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Jimenez PS, Bangar SP, Suffern M, Whiteside WS. Understanding retort processing: A review. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:1545-1563. [PMID: 38455166 PMCID: PMC10916645 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Retort processing is a food preservation technique to address the challenge posed by Clostridium botulinum for commercial sterility of a food product to get microbiologically safe and stable products by heating. This review aims to explore the journey of retort processing, starting from its early use in single-batch canned foods and progressing to its contemporary applications with different types of containers and heating mediums. Additionally, it will delve into the adaptability of retort equipment, including its ability to operate in stationary and various agitation states, as well as its flexibility in processing speed for both single-batch and continuous operations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sneh Punia Bangar
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Mathew Suffern
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - William Scott Whiteside
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSouth CarolinaUSA
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2
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Pandiselvam R, Mitharwal S, Rani P, Shanker MA, Kumar A, Aslam R, Barut YT, Kothakota A, Rustagi S, Bhati D, Siddiqui SA, Siddiqui MW, Ramniwas S, Aliyeva A, Mousavi Khaneghah A. The influence of non-thermal technologies on color pigments of food materials: An updated review. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 6:100529. [PMID: 37377494 PMCID: PMC10290997 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The color of any food is influenced by several factors, such as food attributes (presence of pigments, maturity, and variety), processing methods, packaging, and storage conditions. Thus, measuring the color profile of food can be used to control the quality of food and examine the changes in chemical composition. With the advent of non-thermal processing techniques and their growing significance in the industry, there is a demand to understand the effects of these technologies on various quality attributes, including color. This paper reviews the effects of novel, non-thermal processing technologies on the color attributes of processed food and the implications on consumer acceptability. The recent developments in this context and a discussion on color systems and various color measurement techniques are also included. The novel non-thermal techniques, including high-pressure processing, pulsed electric field, ultrasonication, and irradiation which employ low processing temperatures for a short period, have been found effective. Since food products are processed at ambient temperature by subjecting them to non-thermal treatment for a very short time, there is no possibility of damage to heat-sensitive nutrient components in the food, any deterioration in the texture of the food, and any toxic compounds in the food due to heat. These techniques not only yield higher nutritional quality but are also observed to maintain better color attributes. However, suppose foods are exposed to prolonged exposure or processed at a higher intensity. In that case, these non-thermal technologies can cause undesirable changes in food, such as oxidation of lipids and loss of color and flavor. Developing equipment for batch food processing using non-thermal technology, understanding the appropriate mechanisms, developing processing standards using non-thermal processes, and clarifying consumer myths and misconceptions about these technologies will help promote non-thermal technologies in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Pandiselvam
- Physiology, Biochemistry, and Post-Harvest Technology Division, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, 671 124, Kerala, India
| | - Swati Mitharwal
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Kundli, India
| | - Poonam Rani
- Food Chemistry & Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - M. Anjaly Shanker
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Food Chemistry & Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Raouf Aslam
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141 004, India
| | - Yeliz Tekgül Barut
- Food Processing Department, Köşk Vocational School, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, 09100, Turkey
| | - Anjineyulu Kothakota
- Agro-Processing & Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Sarvesh Rustagi
- School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Dolly Bhati
- Department of Food Bioscienes, Teagasc, Agriculture and Food Development Authority, D15 DY05, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Technical University of Munich Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Essigberg 3, 94315, Straubing, Germany
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Prof.-von-Klitzing Str. 7, 49610 D-Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Mohammed Wasim Siddiqui
- Department Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, 813210, Bhagalpur, India
| | - Seema Ramniwas
- University Centre for Research and Development, University of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Aynura Aliyeva
- Department of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. WacławDąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology – State Research Institute, 36 Rakowiecka St., 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100 Thailand
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Abdelgawad KF, Awad AHR, Ali MR, Ludlow RA, Chen T, El-Mogy MM. Increasing the Storability of Fresh-Cut Green Beans by Using Chitosan as a Carrier for Tea Tree and Peppermint Essential Oils and Ascorbic Acid. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:783. [PMID: 35336665 PMCID: PMC8954194 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The quality of fresh-cut green beans deteriorates rapidly in storage, which contributes to increased food waste and lower perceived customer value. However, chitosan (Cs) and certain plant essential oils show promise in reducing postharvest quality loss during storage. Here, the effect of Cs and the combinations of Cs + tea tree oil (TTO), Cs +x peppermint oil (PMO), and Cs + ascorbic acid (AsA) on the quality of fresh-cut green bean pods (FC-GB) is studied over a 15-d storage period at 5 °C. All four FC-GB treatments reduced weight loss and maintained firmness during storage when compared to uncoated FC-GB. Furthermore, all treatments showed higher total chlorophyll content, AsA, total phenolic compounds, and total sugars compared to the control. The best treatment for reducing microbial growth was a combination of Cs + AsA. Additionally, the combination of Cs with TTO, PMO, or AsA showed a significant reduction in the browning index and increased the antioxidant capacity of FC-GB up to 15 d postharvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima F. Abdelgawad
- Vegetable Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt; (K.F.A.); (A.H.R.A.)
| | - Asmaa H. R. Awad
- Vegetable Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt; (K.F.A.); (A.H.R.A.)
| | - Marwa R. Ali
- Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Richard A. Ludlow
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK;
| | - Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China;
| | - Mohamed M. El-Mogy
- Vegetable Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt; (K.F.A.); (A.H.R.A.)
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Pitarch J, Vilas C, de Prada C, Palacín C, Alonso A. Optimal operation of thermal processing of canned tuna under product variability. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Nowacka M, Dadan M, Janowicz M, Wiktor A, Witrowa-Rajchert D, Mandal R, Pratap-Singh A, Janiszewska-Turak E. Effect of nonthermal treatments on selected natural food pigments and color changes in plant material. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:5097-5144. [PMID: 34402592 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, traditional high-temperature food processing is continuously being replaced by nonthermal processes. Nonthermal processes have a positive effect on food quality, including color and maintaining natural food pigments. Thus, this article describes the influence of nonthermal, new, and traditional treatments on natural food pigments and color changes in plant materials. Characteristics of natural pigments, such as anthocyanins, betalains, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and so forth available in the plant tissue, are shortly presented. Also, the characteristics and mechanism of nonthermal processes such as pulsed electric field, ultrasound, high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed light, cold plasma, supercritical fluid extraction, and lactic acid fermentation are described. Furthermore, the disadvantages of these processes are mentioned. Each treatment is evaluated in terms of its effects on all types of natural food pigments, and the possible applications are discussed. Analysis of the latest literature showed that the use of nonthermal technologies resulted in better preservation of pigments contained in the plant tissue and improved yield of extraction. However, it is important to select the appropriate processing parameters and to optimize this process in relation to a specific type of raw material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Nowacka
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dadan
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Janowicz
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Wiktor
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Witrowa-Rajchert
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ronit Mandal
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems (LFS), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anubhav Pratap-Singh
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems (LFS), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emilia Janiszewska-Turak
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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Pratap Singh A, Yen PPL, Ramaswamy HS, Singh A. Recent advances in agitation thermal processing. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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MacNaughton MS, Whiteside WS, Rieck JR, Thomas RL. The effects of static, oscillating, and oscillating with dwell time retort motions on the rate of heat penetration of a food simulant processed in a pouch. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mollye S. MacNaughton
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences; Clemson University; 226 Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson South Carolina
| | - William S. Whiteside
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences; Clemson University; 226 Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson South Carolina
| | - James R. Rieck
- Department of Mathematical Sciences; Clemson University; O-221 Martin Hall, Clemson South Carolina
| | - Ronald L. Thomas
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences; Clemson University; 226 Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson South Carolina
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Pratap Singh A, Singh A, Ramaswamy HS. Effect of reciprocating agitation thermal processing (RA-TP) on quality of canned tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) puree. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:2411-2418. [PMID: 27670386 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reciprocating agitation thermal processing (RA-TP) is a recent innovation in the field of canning for obtaining high-quality canned food. The objective of this study was to compare RA-TP processing with conventional non-agitated (still) processing with respect to the impact on quality (color, antioxidant capacity, total phenols, carotenoid and lycopene contents) of canned tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) puree. RESULTS Owing to a 63-81% reduction in process times as compared with still processing, tomato puree with a brighter red color (closer to fresh) was obtained during RA-TP. At 3 Hz reciprocation frequency, the loss of antioxidant, lycopene and carotenoid contents could be reduced to 34, 8 and 8% respectively as compared with 96, 41 and 52% respectively during still processing. In fact, the phenolic content for RA-TP at 3 Hz was 5% higher than in fresh puree. Quality retention generally increased with an increase in frequency, although the differences were less significant at higher reciprocation frequencies (between 2 and 3 Hz). CONCLUSION Research findings indicate that RA-TP can be effective to obtain thermally processed foods with high-quality attribute retention. It can also be concluded that a very high reciprocation frequency (>3 Hz) is not necessarily needed and significant quality improvement can be obtained at lower frequencies (∼2 Hz). © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhav Pratap Singh
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, 21, 111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Anika Singh
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, 21, 111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Hosahalli S Ramaswamy
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, 21, 111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
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Pratap Singh A, Singh A, Ramaswamy HS. Using Liquid-Only Cans (Equipped with a Single Particle) to Quantify Heat Transfer Phenomenon During Thermal Processing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2016-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study utilizes liquid-only cans (fitted with a single particle) to gain insight into the heat transfer phenomenon during the novel process of reciprocating agitation thermal processing (RA-TP) for sterilization of food. Overall heat transfer coefficient (U) across the can-wall was evaluated for cylindrical cans, filled with different concentration of glycerin and treated with reciprocating agitation thermal processing (RA-TP). Thermocouple-equipped single spherical particle (diameter = 0.019 m) of various densities were also kept inside the cans to obtain preliminary insights into the heat transfer phenomenon at the liquid–particle interface (hfp). Seven process variables, viz. operating temperature (110–130 °C), reciprocation frequency (1–4 Hz), reciprocation amplitude (0.05–0.25 m), can headspace (0.006–0.012 m), liquid viscosity (0.001–0.942 Pa.s) and particle density (830–2,210 kg/m3), were varied according to three full-factorial designs and corresponding U & hfp were reported. Depending on the processing condition and product composition, U and hfp varied in the range 197–1,240 W/m2K and 210–1,230 W/m2K respectively. Higher heat transfer was observed at both can wall and liquid–particle interface with increasing temperature, headspace, frequency and amplitude and decreasing liquid viscosity. The order of heat transfer coefficients for processing conditions was: Frequency > amplitude > headspace > temperature; while for product composition was: Frequency > liquid viscosity > product density. This study is relevant for providing data for process modeling of reciprocating agitation thermal processing.
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Pratap Singh A, Singh A, Ramaswamy HS. A novel approach for quantification of particle motion and particle mixing during agitation thermal processing. J FOOD ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Singh A, Pratap Singh A, Ramaswamy HS. A Controlled Agitation Process for Improving Quality of Canned Green Beans during Agitation Thermal Processing. J Food Sci 2016; 81:E1399-411. [PMID: 27096606 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This work introduces the concept of a controlled agitation thermal process to reduce quality damage in liquid-particulate products during agitation thermal processing. Reciprocating agitation thermal processing (RA-TP) was used as the agitation thermal process. In order to reduce the impact of agitation, a new concept of "stopping agitations after sufficient development of cold-spot temperature" was proposed. Green beans were processed in No. 2 (307×409) cans filled with liquids of various consistency (0% to 2% CMC) at various frequencies (1 to 3 Hz) of RA-TP using a full-factorial design and heat penetration results were collected. Corresponding operator's process time to impart a 10-min process lethality (Fo ) and agitation time (AT) were calculated using heat penetration results. Accordingly, products were processed again by stopping agitations as per 3 agitation regimes, namely; full time agitation, equilibration time agitation, and partial time agitation. Processed products were photographed and tested for visual quality, color, texture, breakage of green beans, turbidity, and percentage of insoluble solids in can liquid. Results showed that stopping agitations after sufficient development of cold-spot temperatures is an effective way of reducing product damages caused by agitation (for example, breakage of beans and its leaching into liquid). Agitations till one-log temperature difference gave best color, texture and visual product quality for low-viscosity liquid-particulate mixture and extended agitations till equilibration time was best for high-viscosity products. Thus, it was shown that a controlled agitation thermal process is more effective in obtaining high product quality as compared to a regular agitation thermal process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Singh
- Dept. of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus of McGill Univ, 21, 111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anubhav Pratap Singh
- Dept. of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus of McGill Univ, 21, 111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hosahalli S Ramaswamy
- Dept. of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus of McGill Univ, 21, 111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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Simultaneous optimization of heat transfer and reciprocation intensity for thermal processing of liquid particulate mixtures undergoing reciprocating agitation. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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