Improvement of phenolic compound bioaccessibility from yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extracts after biosorption on Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The roles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds

Phenolic compounds are a group of non-essential dietary compounds that are widely recognized for their beneficial health effects, primarily due to their bioactive properties. These compounds which found in a variety of plant-based foods, including fruits, vegetables, and grains are known to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic properties. However, the health effects of these compounds depend on their bioaccessibility and bioavailability. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of probiotics for promoting human health. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a yeast with potential probiotic properties and beneficial health effects. Biosorption of phenolic compounds on Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell walls improves their bioaccessibility. This characteristic has also allowed the use of this yeast as a biosorbent in the biosorption process due to its low cost, safety, and easy availability. S. cerevisiae enhances the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds as a delivery system under in vitro digestion conditions. The reason for this phenomenon is the protective effects of yeast on various phenolic compounds under digestion conditions. This article shows the role of S. cerevisiae yeast on the bioaccessibility of various phenolic compounds and contributes to our understanding of the potential impact of yeasts in human health.

Effects of tea addition on antioxidant capacity, volatiles, and sensory quality of beer

Green tea has great potential to enhance the quality of beer. In this study, green tea was added at different stages of beer brewing, and evaluated the antioxidant capacity, volatile components, as well as sensory quality. The results showed that the addition of green tea during the start of boiling has great potential for application, and the green tea beer (GTB) had remarkable antioxidant properties (ABTS radical scavenging ability, 8.67 mmol TE/L; DPPH radical scavenging ability, 3.97 mmol TE/L; reducing power, 3.28 mmol TE/L), and an excellent sensory quality (acceptance, 6.09/9). HPLC analysis indicated that the principal phenolics in GTB were catechin and caffeic acid, in addition, the relative amounts of ferulic acid, gallic acid can be used to differentiate between GTB and beer. HS-SPME-GC-MS analyses showed that ethyl caprylate, ethyl nonanoate, ethyl caprate, linalool, and phenethyl alcohol were potentially significant for the aroma profile of GTB.

Yeast glucan particles: An express train for oral targeted drug delivery systems

As an emerging drug delivery vehicle, yeast glucan particles (YGPs) derived from yeast cells could be specifically taken up by macrophages. Therefore, these vehicles could rely on the recruitment of macrophages at the site of inflammation and tumors to enable targeted imaging and drug delivery. This review summarizes recent advances in the application of YGPs in oral targeted delivery systems, covering the basic structure of yeast cells, methods for pre-preparation, drug encapsulation and characterization. The mechanism and validation of the target recognition interaction of YGPs with macrophages are highlighted, and some inspiring cases are presented to show that yeast cells have promising applications. The future chances and difficulties that YGPs will confront are also emphasized throughout this essay. YGPs are not only the "armor" but also the "compass" of drugs in the process of targeted drug transport. This system is expected to provide a new idea about the oral targeted delivery of anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor drugs, and furthermore offer an effective delivery strategy for targeted therapy of other macrophage-related diseases.

Bioinspired yeast-based β-glucan system for oral drug delivery

Oral drug delivery is the preferred route of drug administration for patients, especially those who need long-term medication. Recently, bioinspired drug delivery systems have emerged for the oral delivery of various therapeutics. Among them, the yeast-based β-glucan system is a novel and promising platform, for oral administration that can overcome the biological barriers of the harsh gastrointestinal environment. Remarkably, the yeast-based β-glucan system not only protects the drug through the harsh gastrointestinal environment but also achieves targeted therapeutic effects by specifically recognizing immune cells, especially macrophages. Otherwise, it exhibits immunomodulatory properties. Based on the pleasant characteristics of the yeast-based β-glucan system, they are widely used in various macrophage-related diseases for oral administration. In this review, we introduced the structure and function of yeast-based β-glucan. Subsequently, we further summarized the current preparation methods of yeast-based β-glucan carriers and the strategies for preparing yeast-based β-glucan drug delivery systems. In addition, we focus on discussing the applications of β-glucan drug delivery systems in various diseases. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of the β-glucan drug delivery system are introduced.

Biosorption of bioactive compounds in bacterial nanocellulose: Mechanisms and physical-chemical properties

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a biomaterial produced by Gluconacetobacter xylinus, with wide applicability in different areas, such as biomedical, pharmaceutical, and food. BC production is usually carried out in a medium containing phenolic compounds (PC), such as teas, however, the purification process leads to the loss of such bioactive. Thus, the innovation of this research consists of the reincorporation of PC after the purification of the BC matrices through the biosorption process. In this context, the effects of the biosorption process in BC were evaluated to maximize the incorporation of phenolic compounds from a ternary mixture of hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa), white tea (Camellia sinensis), and grape pomace (Vitis labrusca). The biosorbed membrane (BC-Bio) showed a great concentration of total phenolic compounds (TPC = 64.89 mg L^-1) and high antioxidant capacity through different assays (FRAP: 130.7 mg L^-1, DPPH: 83.4 mg L^-1, ABTS: 158.6 mg L^-1, TBARS: 234.2 mg L^-1). The physical tests also indicated that the biosorbed membrane presented high water absorption capacity, thermal stability, low permeability to water vapor and improved mechanical properties compared to BC-control. These results index that the biosorption of phenolic compounds in BC efficiently increases bioactive content and improves physical membrane characteristics. Also, PC release in a buffered solution suggests that BC-Bio can be used as a polyphenol delivery system. Therefore, BC-Bio is a polymer with wide application in different industrial segments.

Bioactive profile of edible nasturtium and rose flowers during simulated gastrointestinal digestion

Rose and nasturtium are common ornamental edible flowers rich in phytochemicals whose application as food is not widely explored. The gastrointestinal environment can modify these compounds, resulting in new combinations with different bioactivity. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGD) on rose and nasturtium flower extracts. Using UPLC-HRMS, 38 phenolic compounds were identified, and the SGD caused significant changes, mainly in the glycosylated phenolic. Furthermore, antioxidant activity was correlated with the increase in the concentrations of some polyphenols. Tested Gram-negative bacteria showed sensitivity to the flower extracts; their growth was inhibited by up to 82.7%. SGD interrupted the bacterial growth inhibition power of the rose extracts. On the other hand, an increase in inhibition ranging from 52.25 to 54.72%was found for nasturtium extracts, correlated to the behavior of some bioactive. Hence, SGD resulted in significant changes in phenolic profiles of the edible flowers, increasing antioxidant activity and changing antimicrobial effects.

Preadministration of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) helps functional activity and morphology maintenance of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells after in vitro exposition to hydrogen peroxide

Natural substances with antioxidant effects may benefit prevention and treatment of people with or prone to bone diseases after menopause, such as osteoporosis. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of preadministration of yerba mate extract (YM) in the metabolism of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). The cells (MC3T3-E1) were cultured in 24-well plates with the concentration of 1 μg/mL yerba mate extract dissolved in culture medium throughout the culture period. Four hours before each experiment, 400 μmol/L H₂O₂ was added per well to simulate oxidative stress. There were evaluated cell adhesion and proliferation, in situ detection of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), mineralized nodules, and immunolocalization of osteocalcin (OCN), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) proteins. The results showed that YM preadministration to H₂O₂ exposition significatively increased cell adhesion after 3 days as well as proliferation and in situ ALP detection after 10 and 7 days respectively, when compared to H₂O₂ group. Besides, staining of OCN and BSP proteins was less intense and scattered in poor spread cells with cytoskeletal changes in H₂O₂ group when compared to control and YM H₂O₂ group. ALP staining was restrained to intracellular regions and similar in all experimental groups. Our results suggest that preadministration of yerba mate extract may prevent deleterious effects in the morphology and functional activity of osteoblasts exposed to H₂O₂, which could enable the maintenance of extracellular matrix in the presence of oxidative stress.

Biosorption: A Review of the Latest Advances

Biosorption is a variant of sorption techniques in which the sorbent is a material of biological origin. This technique is considered to be low cost and environmentally friendly, and it can be used to remove pollutants from aqueous solutions. The objective of this review is to report on the most significant recent works and most recent advances that have occurred in the last couple of years (2019–2020) in the field of biosorption. Biosorption of metals and organic compounds (dyes, antibiotics and other emerging contaminants) is considered in this review. In addition, the use and possibilities of different forms of biomass (live or dead, modified or immobilized) are also considered.

Utilization of grape pomaces and brewery waste Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of bio-based microencapsulated pigments

This research approaches the utilization of brewery waste yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a vehicle for the encapsulation and protection of phenolic compounds from Cabernet Sauvignon and Bordeaux grape pomace extracts. The main purpose of this research was to enrich the biomass of yeast to investigate its potential as a novel vehicle for further application as pigment or functional ingredient. The obtained powders presented characteristics appropriated for storage, such as low water activity (<0.289), hygroscopicity (<13.71 g/100 g) and moisture (<7.10%) and particle sizes lower than the sensory perceptible (<11.45 µm). This work proved that yeasts were loaded after spray-drying, thus, they might be considered as biocapsules. Furthermore, the bioaccessibility of encapsulated phenolic compounds from Bordeaux and Cabernet Sauvignon extracts was 34.96% and 14.25% higher compared to their respective free extracts, proving that yeasts are not only biocapsules of easy application, but also a biological material capable of protecting and delivering the compounds during gastrointestinal digestion.

Antiproliferative activity of green, black tea and olive leaves polyphenols subjected to biosorption and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion in Caco-2 cells

Olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves and tea (Camellia sinensis) are rich sources of bioactive compounds, especially polyphenols. Our previous studies have evidenced the potential use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a natural delivery system for these antioxidants and a means to improve their bioaccessibility in the human gut. In the present work, the antiproliferative effect of green tea (GT), black tea (BT) and olive leaves (OL) infusions and suspensions of S. cerevisiae were evaluated, for the first time, in human colon cancer cells (Caco-2) after biosorption and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The bioaccessible fractions (BF) were not overtly cytotoxic, not affecting cell viability. ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential changes (Δψm) values were reduced compared with control cells. Moreover, all the BF after biosorption induced a significant (p < 0.05) increase in cell proportions in S-phase. The arrest of the cell cycle was reversible without induction of apoptosis, suggesting that the biosorbed phenolics in both infusions and suspensions act as cytostatic agents.