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Renukuntla J, Peterson-Sockwell S, Clark BA, Godage NH, Gionfriddo E, Bolla PK, Boddu SHS. Design and Preclinical Evaluation of Nicotine-Stearic Acid Conjugate-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Transdermal Delivery: A Technical Note. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041043. [PMID: 37111529 PMCID: PMC10146358 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop and evaluate nicotine--stearic acid conjugate-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (NSA-SLNs) for transdermal delivery in nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Nicotine conjugation to stearic acid prior to SLN formulation greatly increased drug loading. SLNs loaded with a nicotine-stearic acid conjugate were characterized for size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency, and morphology. Pilot in vivo testing was carried out in New Zealand Albino rabbits. The size, PDI, and ZP of nicotine-stearic acid conjugate-loaded SLNs were 113.5 ± 0.91 nm, 0.211 ± 0.01, and -48.1 ± 5.75 mV, respectively. The entrapment efficiency of nicotine-stearic acid conjugate in SLNs was 46.45 ± 1.53%. TEM images revealed that optimized nicotine-stearic acid conjugate-loaded SLNs were uniform and roughly spherical in shape. Nicotine-stearic acid conjugate-loaded SLNs showed enhanced and sustained drug levels for up to 96 h in rabbits when compared with the control nicotine formulation in 2% HPMC gel. To conclude, the reported NSA-SLNs could be further explored as an alternative for treating smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jwala Renukuntla
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso, 1101 N Campbell St., El Paso, TX 79902, USA
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27240, USA
| | - Samuel Peterson-Sockwell
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27240, USA
| | - Bradley A Clark
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27240, USA
| | - Nipunika H Godage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Emanuela Gionfriddo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Pradeep Kumar Bolla
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso, 1101 N Campbell St., El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Sai H S Boddu
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
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2
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Stimulant use in suicides: A systematic review. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 338:111391. [PMID: 35908335 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Suicide remains a global public health concern and the increased supply and use of synthetic stimulants globally may have implications for the burden of suicides attributable to substance use. This systematic review investigated any potential associations of stimulant use detected in post-mortem biological specimens and suicides. We conducted a systematic review and narrative synthesis (CRD42021237966). Medline, EMBASE, TOXLINE, and Scopus databases were searched for terms related to forensic toxicology, post-mortem toxicology, suicide and stimulants. The primary outcome was to estimate the prevalence of stimulant use in suicides. There were 26 studies whichcontributed to prevalence measures; in studies reporting at the individual compound level, suicides involved cocaine (0.1-23%), caffeine (3.2-22%), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (0.1-17%), amphetamine (0.2-9.3%), methamphetamine (3.1-7%), and phentermine (0.9-1%). Overall, stimulant use in suicides was over-represented compared to estimates of stimulant use in the general population and has increased over time. Thirteen case reports used to contextualise suicides involving stimulants found no examples of cocaine or methamphetamine mono-intoxication of suicidal intent. This suggests mechanisms other than acute toxicity involved in stimulant-associated suicide. Future research by in-depth psychological autopsies of suicides involving stimulants, in combination with segmental hair analysis to determine the chronicity of stimulant exposure, may contribute to a better understanding of the burden of suicide attributable to stimulant use.
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Hösükler E, Hösükler B, Çoban İ, Koç S. Complex suicides: 21 cases and a review of the literature. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-022-00269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The use of more than one potentially lethal method together and sequentially to complete suicide is called “complex suicide.” Complex suicides are divided into two groups: planned and unplanned. This study aimed to discuss with literature 21 complex suicide cases identified after a 2-year retrospective study.
Results
This study included 21 complex suicide cases. Eleven were classified as planned complex suicides, and 10 were labeled as unplanned complex suicides. The average age of all cases was 42.5 ± 17.7 (min: 19, max: 76) years. Suicide notes were present in six (28.5%) cases. Fifteen victims (71.4%) suffered from psychiatric diseases. Twelve victims ingested a toxic dose of medication, nine cases jumped from a height, eight cases used stabbing, six cases used hanging, two cases ingested a corrosive substance, two cases drowned, two cases inhaled a toxic gas, one case ingested cyanide, one case ingested insecticide, and one case used suffocation with a plastic bag. In two cases, three methods of suicide were used together. In the current study, “corrosive substance intake + cyanide intoxication” and “corrosive substance intake + jumping from a height” were defined for the first time and have not been previously described in the literature.
Conclusions
Complex suicides are highly likely to be potentially mistaken for murder. The cause of death in these cases can be determined with a comprehensive autopsy along with a detailed examination of the scene, statements of relatives, and eyewitnesses.
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Pélissier-Alicot AL, Deveaux M, Sastre C, Baillif-Couniou V, Christia MA, Champeaux-Fesquet C, Leonetti G. Planned complex suicide involving combined drug intoxication and femoral catheterization. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:2527-2531. [PMID: 34291457 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Complex planned suicide is characterized by the simultaneous use of two or more methods to ensure that death occurs even if one method fails. The authors present an original combination of two self-killing methods. A 42-year-old cardiologist, with a major depressive syndrome and several suicide attempts, as well as cocaine addiction, was found dead at his home with a femoral catheter inserted in the right femoral artery. The autopsy concluded that death was due to major hemorrhagic process in a context of suicide. Toxicological analyses, performed in peripheral blood by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and by liquid chromatography-diode array detection, revealed the presence of ethanol (0.13 g/L), cocaine, and metabolites (cocaine: 432 µg/L, benzoylecgonine: 3286 µg/L, ecgonine methyl ester: 1195 µg/L, cocaethylene: 41 µg/L), a potentially lethal concentration of citalopram (1.03 mg/L), toxic concentrations of hydroxyzine (0.11 mg/L), bromazepam (2.06 mg/L), and lidocaine (7.30 mg/L). At the end of these analyses, the death was reclassified as planned complex suicide combining drug intoxication and catheterization of the femoral artery. The authors discuss the main aspects of this case and stress the importance of meticulous analysis of all available evidence: witness reports, victim's medical history and occupation, findings of at-the-scene examination, autopsy, and toxicological analyses, in order to exclude homicide and to understand the sequence of events that led to death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caroline Sastre
- Service de Médecine Légale, CHU Timone, APHM, Aix Marseille Univ., Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - Georges Leonetti
- Service de Médecine Légale, CHU Timone, APHM, Aix Marseille Univ., Marseille, France
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5
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Scarpino M, Rosso T, Lanzo G, Lolli F, Bonizzoli M, Lazzeri C, Mannaioni G, Baronti R, Fattapposta F, Grippo A. Severe neurological nicotine intoxication by e-cigarette liquids: Systematic literature review. Acta Neurol Scand 2021; 143:121-130. [PMID: 32866996 DOI: 10.1111/ane.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes are a popular, easily purchased, alternative source of nicotine that is considered safer than conventional tobacco. However, Intentional or accidental exposure to e-liquid substances, mainly nicotine, can lead to serious, potentially fatal toxicity. Emergency and critical care physicians should keep in mind acute intoxication of this poison with a biphasic toxic syndrome. We highlight its potentially fatal outcome and suggest monitoring the adverse effects of nicotine according to a multimodal protocol integrating somatosensory evoked potentials, electroencephalography and neuroimaging data with anamnestic report and toxicological and laboratory data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maenia Scarpino
- Neurophysiopathology Unit Neuromuscolar Department AOU Careggi Florence Italy
- IRCCS Don Carlo Gnocchi Florence Italy
| | - Tiziana Rosso
- UOC Neurologia Distretto di Asolo Azienda ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana Treviso Italia
| | - Giovanni Lanzo
- Neurophysiopathology Unit Neuromuscolar Department AOU Careggi Florence Italy
| | - Francesco Lolli
- Biomedical Science Department Mario Serio University of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Manuela Bonizzoli
- Traumatic Intensive Care Unit Neuromuscolar Department AOU Careggi Florence Italy
| | - Chiara Lazzeri
- Traumatic Intensive Care Unit Neuromuscolar Department AOU Careggi Florence Italy
| | - Guido Mannaioni
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEURORFARBA) University Florence Florence Italy
| | - Roberto Baronti
- Laboratory of Clinical Toxicology and Antidoping Azienda USL Toscana Centro Florence Italy
| | | | - Antonello Grippo
- Neurophysiopathology Unit Neuromuscolar Department AOU Careggi Florence Italy
- IRCCS Don Carlo Gnocchi Florence Italy
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6
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Tjoncke JA, Goncalves R, Castaing N, Molimard M, Tovagliaro F, Titier K. Death related to nicotine replacement therapy: A case report. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 309:110223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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A case of complex suicide due to acute nicotine intoxication caused by cigarette ingestion. Int J Legal Med 2019; 134:997-1002. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Räsänen M, Helanterä I, Kalliomäki J, Savikko J, Parry M, Lempinen M. A Case Report of Successful Kidney Donation After Brain Death Following Nicotine Intoxication. Transplant Proc 2017; 49:229-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2016.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Kramer L, Große Perdekamp M, Geisenberger D, Pircher R, Pollak S, Schmidt U. Pseudo-tying injuries in a hanged person. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 268:e13-e17. [PMID: 27686590 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A 50-year-old man was found hanged on the concrete dam of a water reservoir. The ligature, a braided rope made of synthetic fibres, was attached to a lamp on the dam crest. The length of the rope between the fastening point and the noose was about 4m. At autopsy, stretchmark-like intimal tears of the carotid arteries were found, but the full pattern of (internal) decapitation and severance of the cervical spine was not present. The right wrist showed two almost circular, ribbon-like abrasions initially suggesting that the man had been tied before hanging. When the ligature was examined, horny scales adhered to the noose, but were also detected away from the slip-knot. By means of a DNA analysis the epidermal traces could be assigned to the deceased. The overall picture of the findings suggested that the man had roped down from the dam crest with the ligature wrapped around his right wrist thus abrading the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Kramer
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Große Perdekamp
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Geisenberger
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Pircher
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Pollak
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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You G, Rhee J, Park Y, Park S. Determination of Nicotine, Cotinine and Trans-3'-Hydroxycotinine using LC/MS/MS in Forensic Samples of a Nicotine Fatal Case by Oral Ingestion of e-cigarette Liquid. J Forensic Sci 2016; 61:1149-1154. [PMID: 27238766 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is a potent neurotoxin alkaloid and is used in e-cigarette liquid. The LC/MS/MS method was linear over 0.01-1.0 mg/L (r2 = 0.992-0.995). Limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.001 mg/L (S/N = 3) and 0.003 (S/N = 10). The inaccuracy and imprecision were <13.2%. The recoveries were >99.3%. A 39-year-old dentist was found dead lying on the floor under the couch in his dental clinic. The concentration of nicotine, cotinine, and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (heart blood/peripheral blood) was analyzed as follows: 87.2/85.2 mg/L (ratio 1.0), 1.4/1.1 mg/L (ratio 1.3), and 0.012/0.0089 mg/L (ratio 1.3), respectively. The concentration of nicotine was determined to be 6734.8 mg/kg in gastric contents and 7262.0 mg/L in remaining e-liquid. Only, high concentration of nicotine was detected in the gastric contents as well as the two pieces of evidence collected from the death scene. This fatal case resulted from oral ingestion of e-cigarette liquid. It is estimated that at least 714 mg of nicotine was orally ingested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gundong You
- Drug & Toxicology Division, Forensic Biochemistry Department, National Forensic Service, 10 ipchun-ro, Gangwon-do, 26460, South Korea
| | - Jongsook Rhee
- Drug & Toxicology Division, Forensic Biochemistry Department, National Forensic Service, 10 ipchun-ro, Gangwon-do, 26460, South Korea
| | - Yuran Park
- Drug & Toxicology Division, Forensic Biochemistry Department, National Forensic Service, 10 ipchun-ro, Gangwon-do, 26460, South Korea
| | - Sunhye Park
- Drug & Toxicology Division, Forensic Biochemistry Department, National Forensic Service, 10 ipchun-ro, Gangwon-do, 26460, South Korea
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11
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Magni PA, Pazzi M, Vincenti M, Alladio E, Brandimarte M, Dadour IR. Development and validation of a GC–MS method for nicotine detection in Calliphora vomitoria (L.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Forensic Sci Int 2016; 261:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Na JY, Park JW, Kim DW, Lee JY. Letter to the Editor Regarding the Article "Suicidal Death by Nicotine Poisoning" by Jun et al. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.7580/kjlm.2015.39.2.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Young Na
- Forensic Medicine Division, Gwangju Institute, National Forensic Service, Jangseong, Korea
| | - Jeong-Woo Park
- Forensic Medicine Division, Gwangju Institute, National Forensic Service, Jangseong, Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Kim
- Toxicology Division, Gwangju Institute, National Forensic Service, Jangseong, Korea
| | - Ji-Ye Lee
- Scientific Investigation Section, Jeonnam Provincial Police Agency, Muan, Korea
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13
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Not only smoking is deadly: fatal ingestion of e-juice—a case report. Int J Legal Med 2014; 129:481-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-014-1086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Jun
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoungjoong Kim
- Forensic Medicine, Seoul Clinic of Korea Forensic Investigation, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sohyung Park
- Medical Examiner's Office, National Forensic Service, Wonju, Korea
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