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Yan M, Zhou Y, Cao Y, Li Z, Lu X, Pang B, Wang S, Kan B. Salmonella enterica subsp. II serovar 4,5,12:a:- may cause gastroenteritis infections in humans. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2089007. [PMID: 35734810 PMCID: PMC9235882 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2089007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Some serovars of Salmonella are not or rare found to cause salmonellosis in human. In our clinic-based surveillance, three rare Salmonella 4,5,12:a:- strains were recovered from three patients with diarrhea. To explore their genetic and epidemiological characteristics and pathogenesis, we conducted whole-genome sequencing, in vitro invasion assays in mammalian cells, and in vivo virulence assays in an animal model. The three isolates had indistinguishable molecular patterns and similar genome sequences, and clustered together with an isolate from edible fish traded among countries. The isolates had biochemical reactions identical with those of Salmonella subspecies enterica but belonged to subspecies salamae according to genome phylogeny, revealing a new serovar, S. enterica subsp. II serovar 4,5,12:a:-. The strains contained multiple virulence genes, elicited temporary bacteremia and enteritidis and caused cell damage in the mouse liver and cecum. This study provides evidence that this new Salmonella salamae serovar can infect humans and cause clusters of cases, and whole-genome sequencing detection and surveillance of Salmonella can help to accurately define Salmonella classification and clonality, improve diagnosis, facilitate outbreak detection and aid in the source tracing of salmonellosis epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiying Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yongming Zhou
- Institute for Acute Communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shukun Wang
- Institute for Acute Communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Biao Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,CONTACT Biao Kan Department of Diarrheal Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Pearce ME, Langridge GC, Lauer AC, Grant K, Maiden MCJ, Chattaway MA. An evaluation of the species and subspecies of the genus Salmonella with whole genome sequence data: Proposal of type strains and epithets for novel S. enterica subspecies VII, VIII, IX, X and XI. Genomics 2021; 113:3152-3162. [PMID: 34242711 PMCID: PMC8426187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Species and subspecies within the Salmonella genus have been defined for public health purposes by biochemical properties; however, reference laboratories have increasingly adopted sequence-based, and especially whole genome sequence (WGS), methods for surveillance and routine identification. This leads to potential disparities in subspecies definitions, routine typing, and the ability to detect novel subspecies. A large-scale analysis of WGS data from the routine sequencing of clinical isolates was employed to define and characterise Salmonella subspecies population structure, demonstrating that the Salmonella species and subspecies were genetically distinct, including those previously identified through phylogenetic approaches, namely: S. enterica subspecies londinensis (VII), subspecies brasiliensis (VIII), subspecies hibernicus (IX) and subspecies essexiensis (X). The analysis also identified an additional novel subspecies, reptilium (XI). Further, these analyses indicated that S. enterica subspecies arizonae (IIIa) isolates were divergent from the other S. enterica subspecies, which clustered together and, on the basis of ANI analysis, subspecies IIIa was sufficiently distinct to be classified as a separate species, S. arizonae. Multiple phylogenetic and statistical approaches generated congruent results, suggesting that the proposed species and subspecies structure was sufficiently biologically robust for routine application. Biochemical analyses demonstrated that not all subspecies were distinguishable by these means and that biochemical approaches did not capture the genomic diversity of the genus. We recommend the adoption of standardised genomic definitions of species and subspecies and a genome sequence-based approach to routine typing for the identification and definition of novel subspecies. A large-scale analysis of genomic data demonstrate Salmonella species and subspecies are genetically distinct. Biochemical analysis does not capture the genomic diversity of the Salmonella genus but routine species and subspecies identification can be achieved with rMLST Average Nucleotide Identify (ANI) with a 95% criteria was suitable to distinguish species and 98% to distinguish subspecies. Five novel S. enteric subspecies (VII-XI) type strains are defined. Reclassification of S. arizonae as a separate species is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison E Pearce
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit, Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma C Langridge
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, United Kingdom.
| | - A C Lauer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, 1600 Clifton RD NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Kathie Grant
- Public Health England, Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Martin C J Maiden
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit, Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Marie A Chattaway
- Public Health England, Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom.
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Ferrari RG, Rosario DKA, Cunha-Neto A, Mano SB, Figueiredo EES, Conte-Junior CA. Worldwide Epidemiology of Salmonella Serovars in Animal-Based Foods: a Meta-analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e00591-19. [PMID: 31053586 PMCID: PMC6606869 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00591-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are among the most important foodborne pathogens and the third leading cause of human death among diarrheal diseases worldwide. Animals are the primary source of this pathogen, and animal-based foods are the main transmission route to humans. Thus, understanding the global epidemiology of Salmonella serovars is key to controlling and monitoring this bacterium. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and diversity of Salmonella enterica serovars in animal-based foods (beef, pork, poultry, and seafood) throughout the five continents (Africa, the Americas [North and Latin America], Asia, Europe, and Oceania). The meta-analysis consisted of a chemometric assessment (hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis) to identify the main epidemiological findings, including the prevalence and diversity of the Salmonella serovars in each matrix. Regarding the serovar distribution, S Typhimurium presented a cosmopolitan distribution, reported in all four assessed matrices and continents; poultry continues to play a central role in the dissemination of the Enteritidis serovar to humans, and Anatum and Weltevreden were the most frequently found in beef and seafood, respectively. Additionally, we recommended careful monitoring of certain serovars, such as Derby, Agona, Infantis, and Kentucky. Finally, given the scientific data regarding the most frequently reported serovars and which matrices constitute the main vehicles for the transmission of this pathogen, control programs may be improved, and specific interventions may be implemented in an attempt to reduce the risk of this pathogen reaching humans.IMPORTANCE Salmonellosis is caused by Salmonella spp. and is the third leading cause of death among food-transmitted diseases. This pathogen is commonly disseminated in domestic and wild animals, and the infection's symptoms are characterized by acute fever, nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The animals are the primary source of salmonellae, and animal-based foods are the main transmission route to humans. Therefore, data collected from these sources could contribute to future global interventions for effective control and surveillance of Salmonella along the food chain. In light of this, the importance of our research is in identifying the prevalence of Salmonella serovars in four animal-based food matrices (pork, poultry, beef, and seafood) and to evaluate the importance that each matrix has as the primary source of this pathogen to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela G Ferrari
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science Program, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denes K A Rosario
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science Program, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adelino Cunha-Neto
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Nutrition, Food and Metabolism Program, Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Sérgio B Mano
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Eduardo E S Figueiredo
- Animal Science Program, Faculty of Agronomy and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
- Nutrition, Food and Metabolism Program, Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Conte-Junior
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science Program, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Health Quality Control, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Duffy LL, Osmond-McLeod MJ, Judy J, King T. Investigation into the antibacterial activity of silver, zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles against poultry-relevant isolates of Salmonella and Campylobacter. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Delgado-Suárez EJ, Selem-Mojica N, Ortiz-López R, Gebreyes WA, Allard MW, Barona-Gómez F, Rubio-Lozano MS. Whole genome sequencing reveals widespread distribution of typhoidal toxin genes and VirB/D4 plasmids in bovine-associated nontyphoidal Salmonella. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9864. [PMID: 29959369 PMCID: PMC6026178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a common pathogen in food-producing animals and a public health concern worldwide. Various NTS serovars may be present in apparently healthy animals. This could result in carcass contamination during the slaughter process leading to human exposure. While most genomic research has focused on Salmonella pathogenesis, little is known on the factors associated with subclinical infections and environmental persistence. We report here the widespread distribution of typhoidal toxin genes (i. e. the cdtB islet, hlyE, taiA), among NTS strains from a beef slaughter operation (n = 39) and from epidemiologically unconnected ground beef (n = 20). These genes were present in 76% of the strains, regardless of serovar, isolation source or geographical location. Moreover, strains that predominated in the slaughterhouse carry plasmid-borne type IV secretion systems (T4SS), which have been linked to persistent infections in numerous pathogens. Population genomics supports clonal dissemination of NTS along the food production chain, highlighting its role as reservoir of genetic variability in the environment. Overall, the study provides a thorough characterization of serovar diversity and genomic features of beef-associated NTS in Mexico. Furthermore, it reveals how common genetic factors could partially explain the emergence and persistence of certain NTS serovars in the beef industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Jesús Delgado-Suárez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Nelly Selem-Mojica
- Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Cinvestav-IPN, Irapuato, 36821, Mexico
| | - Rocío Ortiz-López
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, 66460, Mexico
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monterrey, 64710, Mexico
| | | | - Marc W Allard
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, 20740, USA
| | - Francisco Barona-Gómez
- Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Cinvestav-IPN, Irapuato, 36821, Mexico.
| | - María Salud Rubio-Lozano
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
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Cooper C, Moore SC, Moore RJ, Chandry PS, Fegan N. Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae serovar Sofia, a prevalent serovar in Australian broiler chickens, is also capable of transient colonisation in layers. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:270-277. [PMID: 29493264 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1447083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
1. Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae serovar sofia (S. sofia) is a prevalent strain of Salmonella in Australian broilers and has been isolated from broiler chickens, litter, dust, as well as pre- and post-processing carcasses, and retail chicken portions but has never been reported in commercial Australian layers or eggs. 2. To investigate whether a S. sofia isolate from a broiler could colonise layers, one-month-old Hyline brown layers were orally inoculated with S. sofia and colonisation was monitored for 2-4 weeks. 3. Overall, 30-40% of the chickens shed S. sofia from the cloaca between 6 and 14 d post-inoculation which then declined to 10% by d 21. Necropsy at 2 weeks post-inoculation revealed 80% of birds harboured S. sofia in the caecum, whilst, by 4 weeks post-infection, no chickens were colonised with S. sofia in the gastrointestinal tract, liver or spleen. Additionally, no aerosol 'bird to bird' transfer was evident. 4. This study demonstrated that laying hens can be colonised by broiler-derived S. sofia; however, this colonisation was transient, reaching a peak at 14 d post-inoculation, and was completely cleared by 28 d post-inoculation. The transience of colonisation of S. sofia in layers could be a factor explaining why S. sofia has never been detected when screening for Salmonella serotypes found in Australian laying hens or eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean C Moore
- b CSIRO Agriculture & Food , Werribee , Australia
| | - Robert J Moore
- c School of Science , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia
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Lamas A, Miranda JM, Regal P, Vázquez B, Franco CM, Cepeda A. A comprehensive review of non-enterica subspecies of Salmonella enterica. Microbiol Res 2018; 206:60-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Onono JO, Alarcon P, Karani M, Muinde P, Akoko JM, Maud C, Fevre EM, Häsler B, Rushton J. Identification of production challenges and benefits using value chain mapping of egg food systems in Nairobi, Kenya. AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS 2018; 159:1-8. [PMID: 31007360 PMCID: PMC6472295 DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Commercial layer and indigenous chicken farming in Nairobi and associated activities in the egg value chains are a source of livelihood for urban families. A value chain mapping framework was used to describe types of inputs and outputs from chicken farms, challenges faced by producers and their disease control strategies. Commercial layer farms were defined as farms keeping exotic breeds of chicken, whereas indigenous chicken farms kept different cross breeds of indigenous chicken. Four focus group discussions were held with producers of these chickens in peri-urban area: Dagoretti, and one informal settlement: Kibera. Qualitative data were collected on interactions between farmers, sources of farm inputs and buyers of poultry products, simple ranking of production challenges, farmers' perception on diseases affecting chicken and strategies for management of sick chicken and waste products. Value chain profiles were drawn showing sources of inputs and channels for distribution of chicken products. Production challenges and chicken disease management strategies were presented as qualitative summaries. Commercial layer farms in Dagoretti kept an average of 250 chickens (range 50-500); while flock sizes in Kibera were 12 chickens (range 5-20). Farms keeping indigenous chicken had an average of 23 chickens (range 8-40) in Dagoretti, and 10 chickens (range 5-16) in Kibera. Commercial layer farms in Dagoretti obtained chicks from distributors of commercial hatcheries, but farms in Kibera obtained chicks from hawkers who in turn sourced them from distributors of commercial hatcheries. Indigenous chicken farms from Dagoretti relied on natural hatching of fertilised eggs, but indigenous chicken farms in Kibera obtained chicks from their social connection with communities living in rural areas. Outlets for eggs from commercial layer farms included local shops, brokers, restaurants and hawkers, while eggs from indigenous chicken farms were sold to neighbours and restaurants. Sieved chicken manure from Dagoretti area was fed to dairy cattle; whereas non-sieved manure was used as fertilizer on crops. Production challenges included poor feed quality, lack of space for expansion, insecurity, occurrence of diseases and lack of sources of information on chicken management. In Kibera, sick and dead chickens were slaughtered and consumed by households; this practice was not reported in Dagoretti. The chicken layer systems contribute to food security of urban households, yet they have vulnerabilities and deficiencies with regard to disease management and food safety that need to be addressed with support on research and extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Orungo Onono
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Kenya
- Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research in Agriculture and Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Alarcon
- Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research in Agriculture and Health, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health group, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Carron Maud
- Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research in Agriculture and Health, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health group, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric M. Fevre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya
- University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Häsler
- Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research in Agriculture and Health, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health group, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research in Agriculture and Health, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health group, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, United Kingdom
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Mathole M, Muchadeyi F, Mdladla K, Malatji D, Dzomba E, Madoroba E. Presence, distribution, serotypes and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella among pigs, chickens and goats in South Africa. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistant and Virulent Salmonella spp. in Treated Effluent and Receiving Aquatic Milieu of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Durban, South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:9692-713. [PMID: 26295245 PMCID: PMC4555307 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120809692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the impact of treated wastewater effluent from two wastewater treatment plants on the physicochemical parameters and Salmonella spp. load of receiving rivers. Presumptive Salmonella spp. were obtained at all sampled points including the discharge points, with counts ranging from 0 to 4.14 log cfu/mL at both plants. Turbidity, chemical and biological oxygen demand were found to be high and mostly above the required limit for treated wastewater discharge. However, recorded nitrate and phosphate values were very low. Of the 200 confirmed Salmonella spp. isolates recovered from the treated effluent and receiving surface waters, 93% harbored the spiC gene, 84% harbored the misL gene, and 87.5% harbored the orfL gene while 87% harbored the pipD gene. The antibiotic resistance profile revealed that the isolates were resistant to sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid and streptomycin, but susceptible to quinolones and third generation β-lactams. These results indicate that in South Africa treated effluents are still a major source of contamination of rivers with pathogens such as Salmonella. Appropriate steps by the regulatory authorities and workers at the treatment plants are needed to enforce stipulated guidelines in order to prevent pollution of surface water resources due to the discharge of poorly treated effluents.
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Salmonella enterica diversity in central Californian coastal waterways. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:4199-209. [PMID: 23624479 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00930-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is one of the most important bacterial enteric pathogens worldwide. However, little is known about its distribution and diversity in the environment. The present study explored the diversity of 104 strains of Salmonella enterica isolated over 2 years from 12 coastal waterways in central California. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing were used to probe species diversity. Seventy-four PFGE patterns and 38 sequence types (STs) were found, including 18 newly described STs. Nineteen of 25 PFGE patterns were indistinguishable from those of clinical isolates in PulseNet. The most common ST was consistent with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, and other frequently detected STs were associated with the serovars Heidelberg and Enteritidis; all of these serovars are important etiologies of salmonellosis. An investigation into S. enterica biogeography was conducted at the level of ST and subspecies. At the ST and subspecies level, we found a taxon-time relationship but no taxon-area or taxon-environmental distance relationships. STs collected during wet versus dry conditions tended to be more similar; however, STs collected from waterways adjacent to watersheds with similar land covers did not tend to be similar. The results suggest that the lack of dispersal limitation may be an important factor affecting the diversity of S. enterica in the region.
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de Souza Sant'Ana A. Introduction to the Special Issue: Salmonella in foods: Evolution, strategies and challenges. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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