decontamination strategies. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.1873387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khurram Muaz
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | | | - Saeed Akhtar
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Shinawar Waseem Ali
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Habibullah Nadeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sungkwon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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8
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Alahlah N, El Maadoudi M, Bouchriti N, Triqui R, Bougtaib H. Aflatoxin M1 in UHT and powder milk marketed in the northern area of Morocco. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Rapid detection of mycotoxins on foods and beverages with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2020. [DOI: 10.15586/qas2019.654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhang XJ, Gao J, Han J, Wang XH, Sang YX. Purification, characterization, and functional groups of an extracellular aflatoxin M 1 -detoxifizyme from Bacillus pumilus E-1-1-1. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e868. [PMID: 31287234 PMCID: PMC6813447 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The experiment was conducted to purify high activity extracellular enzymes, which were produced by a strain that we previously screened was able to degrade aflatoxin effectively, and speculate the functional groups of the enzyme associated with degradation. An extracellular aflatoxin-detoxifizyme (DAFE) from Bacillus pumilus E-1-1-1 was purified through a process including ammonium sulfate precipitation, ultrafiltration, Sephadex chromatography, and ion exchange chromatography. The molecular mass of the enzyme assessed by SDS-PAGE was found to be approximately 58 kDa. The optimum reaction temperature and pH for the purified enzyme were 45°C and pH 7, respectively. The enzyme showed temperature stability of up to 60°C. Ba2+ , Ca2+ Na+ , Mn2+ , EDTA, and β-mercaptoethanol showed inhibitory effects on the enzyme activity. Mg2+ , Fe3+ , Zn2+ and K+ were the activators of enzymes. This enzyme was composed of at least 15 kinds of amino acids. Lysine, tryptophan, and histidine residues were necessary and major functional groups to maintain enzyme activity, disulfide bonds were observed, serine residues had little effect on the enzyme activity, so it was not the necessary group to reflect the enzyme activity, and arginine had no effect on enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jiao Zhang
- College of Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, P. R. China
| | - Jie Gao
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, P. R. China
| | - Jun Han
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Hong Wang
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Xin Sang
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, P. R. China
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11
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Zhang G, Li J, Lv J, Liu L, Li C, Liu L. Decontamination of aflatoxin M1 in yogurt using
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
LC‐4. J Food Saf 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy SciencesCollege of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Jiadong Li
- Heilongjiang Green Food Research Institute Harbin China
| | - Jinmeng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Dairy SciencesCollege of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Lihua Liu
- Institute of Animal Science of CAAS Beijing China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy SciencesCollege of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Libo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy SciencesCollege of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
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12
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Gonçalves KDM, Sibaja KVM, Feltrin ACP, Remedi RD, de Oliveira Garcia S, Garda-Buffon J. Occurrence of aflatoxins B1 and M1 in milk powder and UHT consumed in the city of Assomada (Cape Verde Islands) and southern Brazil. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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13
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Cammilleri G, Graci S, Collura R, Buscemi MD, Vella A, Macaluso A, Giaccone V, Giangrosso G, Cicero A, Lo Dico GM, Pulvirenti A, Cicero N, Ferrantelli V. Aflatoxin M 1 in cow, sheep, and donkey milk produced in Sicily, Southern Italy. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 35:47-53. [PMID: 30215192 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Samples (n = 485) of raw (n = 394) or heat-treated (n = 91) milk of three different species (cow, n = 170; sheep, n = 133; donkey, n = 84), collected 2013-2016 in Western Sicily (Southern Italy), were analyzed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Positive ELISA results were further analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Both methods had a detection limit for AFM1 in milk of 7 ng kg-1. ELISA yielded 12.9 and 5% positives in cows and sheep milk, respectively, all samples of donkey milk were negative. Levels of AFM1 were in most cases at 0.007-< 0.05 μg kg-1, only two samples (sheep milk) slightly exceeded the European Union maximum level of 0.05 μg kg-1. Only 6% of the samples were positive for AFM1 in a concentration range of 0.008-0.15 μg kg-1. Only milk samples collected directly from farms were positive. Overall, the levels were much lower than previously reported for Southern Italy cow and sheep milk samples purchased in retail stores. The results of this work indicate a continuous improvement of the feeding techniques on dairy farms of Southern Italy, which is essential to ensure consumers' protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Cammilleri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Stefania Graci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosaria Collura
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Drussilla Buscemi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Vella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Macaluso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vita Giaccone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giangrosso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonello Cicero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Maria Lo Dico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Pulvirenti
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Università 4, 41121, Modena, Italy
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Dipartimento SASTAS, Università degli studi di Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ferrantelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
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Ul Hassan Z, Al Thani R, A. Atia F, Al Meer S, Migheli Q, Jaoua S. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins in commercial formula milk and cereal-based baby food on the Qatar market. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 11:191-197. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1437785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahoor Ul Hassan
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Roda Al Thani
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fathy A. Atia
- Central Laboratories Unit, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Saeed Al Meer
- Central Laboratories Unit, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Samir Jaoua
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Malissiova E, Manouras A. Monitoring aflatoxin M1 levels in donkey milk produced in Greece, intended for human consumption. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Donkey milk is considered as a precious food on nutritional and microbiological grounds. Nevertheless, there is lack of evidence on the issue of chemical contaminants present in donkey milk. Aflatoxin M1 is a contaminant with serious health hazards, that is frequently present in other types of milk. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the levels of aflatoxin M1 in donkey milk in Greece, intended for human consumption. Thirty-six donkey milk samples were collected over a period of a year from 12 donkey farms, representing 80% of the donkey farms. Samples were analysed with ELISA and analytical results were statistically associated with seasonality and type of feeds used in donkey rearing. Aflatoxin M1 was found in 5 out of 36 samples (13.9%), with a range of 5-26.5 ng/l, while in no sample the toxin was found at a concentration above the EU limit (50 ng/l). There was no statistical difference found among seasons or different types of feed used in donkey farming (P>0.05). Donkey milk in Greece presents very low levels of aflatoxin M1, possibly due to the type of feeds used for donkeys rearing and also due to the very low carryover of aflatoxin B1 to M1 that has been reported for donkeys. Donkey milk is considered as safe with relation to aflatoxin M1, but constant monitoring is advised, as aflatoxin levels in plants for feed are affected by many factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Malissiova
- Food Technology Department, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Terma Temponera, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - A. Manouras
- Food Technology Department, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Terma Temponera, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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Campagnollo FB, Ganev KC, Khaneghah AM, Portela JB, Cruz AG, Granato D, Corassin CH, Oliveira CAF, Sant'Ana AS. The occurrence and effect of unit operations for dairy products processing on the fate of aflatoxin M1: A review. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in conventional and organic milk offered for sale in Italy. Mycotoxin Res 2016; 32:237-246. [PMID: 27632224 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, 58 samples of milk were analyzed for the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). The samples were purchased during the period April-May 2013 in a random manner from local stores (supermarkets, small retail shops, small groceries, and specialized suppliers) located in the surrounding of Bologna (Italy). The commercial samples of milk were either organic (n = 22) or conventional (n = 36); fresh milk samples and UHT milk samples, whole milk samples, and partially skim milk samples were present in both the two considered categories. For the quantification of AFM1 in milk, the extraction-purification technique based on the use of immunoaffinity columns was adopted and analyses were performed using HPLC-FD. AFM1 was detected in 35 samples, 11 from organic production and 24 from conventional production. No statistically (P > 0.05) significant differences were observed in the concentration of AFM1 in the two categories of product. The levels of contamination found in the positive samples ranged between 0.009 and 0.026 ng mL-1. No sample exceeded the limit defined at community level for AFM1 in milk (0.05 μg kg-1). This demonstrates the effectiveness of the checks before the placing on the market of these food products. Thus, the "aflatoxins" problem that characterized the summer of 2012 does not seem to have had effect on the contamination level of the considered milk samples.
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19
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Shokri H, Torabi S. The effect of milk composition, yeast-mould numbers and seasons on aflatoxin M1
amounts in camel milk. J Food Saf 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hojjatollah Shokri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Amol University of Special Modern Technologies; Amol Iran
| | - Sepideh Torabi
- Iranian Veterinary Organization, Veterinary Office; Yazd Iran
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20
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Iqbal S, Jinap S, Pirouz A, Ahmad Faizal A. Aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products, occurrence and recent challenges: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nile SH, Park SW, Khobragade CN. Occurrence and analysis of aflatoxin M1 in milk produced by Indian dairy species. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2015.1104655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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22
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23
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Christoforidou S, Malissiova E, Gortzi O, Hadjichristodoulou C. Comparative evaluation of ELISA kits’ reliability for the aflatoxin M1 determination in goat milk. Eur Food Res Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Malissiova E, Tsakalof A, Arvanitoyannis I, Katsafliaka A, Katsioulis A, Tserkezou P, Koureas M, Govaris A, Hadjichristodoulou C. Monitoring Aflatoxin M1 levels in ewe's and goat's milk in Thessaly, Greece; potential risk factors under organic and conventional production schemes. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Afsah-Hejri L, Jinap S, Hajeb P, Radu S, Shakibazadeh S. A Review on Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Malaysia Case Study. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013; 12:629-651. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Afsah-Hejri
- Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC); Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Univ. Putra Malaysia; 43400 UPM; Serdang; Selangor; Malaysia
| | - S. Jinap
- Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC); Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Univ. Putra Malaysia; 43400 UPM; Serdang; Selangor; Malaysia
| | - P. Hajeb
- Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC); Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Univ. Putra Malaysia; 43400 UPM; Serdang; Selangor; Malaysia
| | - S. Radu
- Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC); Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Univ. Putra Malaysia; 43400 UPM; Serdang; Selangor; Malaysia
| | - Sh. Shakibazadeh
- Dept. of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture; Univ. Putra Malaysia; 43400, UPM Serdang; Selangor; Malaysia
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Gul O, Dervisoglu M. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Vacuum Packed Kashar Cheeses in Turkey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2011.631247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osman Gul
- a Program of Food Technology, Terme Vocational School , Ondokuz Mayis University , Samsun , Turkey
| | - Muhammet Dervisoglu
- b Department of Food Engineering, Engineering Faculty , Ondokuz Mayis University , Samsun , Turkey
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Santini A, Raiola A, Ferrantelli V, Giangrosso G, Macaluso A, Bognanno M, Galvano F, Ritieni A. Aflatoxin M₁ in raw, UHT milk and dairy products in Sicily (Italy). FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2013; 6:181-6. [PMID: 24779902 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2013.780186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A survey on 73 milk samples from different animal breeds and 24 dairy products samples from Sicily, Italy, was carried out for the presence of aflatoxin M₁ (AFM1) by LC-fluorescence detection after immunoaffinity cleanup. AFM1 was detected in 48% and 42% of the milk and dairy samples at concentration ranges between <5.0-16.0 and <5.0-18.0 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Within the raw milk samples, 92% had an AFM1 content below 5.0 ng L⁻¹, in 7% of the cases it was in the range 5.0-10.0 ng L⁻¹ and 1% was contaminated between 10.0 and 20.0 ng L⁻¹. For the dairy products, ultra-high-temperature treated (UHT) milk, milk cream and cheese, the incidence was 42%, of which 83% contained less than 5.0 ng L⁻¹ and 17% contained 10.0-20.0 ng L⁻¹ AFM1. The levels of contamination found justify continuous monitoring for public health and to reduce consumer exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Santini
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Napoli "Federico II" , Napoli , Italy
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Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in Italian cheese: Results of a survey conducted in 2010 and correlation with manufacturing, production season, milking animals, and maturation of cheese. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Effect of seasonal variations and lactation times on aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk of different species from Punjab, Pakistan. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kav K, Col R, Kaan Tekinsen K. Detection of aflatoxin M1 levels by ELISA in white-brined Urfa cheese consumed in Turkey. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Seasonal variation of aflatoxin M1 contamination in industrial and traditional Iranian dairy products. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rubio R, Licón CC, Berruga MI, Molina MP, Molina A. Short communication: Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in the Manchego cheese supply chain. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:2775-8. [PMID: 21605747 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-4017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The importance of ewe milk lies in the production of high quality cheeses, such as Manchego cheese with a Protected Designation of Origin, whose safety must be guaranteed. In a 2-yr study, 407 bulk tank milk samples from farms and 82 silo milk and curd samples from cheese factories were collected from southeast Spain and tested for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) using 2 commercial ELISA tests. Of these, 99.3% of the bulk tank samples had AFM1 levels below the European Union (EU) legal limit for milk (50 ng/kg), and well below the limit adopted by the Codex Alimentarius (500 ng/kg). Moreover, 98.8% of the silo milk and curd samples from cheese factories had AFM1 levels below the EU limit for milk. When considering median AFM1 concentrations, an average 4-fold increase was found in the final curd in relation to the corresponding silo milk. Control of AFM1 in Manchega ewe milk would enhance dairy product safety by the possible detection of faults in the manufacture of Manchego cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rubio
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, ETSIA-IDR, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain.
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Hussain I, Anwar J, Asi MR, Munawar MA, Kashif M. Aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk from five dairy species in Pakistan. Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rahimi E, Bonyadian M, Rafei M, Kazemeini H. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk of five dairy species in Ahvaz, Iran. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:129-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Pei SC, Zhang YY, Eremin SA, Lee WJ. Detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk products from China by ELISA using monoclonal antibodies. Food Control 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rubio R, Berruga M, Román M, Molina A. Evaluation of immunoenzymatic methods for the detection of aflatoxin M1 in ewe’s milk. Food Control 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Reiter E, Zentek J, Razzazi E. Review on sample preparation strategies and methods used for the analysis of aflatoxins in food and feed. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53:508-24. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Shephard G, Berthiller F, Dorner J, Krska R, Lombaert G, Malone B, Maragos C, Sabino M, Solfrizzo M, Trucksess M, van Egmond H, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2007-2008. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2009. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2008.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2007 and mid-2008. It covers the major mycotoxins: aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, cyclopiazonic acid, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. Some aspects of natural occurrence, particularly if linked to novel aspects of analytical methods, are also included. The review demonstrates the rise of LC-MS methods, the continuing interest in developing alternative and rapid methods and the modification of well-established mycotoxin analytical methods by individual laboratories to meet their own requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - F. Berthiller
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - J. Dorner
- USDA, ARS, National Peanut Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 509, 1011 Forrester Dr. SE, Dawson, GA 31742, USA
| | - R. Krska
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - G. Lombaert
- Health Canada, 510 Lagimodiere Blvd., Winnipeg, MB, R2J 3Y1, Canada
| | - B. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 111 West Fourth Street, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Sabino
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 355, 01246-902, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Trucksess
- US Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - H. van Egmond
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment, Laboratory for Food and Residue Analysis (ARO), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - T. Whitaker
- USDA, ARS, N.C. State University, P.O. Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625, USA
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