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Shukla S, Khanna S, Gani Mir TU, Dalal J, Sankhyan D, Khanna K. Emerging global trends and development in forensic toxicology: A review. J Forensic Leg Med 2024; 103:102675. [PMID: 38522117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2024.102675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of forensic toxicology research trends, publication patterns, author's contributions, and collaboration. Utilizing the Scopus database, we scrutinized 3259 articles across 348 journals spanning from 1975 to 2023. Analysis employed diverse software tools such as VOSviewer, RStudio, MS Excel, and MS Access to dissect various publication aspects. We observed a notable surge in publications post-2007, indicating heightened research interest. Leading contributors included the United States, Germany, and Italy, with Logan B.K. emerging as the most prolific author. Forensic Science International stood out as the primary journal, publishing 888 articles and accruing significant citations. Keyword co-occurrences such as "forensic toxicology," "forensic science," and "toxicology" underscored core thematic areas in the field. Moreover, extensive research collaboration, especially among Western nations in Europe, was evident. This study underscores the imperative for enhanced collaboration between developing and developed nations to foster further advancements in forensic science. Strengthened partnerships can catalyze innovation, facilitate knowledge dissemination, and address emerging challenges, thereby propelling the field of forensic toxicology toward new frontiers of discovery and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Shukla
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India.
| | | | - Tahir Ul Gani Mir
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Jyoti Dalal
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Deeksha Sankhyan
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Kushagra Khanna
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
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Victoria Zhang Y, Garg U. Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Laboratory: Applications in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2737:1-13. [PMID: 38036805 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3541-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with liquid chromatography (LC) or gas chromatography (GC) has been proven to be a powerful platform in research and specialized clinical laboratories for decades. In clinical laboratories, it is used for compound identification and quantification. Due to the ability to provide specific identification, high sensitivity, and simultaneous analysis of multiple analytes (>100) in recent years, application of MS in routine clinical laboratories has increased significantly. Although MS is used in many laboratory areas, therapeutic drug monitoring, drugs of abuse, and clinical toxicology remain the primary focuses of the field. Due to rapid increase in the number of prescription drugs and drugs of abuse (e.g., novel psychoactive substances), clinical laboratories are challenged with developing new MS assays to meet the clinical needs of the patients. We are here to present "off-the-shelf" and "ready-to-use" protocols of recent developments in new assays to help the clinical laboratory community adopt the technology and analysis for the betterment of patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Victoria Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Uttam Garg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA.
- University of Missouri School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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3
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Ayala J, Kerrigan S. Comprehensive toxicological screening of common drugs of abuse, new psychoactive substances and cannabinoids in blood using supported liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:656-667. [PMID: 37702353 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoassay (IA) is currently the most widely used technique for toxicological screening in drug-impaired driving investigations. However, practical limitations in the scope of testing, and the emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPSs), have highlighted the need for alternative approaches, particularly mass spectrometry-based screening. High-resolution mass spectrometry broadens the scope of testing to include NPSs and increases analyte specificity compared to IA. In addition, it provides a platform with increased flexibility and adaptability to incorporate emerging drugs of interest due to the transient drug market. In this study, a comprehensive screening procedure was developed to identify >200 drugs of interest, including cannabinoids and NPSs in whole blood. Supported liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry using All Ions data acquisition were used. The method was validated in accordance with published recommendations, and all compounds of interest were identified at recommended cutoffs for driving under the influence of drug investigations. Cannabinoids, including 11-nor-9-carboxy-∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol, fentanyl analogs, buprenorphine, novel synthetic opioids and synthetic cannabinoids, were identified at low- to sub-nanogram/milliliter concentrations in whole blood using both positive and negative electrospray ionization acquisition methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ayala
- Department of Forensic Science, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Blvd., Huntsville, TX 77340, United States
| | - Sarah Kerrigan
- Department of Forensic Science, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Blvd., Huntsville, TX 77340, United States
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Liu YJ, Bian Y, Zhang Y, Zhang YX, Ren A, Lin SH, Feng XS, Zhang XY. Diuretics in Different Samples: Update on the Pretreatment and Analysis Techniques. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-33. [PMID: 37130012 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2202260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Diuretics are drugs that promote the excretion of water and electrolytes in the body and produce diuretic effects. Clinically, they are often used in the treatment of edema caused by various reasons and hypertension. In sports, diuretics are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Therefore, in order to monitor blood drug concentration, identify drug quality and maintain the fairness of sports competition, accurate, rapid, highly selective and sensitive detection methods are essential. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the pretreatment and detection of diuretics in various samples since 2015. Commonly used techniques to extract diuretics include liquid-liquid extraction, liquid-phase microextraction, solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, among others. Determination methods include methods based on liquid chromatography, fluorescent spectroscopy, electrochemical sensor method, capillary electrophoresis and so on. The advantages and disadvantages of various pretreatment and analytical techniques are elaborated. In addition, future development prospects of these techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jie Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Bian
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ai Ren
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shu-Han Lin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Houzé P, Borowski I, Bito E, Magny R, Morcos A, Voicu S, Mégarbane B, Labat L. New Trend in Toxicological Screening Using Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS) and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HR/MS) Combination. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083466. [PMID: 37110698 PMCID: PMC10141006 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In toxicology, screenings are routinely performed using chromatographic methods coupled to detection systems such as high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR/MS). The increase in specificity and sensitivity of HRMS is responsible for the development of methods for alternative samples such as Volumetric Adsorptive Micro-Sampling. Whole blood overloaded with 90 drugs was sampled with 20 µL MitraTM to optimize the pre-analytical step as well as to determine the identification limits of drugs. Elution of chemicals was carried out in a solvent mixture through agitation and sonication. After dissolution, 10 μL was injected into the chromatographic system coupled to the OrbitrapTM HR/MS. Compounds were confirmed against the laboratory library. The clinical feasibility was assessed in fifteen poisoned patients using the simultaneous sampling of plasma, whole blood and MitraTM. The optimized extraction procedure allowed us to confirm 87 compounds out of the 90 present in the spiked whole blood. Cannabis derivatives were not detected. For 82.2% of the investigated drugs, the identification limits were below 12.5 ng·mL-1, with the extraction yields ranging from 80.6 to 108.7%. Regarding the patients' analysis, 98% of the compounds in plasma were detected in MitraTM compared to whole blood, with a satisfying concordance (R2 = 0.827). Our novel screening approach opens new insights into different toxicologic fields appropriate for pediatrics, forensics or to perform mass screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Houzé
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Federation of Toxicology, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 10 rue Ambroise Paré, 75010 Paris, France
- Chemical and Biological Health Technologies Unit (UTCBS), CNRS UMR8258-U1022, University of Paris, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Ilona Borowski
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Federation of Toxicology, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 10 rue Ambroise Paré, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Eugénie Bito
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Federation of Toxicology, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 10 rue Ambroise Paré, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Romain Magny
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Federation of Toxicology, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 10 rue Ambroise Paré, 75010 Paris, France
- INSERM UMRS-1144, University of Paris, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Athina Morcos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Federation of Toxicology, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 10 rue Ambroise Paré, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Sebastian Voicu
- INSERM UMRS-1144, University of Paris, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Federation of Toxicology, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 10 rue Ambroise Paré, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- INSERM UMRS-1144, University of Paris, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Federation of Toxicology, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 10 rue Ambroise Paré, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Laurence Labat
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Federation of Toxicology, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 10 rue Ambroise Paré, 75010 Paris, France
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Federation of Toxicology, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 10 rue Ambroise Paré, 75010 Paris, France
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Grapp M, Kaufmann C, Schwelm HM, Neukamm MA. Toxicological Investigation of a Case Series Involving the Synthetic Cathinone α-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone (α-PHP) and Identification of Phase I and II Metabolites in Human Urine. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:162-174. [PMID: 35921233 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone (α-PHP) is a derivative of the class of α-pyrrolidinophenones, a subgroup of synthetic cathinones. These substances are the second most abused drugs of new psychoactive substances. Here, we report the toxicological investigation of a series of 29 authentic forensic and clinical cases with analytically confirmed intake of α-PHP including two cases of drug testing in newborns using meconium. The age range of subjects where serum samples were available was 23-51 years (median 39.5), and 90% were male. Serum α-PHP concentrations, determined by a validated LC-MS-MS method, showed a high variability ranging from 1 to 83 ng/mL (mean, 40 ng/mL; median, 36 ng/mL). Comprehensive toxicological analysis revealed co-consumption of other psychotropic drugs in almost all cases with frequent occurrence of opiates (60%), benzodiazepines (35%), cannabinoids (30%), and cocaine (20%). Hence, forensic and clinical symptoms like aggressive behavior, sweating, delayed physical response, and impaired balance could not be explained by the abuse of α-PHP alone but rather by poly-intoxications. Liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to investigate the metabolism of α-PHP in vivo using authentic human urine samples. Altogether, 11 phase I metabolites and 5 phase II glucuronides could be identified by this approach. Apart from the parent drug, most abundant findings in urine were the metabolites dihydroxy-pyrrolidinyl-α-PHP and dihydro-α-PHP and, to a lesser extent, 2'-oxo-dihydro-α-PHP and 2'-oxo-α-PHP. Monitoring of these metabolites along with the parent drug in forensic and clinical toxicology could unambiguously prove the abuse of the novel designer drug α-PHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Grapp
- Forensic Toxicological Laboratory, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Christoph Kaufmann
- Forensic Toxicological Laboratory, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Hannes M Schwelm
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Herrmann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Merja A Neukamm
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, Freiburg 79104, Germany
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Yang Y, Yang L, Zheng M, Cao D, Liu G. Data acquisition methods for non-targeted screening in environmental analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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8
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Heinsvig PJ, Noble C, Dalsgaard PW, Mardal M. Forensic drug screening by liquid chromatography hyphenated with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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9
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New Psychoactive Substances: Major Groups, Laboratory Testing Challenges, Public Health Concerns, and Community-Based Solutions. J CHEM-NY 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/5852315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Across communities worldwide, various new psychoactive substances (NPSs) continue to emerge, which worsens the challenges to global mental health, drug rules, and public health risks, as well as combats their usage. Specifically, the vast number of NPSs that are currently available, coupled with the rate at which new ones emerge worldwide, increasingly challenges both forensic and clinical testing strategies. The well-established NPS detection techniques include immunoassays, colorimetric tests, mass spectrometric techniques, chromatographic techniques, and hyphenated types. Nonetheless, mitigating drug abuse and NPS usage is achievable through extensive community-based initiatives, with increased focus on harm reduction. Clinically validated and reliable testing of NPS from human samples, along with community-driven solution, such as harm reduction, will be of great importance, especially in combating their prevalence and the use of other illicit synthetic substances. There is a need for continued literature synthesis to reiterate the importance of NPS, given the continuous emergence of illicit substances in the recent years. All these are discussed in this overview, as we performed another look into NPS, from differentiating the major groups and identifying with laboratory testing challenges to community-based initiatives.
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Wagmann L, Jacobs CM, Meyer MR. New Psychoactive Substances: Which Biological Matrix Is the Best for Clinical Toxicology Screening? Ther Drug Monit 2022; 44:599-605. [PMID: 35175247 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Every year, more new psychoactive substances (NPSs) emerge in the market of the drugs of abuse. NPSs belong to various chemical classes, such as synthetic cannabinoids, phenethylamines, opioids, and benzodiazepines. The detection of NPSs intake using different types of biological matrices is challenging for clinical toxicologists because of their structural diversity and the lack of information on their toxicokinetics, including their metabolic fate. METHODS PubMed-listed articles reporting mass spectrometry-based bioanalytical approaches for NPSs detection published during the past 5 years were identified and discussed. Furthermore, the pros and cons of using common biological matrices in clinical toxicology (CT) settings to screen for NPSs are highlighted in this review article. RESULTS Twenty-six articles presenting multianalyte screening methods for use in the field of CT were considered. The advantages and disadvantages of different biological matrices are discussed with a particular view of the different analytical tasks in CT, especially emergency toxicology. Finally, an outlook introduces the emerging trends in biosamples used in CT, such as the exhaled breath. CONCLUSIONS Blood and urine represent the most common biological matrices used in a CT setting; however, reports concerning NPSs detection in alternative matrices are also available. Noteworthy, the selection of the biological matrix must depend on the clinician's enquiry because the individual advantages and disadvantages must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Wagmann
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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Scanferla DTP, Sano Lini R, Marchioni C, Mossini SAG. Drugs of abuse: A narrative review of recent trends in biological sample preparation and chromatographic techniques. Forensic Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2022.100442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Wille SMR, Desharnais B, Pichini S, Trana AD, Busardò FP, Wissenbach DK, Peters FT. Liquid Chromatography High Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Forensic Toxicology: What Are the Specifics of Method Development, Validation and Quality Assurance for Comprehensive Screening Approaches? Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1230-1244. [PMID: 35619258 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220526152259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) has increased over the past decade in clinical and forensic toxicology, especially for comprehensive screening approaches. Despite this, few guidelines of this field have specifically addressed HRMS issues concerning compound identification, validation, measurement uncertainty and quality assurance. To fully implement this technique, certainly in an era in which the quality demands for laboratories are ever increasing due to various norms (e.g. the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 17025), these specific issues need to be addressed. This manuscript reviews 26 HRMS-based methods for qualitative systematic toxicological analysis (STA) published between 2011 and 2021. Key analytical data such as samples matrices, analytical platforms, numbers of analytes and employed mass spectral reference databases/libraries as well as the studied validation parameters are summarized and discussed. The article further includes a critical review of targeted and untargeted data acquisition approaches, available HRMS reference databases and libraries as well as current guidelines for HRMS data interpretation with a particular focus on identification criteria. Moreover, it provides an overview on current recommendations for the validation and determination measurement uncertainty of qualitative methods. Finally, the article aims to put forward suggestions for method development, compound identification, validation experiments to be performed, and adequate determination of measurement uncertainty for this type of wide-range qualitative HRMS-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M R Wille
- Unit Toxicology, National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Desharnais
- Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale, Department of Toxicology, 1701 Parthenais St., Montréal, Québec, H2K 3S7, Canada
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Annagiulia Di Trana
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy
| | - Dirk K Wissenbach
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Detection of the Synthetic Cannabinoids AB-CHMINACA, ADB-CHMINACA, MDMB-CHMICA, and 5F-MDMB-PINACA in Biological Matrices: A Systematic Review. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050796. [PMID: 35625524 PMCID: PMC9139075 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Synthetic cannabinoids were originally developed for scientific research and potential therapeutic agents. However, clandestine laboratories synthesize them and circumvent legal barriers by falsely marketing them as incense or herbal products. They have serious adverse effects, and new derivatives are continuously found in the market, making their detection difficult due to the lack of comparative standards. Human matrices are used to identify the type of synthetic cannabinoid and the time of its consumption. This review discusses the use of hair, oral fluid, blood, and urine in the detection and quantification of some of the major synthetic cannabinoids. Based on the results, some recommendations can be followed, for example, the use of hair to detect chronic and retrospective consumption (although sensitive to external contamination) and oral fluid or blood for the simultaneous detection of the parent compounds and their metabolites. If longer detection times than blood or oral fluid are needed, urine is the matrix of choice, although its pH may intervene in the analysis. This work highlights the use of new techniques, such as high-resolution mass spectrometry, to avoid the use of previous standards and to monitor new trends in the drug market. Abstract New synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are emerging rapidly and continuously. Biological matrices are key for their precise detection to link toxicity and symptoms to each compound and concentration and ascertain consumption trends. The objective of this study was to determine the best human biological matrices to detect the risk-assessed compounds provided by The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction: AB-CHMINACA, ADB-CHMNACA, MDMB-CHMICA, and 5F-MDMB-PINACA. We carried out a systematic review covering 2015 up to the present date, including original articles assessing detection in antemortem human biological matrices with detailed validation information of the technique. In oral fluid and blood, SC parent compounds were found in oral fluid and blood at low concentrations and usually with other substances; thus, the correlation between SCs concentrations and severity of symptoms could rarely be established. When hair is used as the biological matrix, there are difficulties in excluding passive contamination when evaluating chronic consumption. Detection of metabolites in urine is complex because it requires prior identification studies. LC-MS/MS assays were the most widely used approaches for the selective identification of SCs, although the lack of standard references and the need for revalidation with the continuous emergence of new SCs are limiting factors of this technique. A potential solution is high-resolution mass spectrometry screening, which allows for non-targeted detection and retrospective data interrogation.
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Degreef M, Berry EM, Covaci A, Maudens KE, van Nuijs AL. Qualitative and semi-quantitative screening of selected psychoactive substances in blood: Usefulness of liquid chromatography – triple quadrupole and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in routine toxicological analyses. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1206:123279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Li J, Zhang H, Wang J, Yu Z, Li H, Yang M. Identification of unknown disinfection byproducts in drinking water produced from Taihu Lake source water. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 113:1-11. [PMID: 34963519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water have been suggested as a cancer causing factor, the causative compounds have not yet been clarified. In this study, we used liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight spectrometry (LC-QTOF MS) to identify the unknown disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water produced from Taihu Lake source water, which is known as a convergence point for the anthropogenic pollutants discharged from intensive industrial activities in the surrounding regions. In total, 91 formulas of DBPs were discovered through LC-QTOF MS nontarget screen, 81 of which have not yet been reported. Among the 91 molecules, 56 only contain bromine, 15 only contain chlorine and 20 DBPs have both bromine and chlorine atoms. Finally, five DBPs including 2,4,6-tribromophenol, 2,6-dibromo-4-chlorophenol, 2,6-dichloro-4-bromophenol, 4-bromo-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol and 3,6-dibromocarbazole were confirmed using standards. The former three compounds mainly formed in the predisinfection step (maximum concentration, 0.2-2.6 µg/L), while the latter two formed in the disinfection step (maximum concentration, 18.2-33.6 ng/L). In addition, 19 possible precursors of the discovered DBPs were detected, with the aromatic compounds being a major group. 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol as the precursor of 4-bromo-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol was confirmed with standard, with a concentration of 20.3 µg/L in raw water. The results of this study show that brominated DBPs which are possibly formed from industrial pollutants are relevant DBP species in drinking water produced form Taihu source water, suggesting protection of Taihu Lake source water is important to control the DBP risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiyong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Pasin D, Pan M, Rasmussen BS, Linnet K, Dalsgaard PW, Mollerup CB. Metabolomics-driven determination of targets for salicylic acid and ibuprofen in positive electrospray ionization using LC-HRMS. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:747-756. [PMID: 34984831 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Due to the large number of basic therapeutic and illicit drugs, systematic toxicological analysis has widely been performed with liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry using positive electrospray ionization. However, there exists a smaller number of drugs, typically acidic drugs, which require the use of negative electrospray ionization either via a separate injection or polarity switching. Here, targets relating to salicylic acid and ibuprofen in positive electrospray ionization were determined through a metabolomics-driven retrospective investigation of forensic casework. Samples were previously screened using liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry with quantification of target analytes performed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Of the 1717 whole-blood samples submitted between 2014 and 2019, 48 were positive for salicylic acid (1.1-1400 mg/kg) and 78 for ibuprofen (1-46 mg/kg). Based on the retrospective analysis, 19 and 90 targets were identified for salicylic acid and ibuprofen, respectively. For targets of salicylic acid, the protonated adduct of salicyluric acid ([M+H]+ , m/z 196.0605) was present in 89.6% (n = 32) of the salicylic acid positive cases while the [M+HCOOH+CH3 CN+Ca-H]+ adduct (m/z 264.0179) of salicylic acid was present in all positive samples with concentrations above 66 mg/kg salicylic acid. Similarly, the [M + 2Na - H]+ adduct (m/z 251.1018) of ibuprofen was present in 98.7% (n = 77) of positive cases and was present in all samples with concentrations above 3 mg/kg ibuprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pasin
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Meiru Pan
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian Schou Rasmussen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petur Weihe Dalsgaard
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Brinch Mollerup
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Interest of high-resolution mass spectrometry in analytical toxicology: Focus on pharmaceuticals. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Vejar-Vivar C, Bustamante L, Lucena R, Ortega C, Valenzuela M, Mardones C. Direct coupling of MEPS to ESI-QqTOF-MS for the simultaneous analysis of tricyclic antidepressants and benzodiazepines in postmortem blood. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Koch A, Yukioka S, Tanaka S, Yeung LWY, Kärrman A, Wang T. Characterization of an AFFF impacted freshwater environment using total fluorine, extractable organofluorine and suspect per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance screening analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130179. [PMID: 33735649 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The vast number of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) that are in global commerce (n > 4700) pose immense challenges for environmental monitoring. The large discrepancy between this large number and the few PFASs usually monitored suggest that environmental exposure might be substantially underestimated. This study applied a workflow, which included analysis of total fluorine (TF), extractable organofluorine (EOF), 24 target PFASs and suspect screening. The workflow aimed to close the organofluorine mass balance and to tentatively identify overlooked PFASs in various matrices from an aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) contaminated pond and its adjacent riparian zone. PFAS target analysis revealed that water, aquatic invertebrates as well as emergent aquatic insects had high concentrations with up to 2870 ng L-1, 9230 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) and 1470 ng g-1 dw ∑24PFASs, respectively. The EOF mass balance could be explained by target PFAS analysis for most biota samples such as aquatic invertebrates, emergent aquatic insects and terrestrial spiders and earthworms (i.e. EOF ≈ ∑24PFASs). In the pond surface water, 42-58% of the EOF was not explained by target PFASs. However most new tentatively identified PFASs (n = 25) were detected in water, which could contribute to the unknown EOF. Nine suspects could be further identified, which where perfluoroalkyl sulfonamide-based compounds and derivatives that all have been found in historical AFFFs produced by electrochemical fluorination. One suspect, F5S-PFOS, was also detected for the first time in aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Koch
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Satoru Yukioka
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuhei Tanaka
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Leo W Y Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anna Kärrman
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Thanh Wang
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden.
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20
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Kleis JN, Hess C, Germerott T, Roehrich J. Sensitive screening of synthetic cannabinoids using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry after solid phase extraction. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1535-1551. [PMID: 33884774 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of synthetic cannabinoids still poses a challenge for many institutions due to the number of available substances and the constantly changing drug market. Both new and well-known substances keep appearing and disappearing on the market, making it hard to adapt analytical methods in a timely manner. In this study, we developed a qualitative screening approach for synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites by means of liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Samples were measured in data-dependent auto-MS/MS mode and identified by fragment spectra, retention time and accurate mass. Two established solid phase extractions were compared using fortified serum and urine samples. Mixes of 199 synthetic cannabinoids and 110 metabolites were used in 1- and 10-ng/ml concentrations. Up to 93% of synthetic cannabinoids and 74% of metabolites were detected in fortified 1-ng/ml samples. From February 2018 to October 2020, we analyzed 1492 cases, of which 73 cases were positive for synthetic cannabinoids or metabolites. 5F-MDMB-PICA, 4F-MDMB-BINACA, MDMB-4en-PINACA, and 4F-MDMB-BICA were most frequently detected. Hydrolysis metabolites were detected in many blood samples, providing a longer detection window. Quantification was conducted via liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry after liquid-liquid extraction. Concentrations were mostly close to 1 ng/ml in blood samples. LC-QTOF-MS was able to detect substances above trace quantities (< 0.1 ng/ml) in most cases, therefore fulfilling its purpose as a sensitive general screening approach. Expansion of the screening library was uncomplicated and enables future additions for up to thousands of targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Niklas Kleis
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Cornelius Hess
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Germerott
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jörg Roehrich
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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21
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Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and High-Sensitivity Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Screening of Classic Drugs and New Psychoactive Substances and Metabolites in Urine of Consumers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084000. [PMID: 33924438 PMCID: PMC8069063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of the new psychoactive substances is continuously growing and the implementation of accurate and sensible analysis in biological matrices of users is relevant and fundamental for clinical and forensic purposes. Two different analytical technologies, high-sensitivity gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) were used for a screening analysis of classic drugs and new psychoactive substances and their metabolites in urine of formed heroin addicts under methadone maintenance therapy. Sample preparation involved a liquid-liquid extraction. The UHPLC-HRMS method included Accucore™ phenyl Hexyl (100 × 2.1 mm, 2.6 μm, Thermo, USA) column with a gradient mobile phase consisting of mobile phase A (ammonium formate 2 mM in water, 0.1% formic acid) and mobile phase B (ammonium formate 2 mM in methanol/acetonitrile 50:50 (v/v), 0.1% formic acid) and a full-scan data-dependent MS2 (ddMS2) mode for substances identification (mass range 100–1000 m/z). The GC-MS method employed an ultra-Inert Intuvo GC column (HP-5MS UI, 30 m, 250 µm i.d, film thickness 0.25 µm; Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and electron-impact (EI) mass spectra were recorded in total ion monitoring mode (scan range 40–550 m/z). Urine samples from 296 patients with a history of opioid use disorder were examined. Around 80 different psychoactive substances and/or metabolites were identified, being methadone and metabolites the most prevalent ones. The possibility to screen for a huge number of psychotropic substances can be useful in suspected drug related fatalities or acute intoxication/exposure occurring in emergency departments and drug addiction services.
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22
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Maurer HH. Hyphenated high-resolution mass spectrometry-the "all-in-one" device in analytical toxicology? Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:2303-2309. [PMID: 33247339 PMCID: PMC7987635 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This trend article reviews papers with hyphenated high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) approaches applied in analytical toxicology, particularly in clinical and forensic toxicology published since 2016 and referenced in PubMed. The article focuses on the question of whether HRMS has or will become the all-in-one device in these fields as supposed by the increasing number of HRMS presentations at scientific meetings, corresponding original papers, and review articles. Typical examples for the different application fields are discussed such as targeted or untargeted drug screening, quantification, drug metabolism studies, and metabolomics approaches. Considering the reviewed papers, HRMS is currently the only technique that fulfills the criteria of an all-in-one device for the various applications needed in analytical toxicology. Graphical abstract![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany.
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23
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Recent bionalytical methods for the determination of new psychoactive substances in biological specimens. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1557-1595. [PMID: 33078960 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the problems associated with the consumption of new psychoactive substances is that in most scenarios of acute toxicity the possibility of quick clinical action may be impaired because many screening methods are not responsive to them, and laboratories are not able to keep pace with the appearance of new substances. For these reasons, developing and validating new analytical methods is mandatory in order to efficiently face those problems, allowing laboratories to be one step ahead. The goal of this work is to perform a critical review regarding bionalytical methods that can be used for the determination of new psychoactive substances (phenylethylamines, cathinones, synthetic cannabinoids, opioids, benzodiazepines, etc), particularly concerning sample preparation techniques and associated analytical methods.
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24
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Grapp M, Kaufmann C, Schwelm HM, Neukamm MA, Blaschke S, Eidizadeh A. Intoxication cases associated with the novel designer drug 3',4'-methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinohexanophenone and studies on its human metabolism using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1320-1335. [PMID: 32476242 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Among the increasing number of new psychoactive substances, 3',4'-methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinohexanophenone (MDPHP) belongs to the group of synthetic cathinones, which are the derivatives of the naturally occurring compound cathinone, the main psychoactive ingredient in the khat plant. Currently, only limited data are available for MDPHP, and no information is available on its human metabolism. We describe the toxicological investigation of nine cases associated with the use of MDPHP during the period February-June 2019. Serum MDPHP concentrations showed a high variability ranging from 3.3 to 140 ng/mL (mean 30.3 ng/mL and median 16 ng/mL). Intoxication symptoms of the described cases could not be explained by the abuse of MDPHP alone because in all cases the co-consumption of other psychotropic drugs with frequent occurrence of opiates and benzodiazepines could be verified. Therefore, the patients showed different clinical symptoms, including aggressive behaviour, delayed physical response, loss of consciousness and coma. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was successfully used to investigate the human in vivo metabolism of MDPHP using authentic human urine samples. The metabolism data for MDPHP were further substantiated by the analysis of human urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS, a widely used systematic toxicological analysis method appropriate for the toxicological detection of MDPHP intake), which revealed the presence of seven phase I metabolites and three phase II metabolites as glucuronides. GC-MS spectral data for MDPHP and metabolites are provided. The identified metabolite pattern corroborates the principal metabolic pathways of α-pyrrolidinophenones in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Grapp
- Forensic Toxicological Laboratory, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Kaufmann
- Forensic Toxicological Laboratory, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannes M Schwelm
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Merja A Neukamm
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Blaschke
- Interdisciplinary Emergency Care Department, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Abass Eidizadeh
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry/UMG-Laboratories, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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25
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Gundersen POM, Broecker S, Slørdal L, Spigset O, Josefsson M. Retrospective screening of synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic opioids and designer benzodiazepines in data files from forensic post mortem samples analysed by UHPLC-QTOF-MS from 2014 to 2018. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 311:110274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Chan WS, Wong GF, Hung CW, Wong YN, Fung KM, Lee WK, Dao KL, Leung CW, Lo KM, Lee WM, Cheung BKK. Interpol review of toxicology 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:563-607. [PMID: 33385147 PMCID: PMC7770452 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in toxicology from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20.Papers%202019.pdf.
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27
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Klont F, Jahn S, Grivet C, König S, Bonner R, Hopfgartner G. SWATH data independent acquisition mass spectrometry for screening of xenobiotics in biological fluids: Opportunities and challenges for data processing. Talanta 2020; 211:120747. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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28
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Method for the identification and quantification of sixty drugs and their metabolites in postmortem whole blood using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 309:110193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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Shafi A, Berry AJ, Sumnall H, Wood DM, Tracy DK. New psychoactive substances: a review and updates. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2020; 10:2045125320967197. [PMID: 33414905 PMCID: PMC7750892 DOI: 10.1177/2045125320967197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS) are a heterogeneous group of substances. They are associated with a number of health and social harms on an individual and societal level. NPS toxicity and dependence syndromes are recognised in primary care, emergency departments, psychiatric inpatient and community care settings. One pragmatic classification system is to divide NPS into one of four groups: synthetic stimulants, synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic hallucinogens and synthetic depressants (which include synthetic opioids and benzodiazepines). We review these four classes of NPS, including their chemical structures, mechanism of action, modes of use, intended intoxicant effects, and their associated physical and mental health harms. The current challenges faced by laboratory testing for NPS are also explored, in the context of the diverse range of NPS currently available, rate of production and emergence of new substances, the different formulations, and methods of acquisition and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Shafi
- East London Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alex J Berry
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, UK
| | | | - David M Wood
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Derek K Tracy
- Consultant Psychiatrist, Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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30
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Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: A Paradigm Shift in Toxicology Screening Applications. Clin Biochem Rev 2019; 40:135-146. [PMID: 31530964 DOI: 10.33176/aacb-19-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The screening of biological samples for the presence of illicit or legal substances is an important frontline tool in both clinical and forensic toxicology. In the clinical setting, drug screening is a useful tool for the clinician in improving patient care and guiding treatment. Analytical approaches for the screening of drugs in biological samples are extensive and well documented, though many rapid screening techniques often lack appropriate sensitivity and specificity, requiring careful clinical interpretation. The continuous emergence of new psychoactive substances presents a considerable analytical challenge in maintaining up-to-date methods for the detection of relevant drugs. Adapting and validating methods for the detection of new substances can be a complicated and costly undertaking. There is also a considerable lag time between the emergence of new drugs and the release of commercial assays for detection. Quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS) has gained considerable attention over the last decade as an analytical technique that is capable of meeting the challenges of a rapidly changing drug landscape. Exhibiting both high sensitivity and specificity in drug detection, Q-TOF-MS also allows methods to be rapidly updated for newly emerging psychoactive agents. The coupling of Q-TOF-MS with techniques such as liquid or gas chromatography can provide both rapid and comprehensive screening solutions that are gaining popularity in the clinical laboratory setting.
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31
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Høj LJ, Mollerup CB, Rasmussen BS, Johansen SS, Linnet K, Dalsgaard PW. Identification of phenobarbital and other barbiturates in forensic drug screening using positive electrospray ionization liquid chromatography−high resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1258-1263. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Jakobsen Høj
- Department of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Copenhagen Frederik V's vej 11, 3. Floor 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Christian Brinch Mollerup
- Department of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Copenhagen Frederik V's vej 11, 3. Floor 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Brian Schou Rasmussen
- Department of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Copenhagen Frederik V's vej 11, 3. Floor 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Department of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Copenhagen Frederik V's vej 11, 3. Floor 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Department of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Copenhagen Frederik V's vej 11, 3. Floor 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Petur Weihe Dalsgaard
- Department of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Copenhagen Frederik V's vej 11, 3. Floor 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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32
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Müller D, Neurath H, Neukamm MA, Wilde M, Despicht C, Blaschke S, Grapp M. New synthetic opioid cyclopropylfentanyl together with other novel synthetic opioids in respiratory insufficient comatose patients detected by toxicological analysis. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2019; 57:806-812. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1554187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Müller
- Clinical Toxicological Laboratory, GIZ-Nord Poisons Centre, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hartmud Neurath
- Clinical Toxicological Laboratory, GIZ-Nord Poisons Centre, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Merja A. Neukamm
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maurice Wilde
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Despicht
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Blaschke
- Emergency Department, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Grapp
- Forensic Toxicological Laboratory, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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33
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Graziano S, Anzillotti L, Mannocchi G, Pichini S, Busardò FP. Screening methods for rapid determination of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in conventional and non-conventional biological matrices. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 163:170-179. [PMID: 30316062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last years, a global awareness has arisen from the reported harmful effects and public health risks associated with the consumption of new psychoactive substances (NPSs). Improving efforts in the detection and identification of these substances have emerged as a global analytical challenge involving the large range of NPSs' chemical structures and the variety of conventional and non-conventional biological matrices. Indeed, detection capabilities and screening tools impact many fields and settings, including seized products analysis, workplace and roadside drug controls, emergency rooms, drug addiction treatment clinics, post-mortem and criminal caseworks, law enforcement and health interventions. Colorimetric, immunochemical and chromatographic-mass spectrometry techniques have been investigated and developed for the rapid identification of NPSs. Considering the continuous emergence of new substances, this review offers a panoramic view on the current status of analytical approaches for the rapid screening of NPSs, including, when available, data on conventional and non-conventional biological matrices. Although some of the presented methods are sound and promising, their applications are still limited, thus proving the importance of further investigations. New screening and sensitive targeted methods for NPS and their metabolites should be developed in different types of biological matrices, where concentration of substances and matrix effects can be significantly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Graziano
- National Centre on Drug Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Anzillotti
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Giulio Mannocchi
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology (UoFT), Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Drug Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Section of Legal Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Conca 71, Ancona, Italy.
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