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Cheng SY, Jiang L, Wang Y, Cai W. Emerging role of regulated cell death in intestinal failure-associated liver disease. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2024; 23:228-233. [PMID: 36621400 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) is a common complication of long-term parenteral nutrition that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It is mainly characterized by cholestasis in children and steatohepatitis in adults. Unfortunately, there is no effective approach to prevent or reverse the disease. Regulated cell death (RCD) represents a fundamental biological paradigm that determines the outcome of a variety of liver diseases. Nowadays cell death is reclassified into several types, based on the mechanisms and morphological phenotypes. Emerging evidence has linked different modes of RCD, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis to the pathogenesis of liver diseases. Recent studies have shown that different modes of RCD are present in animal models and patients with IFALD. Understanding the pathogenic roles of cell death may help uncover the underlying mechanisms and develop novel therapeutic strategies in IFALD. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on how RCD may link to the pathogenesis of IFALD. We highlight examples of cell death-targeted interventions aiming to attenuate the disease, and provide perspectives for future basic and translational research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yang Cheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Chandler TL, Kendall SJ, White HM. Fatty acid challenge shifts cellular energy metabolism in a substrate-specific manner in primary bovine neonatal hepatocytes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15020. [PMID: 37700067 PMCID: PMC10497564 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41919-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue mobilization increases circulating fatty acid (FA) concentrations, leads to increased hepatic FA uptake, and influences hepatic metabolism. Our objective was to trace carbon flux through metabolic pathways in primary bovine neonatal hepatocytes challenged with FA, and to examine the effect of FA challenge on oxidative stress. Primary bovine neonatal hepatocytes were isolated from 4 Holstein bull calves and maintained for 24 h before treatment with either 0 or 1 mM FA cocktail. After 21 h, either [1-14C]C16:0 or [2-14C]sodium pyruvate was added to measure complete and incomplete oxidation and cellular glycogen. Cellular and media triglyceride (TG), and glucose and ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) export were quantified, as well as reactive oxygen species and cellular glutathione (GSH/GSSH). Fatty acid treatment increased cellular, but not media TG, and although complete oxidation of [1-14C]C16:0 was not affected by FA, BHB export was increased. Reactive oxygen species were increased with FA treatment and GSSH was marginally increased such that the ratio of GSH:GSSG was marginally decreased. Glucose export increased, and cellular glycogen marginally increased with FA treatment while [2-14C]sodium pyruvate oxidation was decreased. These data suggest that FA treatment shifts cellular energy metabolism in a substrate-specific manner, spares pyruvate carbon from oxidation, and stimulates glucose synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Chandler
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - S J Kendall
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - H M White
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Wang L, Liu Q, Chen Y, Zheng X, Wang C, Qi Y, Dong Y, Xiao Y, Chen C, Chen T, Huang Q, Zhai Z, Long C, Yang H, Li J, Wang L, Zhang G, Liao P, Liu YX, Huang P, Huang J, Wang Q, Chu H, Yin J, Yin Y. Antioxidant potential of Pediococcus pentosaceus strains from the sow milk bacterial collection in weaned piglets. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:83. [PMID: 35650642 PMCID: PMC9158380 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In modern animal husbandry, breeders pay increasing attention to improving sow nutrition during pregnancy and lactation to favor the health of neonates. Sow milk is a main food source for piglets during their first three weeks of life, which is not only a rich repository of essential nutrients and a broad range of bioactive compounds, but also an indispensable source of commensal bacteria. Maternal milk microorganisms are important sources of commensal bacteria for the neonatal gut. Bacteria from maternal milk may confer a health benefit on the host. METHODS Sow milk bacteria were isolated using culturomics followed by identification using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. To screen isolates for potential probiotic activity, the functional evaluation was conducted to assess their antagonistic activity against pathogens in vitro and evaluate their resistance against oxidative stress in damaged Drosophila induced by paraquat. In a piglet feeding trial, a total of 54 newborn suckling piglets were chosen from nine sows and randomly assigned to three treatments with different concentrations of a candidate strain. Multiple approaches were carried out to verify its antioxidant function including western blotting, enzyme activity analysis, metabolomics and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. RESULTS The 1240 isolates were screened out from the sow milk microbiota and grouped into 271 bacterial taxa based on a nonredundant set of 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Among 80 Pediococcus isolates, a new Pediococcus pentosaceus strain (SMM914) showed the best performance in inhibition ability against swine pathogens and in a Drosophila model challenged by paraquat. Pretreatment of piglets with SMM914 induced the Nrf2-Keap1 antioxidant signaling pathway and greatly affected the pathways of amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism in plasma. In the colon, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus was significantly increased in the high dose SMM914 group compared with the control group. CONCLUSION P. pentosaceus SMM914 is a promising probiotic conferring antioxidant capacity by activating the Nrf2-Keap1 antioxidant signaling pathway in piglets. Our study provided useful resources for better understanding the relationships between the maternal microbiota and offspring. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leli Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qihang Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuwei Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinlei Zheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Chuni Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yining Qi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yachao Dong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yue Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Cang Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Taohong Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuyun Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zongzhao Zhai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Cimin Long
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Huansheng Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Gaihua Zhang
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Peng Liao
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yong-Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jialu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiye Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Huanhuan Chu
- Shandong Yihe Feed Co, Ltd, Yantai Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jia Yin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
| | - Yulong Yin
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.
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Palmitate and pyruvate carbon flux in response to choline and methionine in bovine neonatal hepatocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19078. [PMID: 33154483 PMCID: PMC7645801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75956-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Choline and methionine may serve unique functions to alter hepatic energy metabolism. Our objective was to trace carbon flux through pathways of oxidation and glucose metabolism in bovine hepatocytes exposed to increasing concentrations of choline chloride (CC) and D,L-methionine (DLM). Primary hepatocytes were isolated from 4 Holstein calves and maintained for 24 h before treatment with CC (0, 10, 100, 1000 μmol/L) and DLM (0, 100, 300 μmol/L) in a factorial design. After 21 h, [1-14C]C16:0 or [2-14C]pyruvate was added to measure complete and incomplete oxidation, and cellular glycogen. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), cellular triglyceride (TG), and glucose and ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) export were quantified. Exported very-low density lipoprotein particles were isolated for untargeted lipidomics and to quantify TG. Interactions between CC and DLM, and contrasts for CC (0 vs. [10, 100, 1000 μmol/L] and linear and quadratic contrast 10, 100, 1000 μmol/L) and DLM (0 vs. [100, 300 μmol/L] and 100 vs. 300 μmol/L) were evaluated. Presence of CC increased complete oxidation of [1-14C]C16:0 and decreased BHB export. Glucose export was decreased, but cellular glycogen was increased by the presence of CC and increasing CC. Presence of CC decreased ROS and marginally decreased cellular TG. No interactions between CC and DLM were detected for these outcomes. These data suggest a hepato-protective role for CC to limit ROS and cellular TG accumulation, and to alter hepatic energy metabolism to support complete oxidation of FA and glycogen storage regardless of Met supply.
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Zhang T, Yan J, Wang N, Dai L, Wang Y, Cai W. Autophagy May Protect Against Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Liver Disease by Suppressing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2018; 43:96-106. [PMID: 29761871 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives of this study were to address the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of parenteral nutrition (PN)-associated liver disease (PNALD) and its possible mechanism in vivo. METHODS Five-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were fed Shoobree chow (Xietong Organism, Jiangsu, China) and administered intravenous 0.9% saline (sham group), PN (PN group), PN plus rapamycin (1 mg/kg; PN + Rapa group), or rapamycin (Rapa group) for 7 days. Before and after study, body weight, biochemical indicators, hepatic histology, level of autophagy, hepatocyte apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress indicators including binding immunoglobulin protein (BIP), spliced X-box-binding protein-1 (sXBP1), and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) were measured. RESULTS Autophagy was suppressed in the PNALD model, which was demonstrated by less light chain 3 fluorescence (LC3) puncta and lower LC3II expression. Rapamycin effectively induced hepatic autophagy in PN rats. The PN + Rapa group presented improved hepatic function, decreased pathology scores, and less steatosis than the PN group. In addition, rapamycin treatment decreased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling and cleaved-caspase 3 expression, indicating a lower level of hepatocyte apoptosis. Compared with the PN group, the PN + Rapa group had lower levels of ROS and reduced expression of ER stress-related protein markers, such as BIP, sXBP1 and CHOP. CONCLUSIONS Autophagy was suppressed in the PNALD model. Rapamycin treatment induced autophagy and protected against PNALD, possibly by suppressing ROS-induced ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junkai Yan
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Dai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Zhu J, Lu T, Chen F, Yan J, Chen F, Zhang Q, Wang J, Yan W, Yu T, Tang Q, Cai W. Choline Protects Against Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease in Parenteral Nutrition-Fed Immature Rats. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 42:436-445. [PMID: 27856995 DOI: 10.1177/0148607116677048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficiency of choline, a required nutrient, is related to intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD). Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of choline supplementation on IFALD and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (4 weeks old) were fed AIN-93G chow and administered intravenous 0.9% saline (control), parenteral nutrition (PN), or PN plus intravenous choline (600 mg/kg) for 7 days. We evaluated body weight, hepatic histology, biochemical indicators, triglycerides, oxidative status, methylation levels of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) gene promoter, expression of PPARα and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), and levels of choline metabolites. RESULTS The PN + choline group exhibited improved body weight compared with the PN group. PN impaired hepatic function, increased hepatic triglycerides, induced dyslipidemia, enhanced reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, and reduced total antioxidant capacity. The PN group had higher pathologic scores than the control group. These results were prevented by choline administration. Compared with the control group, PN increased PPARα promoter methylation and hepatic betaine concentration, reduced hepatic choline and phosphatidylcholine (PC) levels, decreased plasma choline and betaine concentrations, and downregulated PPARα and CPT1 mRNA and protein expression. Choline supplementation elevated hepatic choline and PC levels and enhanced plasma choline, betaine, and PC concentrations but reduced hepatic betaine level, reversed PPARα promoter hypermethylation, and upregulated PPARα and CPT1 mRNA and protein expression in PN-fed rats, compared with rats receiving PN alone. CONCLUSION Choline addition to PN may prevent IFALD by reducing oxidative stress, enhancing hepatic fat export, and promoting fatty acid catabolism in immature rats receiving PN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.,Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Lu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junkai Yan
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaosen Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jifan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihui Yan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingxi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingya Tang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.,Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
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A Comparative Study on Antioxidant System in Fish Hepatopancreas and Intestine Affected by Choline Deficiency: Different Change Patterns of Varied Antioxidant Enzyme Genes and Nrf2 Signaling Factors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169888. [PMID: 28099509 PMCID: PMC5242466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver and intestine are susceptible to the oxidative damage which could result in several diseases. Choline deficiency induced oxidative damage in rat liver cells. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms responsible for choline deficiency-induced oxidative damage. Juvenile Jian carp were fed diets differing in choline content [165 (deficient group), 310, 607, 896, 1167 and 1820 mg/kg diet] respectively for 65 days. Oxidative damage, antioxidant enzyme activities and related gene expressions in the hepatopancreas and intestine were measured. Choline deficiency decreased choline and phosphatidylcholine contents, and induced oxidative damage in both organs, as evidenced by increased levels of oxidative-stress markers (malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine), coupled with decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes [Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)]. However, choline deficiency increased glutathione contents in the hepatopancreas and intestine. Furthermore, dietary choline deficiency downregulated mRNA levels of MnSOD, GPx1b, GST-rho, mGST3 and Kelch-like ECH associating protein 1 (Keap1b) in the hepatopancreas, MnSOD, GPx1b, GPx4a, GPx4b, GST-rho, GST-theta, GST-mu, GST-alpha, GST-pi and GST-kappa in the intestine, as well as intestinal Nrf2 protein levels. In contrast, choline deficiency upregulated the mRNA levels of GPx4a, GPx4b, mGST1, mGST2, GST-theta, GST-mu, Keap1a and PKC in the hepatopancreas, mGST3, nuclear factor erythoid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Keap1a in the intestine, as well as hepatopancreatic Nrf2 protein levels. This study provides new evidence that choline deficiency-induced oxidative damage is associated with changes in the transcription of antioxidant enzyme and Nrf2/Keap1 signaling molecules in the hepatopancreas and intestine. Additionally, this study firstly indicated that choline deficiency induced varied change patterns of different GPx and GST isoforms. Meanwhile, the changes of some GPx and GST isoforms caused by choline deficiency in the intestine were contrary to those in the hepatopancreas.
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The effects of choline on hepatic lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function and antioxidative status in human hepatic C3A cells exposed to excessive energy substrates. Nutrients 2014; 6:2552-71. [PMID: 25010553 PMCID: PMC4113756 DOI: 10.3390/nu6072552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Choline plays a lipotropic role in lipid metabolism as an essential nutrient. In this study, we investigated the effects of choline (5, 35 and 70 μM) on DNA methylation modifications, mRNA expression of the critical genes and their enzyme activities involved in hepatic lipid metabolism, mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in C3A cells exposed to excessive energy substrates (lactate, 10 mM; octanoate, 2 mM and pyruvate, 1 mM; lactate, octanoate and pyruvate-supplemented medium (LOP)). Thirty five micromole or 70 μM choline alone, instead of a low dose (5 μM), reduced hepatocellular triglyceride (TG) accumulation, protected Δψm from decrement and increased GSH-Px activity in C3A cells. The increment of TG accumulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and Δψm disruption were observed under LOP treatment in C3A cells after 72 h of culture, which were counteracted by concomitant treatment of choline (35 μM or 70 μM) partially via reversing the methylation status of the peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) gene promoter, upregulating PPARα, carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I (CPT-I) and downregulating fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene expression, as well as decreasing FAS activity and increasing CPT-I and GSH-Px activities. These findings provided a novel insight into the lipotropic role of choline as a vital methyl-donor in the intervention of chronic metabolic diseases.
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Wu P, Jiang WD, Liu Y, Chen GF, Jiang J, Li SH, Feng L, Zhou XQ. Effect of choline on antioxidant defenses and gene expressions of Nrf2 signaling molecule in the spleen and head kidney of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 38:374-382. [PMID: 24751923 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present work evaluates the effects of various levels of dietary choline on antioxidant defenses and gene expressions of Nrf2 signaling molecule in spleen and head kidney of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Fish were fed with six different experimental diets containing graded levels of choline at 165 (choline-deficient control), 310, 607, 896, 1167 and 1820 mg kg(-1) diet for 65 days. At the end of the feeding trail, fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila and mortalities were recorded over 17 days. Dietary choline significantly decreased malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl contents in spleen and head kidney. However, anti-superoxide anion and anti-hydroxyl radical activities in spleen and head kidney also decreased. Interestingly, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) in spleen, GPx activity in head kidney, and glutathione contents in spleen and head kidney were decreased with increase of dietary choline levels up to a certain point, whereas, activities of SOD, GST and GR in head kidney showed no significantly differences among groups. Similarly, expression levels of CuZnSOD, MnSOD, CAT, GPx1a, GPx1b and GR gene in spleen and head kidney were significantly lower in group with choline level of 607 mg kg(-1) diet than those in the choline-deficient group. The relative gene expressions of Nrf2 in head kidney and Keap1a in spleen and head kidney were decreased with increasing of dietary choline up to a certain point. However, the relative gene expression of Nrf2 in spleen were not significantly affected by dietary choline. In conclusion, dietary choline decreased the oxidant damage and regulated the antioxidant system in immune organs of juvenile Jian carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Gang-Fu Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shu-Hong Li
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Treberg JR, Quinlan CL, Brand MD. Hydrogen peroxide efflux from muscle mitochondria underestimates matrix superoxide production--a correction using glutathione depletion. FEBS J 2010; 277:2766-78. [PMID: 20491900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The production of H(2)O(2) by isolated mitochondria is frequently used as a measure of mitochondrial superoxide formation. Matrix superoxide dismutase quantitatively converts matrix superoxide to H(2)O(2). However, matrix enzymes such as the glutathione peroxidases can consume H(2)O(2) and compete with efflux of H(2)O(2), causing an underestimation of superoxide production. To assess this underestimate, we depleted matrix glutathione in rat skeletal muscle mitochondria by more than 90% as a consequence of pretreatment with 1-chloro-2,4-dintrobenzene (CDNB). The pretreatment protocol strongly diminished the mitochondrial capacity to consume exogenous H(2)O(2), consistent with decreased peroxidase capacity, but avoided direct stimulation of superoxide production from complex I. It elevated the observed rates of H(2)O(2) formation from matrix-directed superoxide by up to two-fold from several sites of production, as defined by substrates and electron transport inhibitors, over a wide range of control rates, from 0.2-2.5 nmol H(2)O(2) min(-1) mg protein(-1). Similar results were obtained when glutathione was depleted using monochlorobimane or when soluble matrix peroxidase activity was removed by preparation of submitochondrial particles. The data indicate that the increased H(2)O(2) efflux observed with CDNB pretreatment was a result of glutathione depletion and compromised peroxidase activity. A hyperbolic correction curve was constructed, making H(2)O(2) efflux a more quantitative measure of matrix superoxide production. For rat muscle mitochondria, the correction equation was: CDNB-pretreated rate = control rate + [1.43 x (control rate)]/(0.55 + control rate). These results have significant ramifications for the rates and topology of superoxide production by isolated mitochondria.
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Ying M, Tu C, Ying H, Hu Y, He Q, Yang B. MSFTZ, a flavanone derivative, induces human hepatoma cell apoptosis via a reactive oxygen species- and caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathway. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 325:758-65. [PMID: 18323457 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.135657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignancy of the liver. It is unfortunate that HCCs are highly refractory to conventional chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and even immunotherapy. Thus, novel therapeutic targets need to be sought for the successful treatment of HCCs. We now report that (+/-)-(3aRS,4SR)-2-(2-chloro-4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-4'-chloro-3alpha,4-diethoxy-flavane[4,3-d]-D1,9b-1,2,3-thiadiazoline (MSFTZ), a synthesized flavanone derivative, induced growth arrest and apoptosis of HCCs both in vitro and in vivo. MSFTZ induced a time- and dose-dependent increase in HCC apoptosis through caspase-3 activation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 cleavage. Activation of caspase-9 induced by MSFTZ suggested that MSFTZ-induced signaling was mediated through a mitochondrial death pathway. In addition, we observed an elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a consequent loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, further suggesting that MSFTZ-induced death signaling was mediated through a mitochondrial oxygen stress pathway. These events were associated with a decrease and increase in Bcl-2 and Bax expression, respectively, as well as phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and activation of p53-MDM2 pathway. However, the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine opposed MSFTZ-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, caspase activation, Bcl-2/Bax modulation, and apoptosis, supporting the role of ROS in the apoptotic process. We were surprised that we failed to observe the protective effect of N-acetylcysteine against MSFTZ-induced MAPK activation. Furthermore, MSFTZ had an antitumor effect in vivo by 34.8 to 78.7% reduction of tumor size in SMMC-7721-xenografted nude mice. We conclude that MSFTZ induces HCC cell apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro via caspase- and ROS-dependent mitochondrial pathway. In addition, MSFTZ has potential as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meidan Ying
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Yang B, Lin H, Xu C, Liu Y, Wang H, Han H, Wang Z. Choline produces cytoprotective effects against ischemic myocardial injuries: evidence for the role of cardiac m3 subtype muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Cell Physiol Biochem 2006; 16:163-74. [PMID: 16301817 DOI: 10.1159/000089842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Accumulating evidence indicates the presence of functional M3 subtype of acetylcholine muscarinic receptors (M(3)-mAChR), in addition to the well-recognized M(2)-mAChR, in the heart of various species including man. However, the pathophysiological role of the cardiac M(3)-mAChR remain undefined. This study was designed to explore the possible role of M(3)-mAChR in cytoprotection of myocardial infarction and several related signaling pathways as potential mechanisms. METHODS Studies were performed in a rat model of myocardial infarction and in isolated myocytes. RESULTS We found that choline relieved myocardial injuries during ischemia or under oxidative stress, which was achieved by correcting hemodynamic impairment, diminishing ventricular arrhythmias and protecting cardiomyocytes from apoptotic death. The beneficial effects of choline were reversed by the M(3)-selective antagonists but not by the M(2)-selective antagonist. Choline/M(3)-mAChR activated several survival signaling molecules (antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and ERKs), increased endogenous antioxidant reserve (SOD), and reduced apoptotic mediators (proapoptotic proteins Fas and p38 MAPK) and intracellular Ca2+ overload. CONCLUSION Choline improves cardiac function and reduces ischemic myocardial injuries via stimulating the cardiac M(3)-mAChRs which in turn result in alterations of multiple signaling pathways leading to cytoprotection. The findings suggest M(3)-mAChR as a new target for drug development for improving cardiac function and preventing cardiac injuries during ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baofeng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, State-Province Key Laboratory, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Canada
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Kim BC, Kim HG, Lee SA, Lim S, Park EH, Kim SJ, Lim CJ. Genipin-induced apoptosis in hepatoma cells is mediated by reactive oxygen species/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-dependent activation of mitochondrial pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:1398-407. [PMID: 16143311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Revised: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genipin, the aglycone of geniposide, exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activities. Here we demonstrate that genipin induces apoptotic cell death in FaO rat hepatoma cells and human hepatocarcinoma Hep3B cells, detected by morphological cellular changes, caspase activation and release of cytochrome c. During genipin-induced apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was elevated, and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and glutathione (GSH) suppressed activation of caspase-3, -7 and -9. Stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1/2(SAPK/JNK1/2) but neither MEK1/2 nor p38 MAPK was activated in genipin-treated hepatoma cells. SP600125, an SAPK/JNK1/2 inhibitor, markedly suppressed apoptotic cell death in the genipin-treated cells. The FaO cells stably transfected with a dominant-negative c-Jun, TAM67, was less susceptible to apoptotic cell death triggered by genipin. Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, inhibited ROS generation, apoptotic cell death, caspase-3 activation and JNK activation. Consistently, the stable expression of Nox1-C, a C-terminal region of Nox1 unable to generate ROS, blocked the formation of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells, and activation of caspase-3 and JNK in FaO cells treated with genipin. Our observations imply that genipin signaling to apoptosis of hepatoma cells is mediated via NADPH oxidase-dependent generation of ROS, which leads to downstream of JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Chul Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-2-dong, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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Guo WX, Pye QN, Williamson KS, Stewart CA, Hensley KL, Kotake Y, Floyd RA, Broyles RH. Mitochondrial dysfunction in choline deficiency-induced apoptosis in cultured rat hepatocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 39:641-50. [PMID: 16085182 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Revised: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our recent studies have demonstrated that generation of ROS is associated with choline deficiency (CD)-induced apoptosis in CWSV-1 cells, an immortalized rat hepatocyte that becomes tumorigenic by stepwise culturing in decreasing levels of choline. In the present study, we investigated the effect of CD on loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), using the JC-1 probe by FASCAN assay. Our data demonstrate that MMP in CD-cultured cells was decreased in a time- and dose-dependent manner and that significant disruption occurred at 24 h, relative to high choline (HC, 70 microM) cultured cells. In order to investigate further the relationship among the CD-induced ROS, MMP collapse, and apoptosis, we examined the effects of different inhibitors on ROS production, MMP disruption, and apoptosis in CD or HC-cultured CWSV-1 cells. These data indicate that the disruption of MMP is an upstream event in CD-induced apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in mediating CD-induced apoptosis in CWSV-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xing Guo
- Free Radical Biology & Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, MB21, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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