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Pang B, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Liu ZF, Liu XJ, Feng XS. Recent Update on Pretreatment and Analysis Methods of Buprenorphine in Different Matrix. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024; 54:1243-1272. [PMID: 35979823 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2111196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Buprenorphine is one of the most commonly used pain-killing drugs due to its lengthy duration of action and high potency. However, excessive usage of buprenorphine can be harmful to one's health and prolonged use might result in addiction. Additionally, an increasing number of cases have been documented involving the illegal use of buprenorphine. Therefore, a variety of effective and reliable methods for pretreatment and determination of buprenorphine and its main metabolite norbuprenorphine have been established. This review aims to update the current state of pretreatment and detection techniques for buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine from January 2010 to March 2022. Pretreatment methods include several traditional extraction methods, solid-phase extraction, QuECHERS, various micro-extraction techniques, etc. while analytical methods include LC-MS, LC coupled with other detectors, GC-MS, capillary electrophoresis, electrochemical sensors, etc. The pros and cons of various techniques were compared and summarized, and the prospects were provided.HIGHLIGHTSProgress in pretreatment and detection methods for buprenorphine is demonstrated.Pros and cons of different pretreatment and analysis methods are compared.New materials (such as nanomaterials and magnetic materials) used in buprenorphine pretreatment are summarized.Newly emerged environmental-friendly methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Fei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Liu
- The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Zhao W, Alshogran OY, Zhang H, Joshi A, Krans EE, Caritis S, Shaik IH, Venkataramanan R. Simplified processing and rapid quantification of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, and their conjugated metabolites in human plasma using UPLC-MS/MS: Assessment of buprenorphine exposure during opioid use disorder treatment. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e5015. [PMID: 38501738 DOI: 10.1002/jms.5015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic neurobehavioral ailment and is prevalent in pregnancy. OUD is commonly treated with methadone or buprenorphine (BUP). Pregnancy is known to alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs and may lead to changes in drug exposure and response. A simple, specific, and sensitive analytical method for measuring the parent drug and its metabolites is valuable for assessing the impact of pregnancy on drug exposure. A new liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method that utilized a simple protein precipitation procedure for sample preparation and four deuterated internal standards for quantification was developed and validated for BUP and its major metabolites (norbuprenorphine [NBUP], buprenorphine-glucuronide [BUP-G], and norbuprenorphine-glucuronide [NBUP-G]) in human plasma. The standard curve was linear over the concentration range of 0.05-100 ng/mL for BUP and NBUP, and 0.1-200 ng/mL for BUP-G and NBUP-G. Intra- and inter-day bias and precision were within ±15% of nominal values for all the analytes. Quality controls assessed at four levels showed high recovery consistently for all the analytes with minimal matrix effect. Adequate analyte stability was observed at various laboratory conditions tested. Overall, the developed method is simple, sensitive, accurate and reproducible, and was successfully applied for the quantification of BUP and its metabolites in plasma samples collected from pregnant women in a clinical study assessing BUP exposure during OUD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchen Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Osama Y Alshogran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hongfei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anand Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Krans
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, UPMC Magee-Women's Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steve Caritis
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, UPMC Magee-Women's Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Imam H Shaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Phillips SJ, Oliveto A, Mancino MJ, Hendrickson HP. Development and validation of a rapid liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method to quantitate gabapentin and buprenorphine in human serum. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9104. [PMID: 33860565 PMCID: PMC8959393 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gabapentin has shown initial promise as an opioid-sparing medication in pain patients as well as a treatment for opioid withdrawal and liquid chriomatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is often used for clinical monitoring. Despite reports of validated tandem mass spectrometric methods for the determination of gabapentin and buprenorphine, mechanisms for the collision-induced fragmentation have not been adequetely described. METHODS A rapid analytical method has been developed to determine gabapentinoid, gabapentin, and the partial opioid agonist, buprenorphine, in 20 μL of human serum using LC/MS/MS with a chromatographic run time of 2 min. A simplified sample cleanup procedure using methanol precipitation of serum proteins/lipids followed by evaporation and reconstitution in mobile phase was demonstrated. Gabapentin and buprenorphine were detected following positive ion electrospray ionization using multiple-reaction monitoring. The internal standard approach was used for quantitation with labeled gabapentin-D10 and buprenorphine-D4 serving as internal standards. Using organic reaction principals and stable isotope labels, collision-induced fragmentation mechanisms for both gabapentin and buprenorphine are proposed. The method was validated according to the FDA Guidance for Industry - Bioanalytical Method Validation. RESULTS Accuracy was demonstrated by error values ≤15% for buprenorphine and ≤6% for gabapentin. The inter-day precision was ≤4.88% and 15.59% for gabapentin and buprenorphine and the intra-day precision was ≤5.20% and 11.65% for gabapentin and buprenorphine. The lower limit of quantitation corresponded to 10 ng/mL for gabapentin and 1 ng/mL for buprenorphine in serum. Recoveries were 104 ± 2.55% and 85 ± 2.03% for gabapentin and buprenorphine, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Concentrations of gabapentin and buprenorphine were determined for five authentic human serum samples to further validate the utility of the method and applicable to therapeutic drug monitoring beyond its use as a drug screening assay. Furthermore, new mechanisms for the collision-induced dissociation of gabapentin and buprenorphine have been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Phillips
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Alison Oliveto
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Michael J Mancino
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Howard P Hendrickson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Social and Administrative Sciences, McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Samford University, Birmingham, AL, 35229, USA
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Buprenorphine Evaluation in Plasma-Application to Pharmacokinetic Studies in Rabbits. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020437. [PMID: 33467733 PMCID: PMC7830787 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise and reliable determination of buprenorphine concentration is fundamental in certain medical or research applications, particularly in pharmacokinetic studies of this opioid. The main challenge is, however, the development of an analytical method that is sensitive enough, as the detected in vivo concentrations often fall in very low ranges. Thus, in this study we aimed at developing a sensitive, repeatable, cost-efficient, and easy HPLC analytical protocol for buprenorphine in rabbit plasma. In order to obtain this, the HPLC-MS2 system was used to elaborate and validate the method for samples purified with liquid-liquid extraction. Fragment ions 468.6→396.2 and 468.6→414.2 were monitored, and the method resulted in a high repeatability and reproducibility and a limit of quantification of 0.25 µg/L with a recovery of 98.7–109.0%. The method was linear in a range of 0.25–2000 µg/L. The suitability of the analytical procedure was tested in rabbits in a pilot pharmacokinetic study, and it was revealed that the method was suitable for comprehensively describing the pharmacokinetic profile after buprenorphine intravenous administration at a dose of 300 µg/kg. Thus, the method suitability for pharmacokinetic application was confirmed by both the good validation results of the method and successful in vivo tests in rabbits.
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Sørensen LK, Hasselstrøm JB. Ascorbic Acid Improves the Stability of Buprenorphine in Frozen Whole Blood Samples. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 43:482-488. [PMID: 31062848 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Buprenorphine (BUP) was not long-term stable in whole blood samples preserved with fluoride citrate (FC) and fluoride oxalate (FX) mixtures when stored at -20°C. On average, only half of the initial concentrations of BUP was recovered after 12 weeks of storage at -20°C when interrupted by 3-4 thaw/freeze cycles. Norbuprenorphine (NBUP) was less unstable; approximately 90% was recovered after 12 weeks of storage at -20°C. The instability was less at 5°C, but the formation of BUP and NBUP from their glucuronides was observed at that temperature, especially in FC-preserved blood. The substances were stable for at least 5 months when stored uninterrupted at -80°C. The instability of BUP and NBUP in FC- and FX-preserved whole blood stored at -20°C was eliminated when the samples were modified with 30 mM ascorbic acid (ASC) prior to storage. The mean recoveries were greater than 95% after a 5-month interrupted storage period at -20°C when modified with ASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambert K Sørensen
- Section for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jørgen B Hasselstrøm
- Section for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard, Aarhus N, Denmark
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Shah D, Brown S, Hagemeier N, Zheng S, Kyle A, Pryor J, Dankhara N, Singh P. Predictors of neonatal abstinence syndrome in buprenorphine exposed newborn: can cord blood buprenorphine metabolite levels help? SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:854. [PMID: 27386303 PMCID: PMC4919189 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid used for the treatment of opioid dependence. Opioid use, including buprenorphine, has been increasing in recent years, in the general population and in pregnant women. Consequently, there has been a rise in frequency of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), associated with buprenorphine use during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to investigate correlations between buprenorphine and buprenorphine-metabolite concentrations in cord blood and onset of NAS in buprenorphine exposed newborns. METHODS Nineteen (19) newborns who met inclusion criteria were followed after birth until discharge in a double-blind non-intervention study, after maternal consent. Cord blood and tissue samples were collected and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for buprenorphine and metabolites. Simple and multiple logistic regressions were used to examine relationships between buprenorphine and buprenorphine metabolite concentrations in cord blood and onset of NAS, need for morphine therapy, and length of stay. RESULTS Each increase in 5 ng/ml level of norbuprenorphine in cord blood increases odds of requiring treatment by morphine 2.5 times. Each increase in 5 ng/ml of buprenorphine-glucuronide decreases odds of receiving morphine by 57.7 %. Along with concentration of buprenorphine metabolites, birth weight and gestational age also play important roles, but not maternal buprenorphine dose. CONCLUSIONS LC-MS analysis of cord blood concentrations of buprenorphine and metabolites is an effective way to examine drug and metabolite levels in the infant at birth. Cord blood concentrations of the active norbuprenorphine metabolite and the inactive buprenorphine-glucuronide metabolite show promise in predicting necessity of treatment of NAS. These finding have implications in improving patient care and reducing healthcare costs if confirmed in a larger sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshan Shah
- />Department of Pediatrics, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN USA
| | - Stacy Brown
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN USA
| | - Nick Hagemeier
- />Department of Pharmacy Practice, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN USA
| | - Shimin Zheng
- />College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN USA
| | - Amy Kyle
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN USA
| | - Jason Pryor
- />Neonatal Perinatal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center/Monroe Carell Children’s Hospital, 2200 Children’s Way, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Nilesh Dankhara
- />Department of Pediatrics, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN USA
| | - Piyuesh Singh
- />Department of Pediatrics, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN USA
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Nahar LK, Andrews R, Paterson S. Validated Method for the Quantification of Buprenorphine in Postmortem Blood Using Solid-Phase Extraction and Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:519-25. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Kyle AR, Carmical J, Shah D, Pryor J, Brown S. UHPLC-MS/MS quantification of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, methadone, and glucuronide conjugates in umbilical cord plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1567-74. [PMID: 25808363 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Opioid use during pregnancy can result in the newborn being physically dependent on the substance, thus experiencing drug withdrawal, termed neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Buprenorphine and methadone are two drugs used to treat opioid withdrawal and are approved for use in pregnancy. Quantification of these compounds in umbilical cord plasma would help assess in utero exposure of neonates in cases of buprenorphine or methadone use during pregnancy. An LC-MS/MS method using solid-phase extraction sample preparation was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of methadone, buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, and glucuronide metabolites in umbilical cord plasma. The average accuracy (percentage error) and precision (relative standard deviation) were <15% for each validated concentration. Our data establishes a 2 week maximum freezer storage window in order to achieve the most accurate cord plasma concentrations of these analytes. Additionally, we found that the umbilical cord tissue analysis was less sensitive compared with analysis with umbilical cord blood plasma, indicating that this may be a more appropriate matrix for determination of buprenorphine and metabolite concentrations. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of cord blood from women with known buprenorphine or methadone use during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Redmond Kyle
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer Carmical
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Darshan Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Jason Pryor
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center/Monroe Carell Children's Hospital, Neonatal Perinatal Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Stacy Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614-1708, USA
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Seldén T, Roman M, Druid H, Kronstrand R. LC–MS–MS analysis of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine in whole blood from suspected drug users. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 209:113-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gordon AL, Lopatko OV, Somogyi AA, Foster DJR, White JM. (R)- and (S)-methadone and buprenorphine concentration ratios in maternal and umbilical cord plasma following chronic maintenance dosing in pregnancy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 70:895-902. [PMID: 21175445 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to compare the transfer of buprenorphine and methadone between maternal and cord blood in women under chronic dosing conditions and to determine if differences exist in the transfer of the two methadone enantiomers. METHODS Maternal and cord blood samples were collected at delivery from women maintained on methadone (35, 25-140 mg day⁻¹) (median; range) or buprenorphine (6.00, 2-20 mg day⁻¹) during pregnancy. Plasma concentration ratios are presented as an indicator of foetal exposure relative to the mother. RESULTS Methadone was quantified in all samples, with cord : maternal plasma methadone concentration ratios (n= 15 mother-infant pairs) being significantly higher (P < 0.0001; mean difference (MD) 0.07; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.048, 0.092) for the active (R)-methadone enantiomer (0.41; 0.19, 0.56) (median; range) compared with (S)-methadone (0.36; 0.15, 0.53). (R)- : (S)-methadone concentration ratios were also significantly higher (P < 0.0001; MD 0.24 95% CI 0.300, 0.180) for cord (1.40; 0.95, 1.67) compared with maternal plasma (1.16; 0.81, 1.38). Half the infant buprenorphine samples were below the assay lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) (0.125 ng ml⁻¹). The latter was four-fold lower than the LLOQ for methadone (0.50 ng ml⁻¹). The cord : maternal plasma buprenorphine concentration ratio (n= 9 mother-infant pairs) was 0.35; 0.14, 0.47 and for norbuprenorphine 0.49; 0.24, 0.91. CONCLUSIONS The transfer of the individual methadone enantiomers to the foetal circulation is stereoselective. Infants born to buprenorphine maintained women are not exposed to a greater proportion of the maternal dose compared with methadone and may be exposed to relatively less of the maternal dose compared with infants born to women maintained on methadone during pregnancy.
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Papoutsis II, Nikolaou PD, Athanaselis SA, Pistos CM, Spiliopoulou CA, Maravelias CP. Development and validation of a highly sensitive GC/MS method for the determination of buprenorphine and nor-buprenorphine in blood. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:588-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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