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Burstein SH. The chemistry, biology and pharmacology of the cyclopentenone prostaglandins. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 148:106408. [PMID: 31931079 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cyclopentenone prostaglandins (CyPGs) are a small group compounds that are a subset of the eicosanoid superfamily, which are metabolites of arachidonic acid as well as other polyunsaturated fatty acids. The CyPGs are defined by a structural feature, namely, a five-membered carbocyclic ring containing an alfa-beta unsaturated keto group. The two most studied members are PGA2 and 15d-PGJ2 (15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2); other less studied members are PGA1, Δ12-PGJ2, and PGJ2. They are involved in a number of biological activities including the ability to resolve chronic inflammation and the growth and survival of cells, particularly those of cancerous or neurological origin. Also, they can activate the prostaglandin DP2 receptor as well as the ligand-dependent transcription factor PPAR-gamma. Their ability to promote the resolution of chronic inflammation makes it of particular interest to have a good understanding of their actions. Since their discovery, the literature on the CyPGs has greatly expanded both in size and in scope; these reports are covered in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumner H Burstein
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States.
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2
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Day BJ, Bratcher PE, Chandler JD, Kilgore MB, Min E, LiPuma JJ, Hondal RJ, Nichols DP. The thiocyanate analog selenocyanate is a more potent antimicrobial pro-drug that also is selectively detoxified by the host. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 146:324-332. [PMID: 31740228 PMCID: PMC6951815 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung pathology is an increased susceptibility to pulmonary infections. Thiocyanate (-SCN) is an endogenous component of the innate immunity's peroxidase system that converts -SCN to the antimicrobial agent hypothiocyanite (HOSCN). We have previously shown that the host thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), but not the pathogen's TrxR, can selectively detoxify HOSCN thereby decreasing inflammation and oxidative stress. We tested whether the -SCN analog selenocyanate (-SeCN) shares these properties against several clinical CF bacterial isolates. We examined oxidant production from a lactoperoxidase (LPO) system using -SeCN as a potential substrate. The LPO system generated an oxidant similar in nature to HOSCN and consistent with being HOSeCN. The rate of oxidant generation using -SeCN was significantly less than seen for -SCN. An LPO system was used to generate HOSCN or HOSeCN and compared for antimicrobial activity during in situ exposure of clinical CF isolates of P. aeruginosa (PA), B. cepacia complex (BCC), and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) obtained from CF sputum samples. Bacterial viability was assessed by colony forming units. Selective detoxification of HOSeCN was determined by comparing its metabolism by mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) to bacterial TrxR following the consumption of NADPH. We also assessed potential toxicity of equivalent HOSeCN generation, which demonstrated in situ antimicrobial activity, in human bronchial epithelial cells with a cell viability assay. The -SeCN/HOSeCN system was much more potent than -SCN/HOSCN system at killing PA, BCC and MRSA isolates. The -SeCN/HOSeCN system was more effective at killing -SCN/HOSCN resistant isolates. Mammalian TrxR selectively detoxified HOSeCN whereas the bacterial TrxR enzyme showed little activity. Human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to equivalent flux of HOSeCN that killed several CF pathogens showed no decrease in viability. -SeCN may be an effective therapeutic for the treatment of CF lung pathogens that are difficult to treat with current antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Day
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA; Department of Medicine University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Preston E Bratcher
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Joshua D Chandler
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Center for CF and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Matthew B Kilgore
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Center for CF and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Elysia Min
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - John J LiPuma
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Robert J Hondal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - David P Nichols
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
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Hagemann PM, Nsiah-Dosu S, Hundt JE, Hartmann K, Orinska Z. Modulation of Mast Cell Reactivity by Lipids: The Neglected Side of Allergic Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1174. [PMID: 31191542 PMCID: PMC6549522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) have long been mainly regarded as effector cells in IgE-associated allergic disorders with potential immunoregulatory roles. Located close to the allergen entry sites in the skin and mucosa, MCs can capture foreign substances such as allergens, toxins, or noxious substances and are exposed to the danger signals produced by epithelial cells. MC reactivity shaped by tissue-specific factors is crucial for allergic responses ranging from local skin reactions to anaphylactic shock. Development of Th2 response leading to allergen-specific IgE production is a prerequisite for MC sensitization and induction of FcεRI-mediated MC degranulation. Up to now, IgE production has been mainly associated with proteins, whereas lipids present in plant pollen grains, mite fecal particles, insect venoms, or food have been largely overlooked regarding their immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory properties. Recent studies, however, have now demonstrated that lipids affect the sensitization process by modulating innate immune responses of epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and NK-T cells and thus crucially contribute to the outcome of sensitization. Whether and how lipids affect also MC effector functions in allergic reactions has not yet been fully clarified. Here, we discuss how lipids can affect MC responses in the context of allergic inflammation. Direct effects of immunomodulatory lipids on MC degranulation, changes in local lipid composition induced by allergens themselves and changes in lipid transport affecting MC reactivity are possible mechanisms by which the function of MC might be modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp M Hagemann
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | | | | | - Karin Hartmann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,Division of Allergy, Department of Dermatology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zane Orinska
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
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Prasanphanich AF, White DE, Gran MA, Kemp ML. Kinetic Modeling of ABCG2 Transporter Heterogeneity: A Quantitative, Single-Cell Analysis of the Side Population Assay. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005188. [PMID: 27851764 PMCID: PMC5113006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The side population (SP) assay, a technique used in cancer and stem cell research, assesses the activity of ABC transporters on Hoechst staining in the presence and absence of transporter inhibition, identifying SP and non-SP cell (NSP) subpopulations by differential staining intensity. The interpretation of the assay is complicated because the transporter-mediated mechanisms fail to account for cell-to-cell variability within a population or adequately control the direct role of transporter activity on staining intensity. We hypothesized that differences in dye kinetics at the single-cell level, such as ABCG2 transporter-mediated efflux and DNA binding, are responsible for the differential cell staining that demarcates SP/NSP identity. We report changes in A549 phenotype during time in culture and with TGFβ treatment that correlate with SP size. Clonal expansion of individually sorted cells re-established both SP and NSPs, indicating that SP membership is dynamic. To assess the validity of a purely kinetics-based interpretation of SP/NSP identity, we developed a computational approach that simulated cell staining within a heterogeneous cell population; this exercise allowed for the direct inference of the role of transporter activity and inhibition on cell staining. Our simulated SP assay yielded appropriate SP responses for kinetic scenarios in which high transporter activity existed in a portion of the cells and little differential staining occurred in the majority of the population. With our approach for single-cell analysis, we observed SP and NSP cells at both ends of a transporter activity continuum, demonstrating that features of transporter activity as well as DNA content are determinants of SP/NSP identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F. Prasanphanich
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Douglas E. White
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Gran
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Melissa L. Kemp
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Schmitz K, de Bruin N, Bishay P, Männich J, Häussler A, Altmann C, Ferreirós N, Lötsch J, Ultsch A, Parnham MJ, Geisslinger G, Tegeder I. R-flurbiprofen attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:1398-422. [PMID: 25269445 PMCID: PMC4237468 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
R-flurbiprofen is the non-cyclooxygenase inhibiting R-enantiomer of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug flurbiprofen, which was assessed as a remedy for Alzheimer's disease. Because of its anti-inflammatory, endocannabinoid-modulating and antioxidative properties, combined with low toxicity, the present study assessed R-flurbiprofen in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models of multiple sclerosis in mice. Oral R-flurbiprofen prevented and attenuated primary progressive EAE in C57BL6/J mice and relapsing-remitting EAE in SJL mice, even if the treatment was initiated on or after the first flare of the disease. R-flurbiprofen reduced immune cell infiltration and microglia activation and inflammation in the spinal cord, brain and optic nerve and attenuated myelin destruction and EAE-evoked hyperalgesia. R-flurbiprofen treatment increased CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells, CTLA4(+) inhibitory T cells and interleukin-10, whereas the EAE-evoked upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes in the spinal cord was strongly reduced. The effects were associated with an increase of plasma and cortical endocannabinoids but decreased spinal prostaglandins, the latter likely due to R to S inversion. The promising results suggest potential efficacy of R-flurbiprofen in human MS, and its low toxicity may justify a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schmitz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Natasja de Bruin
- Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Philipp Bishay
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julia Männich
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Annett Häussler
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christine Altmann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nerea Ferreirós
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörn Lötsch
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alfred Ultsch
- DataBionics Research Group, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael J Parnham
- Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Gauthier C, Ozvegy-Laczka C, Szakacs G, Sarkadi B, Di Pietro A. ABCG2 is not able to catalyze glutathione efflux and does not contribute to GSH-dependent collateral sensitivity. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:138. [PMID: 24312054 PMCID: PMC3819521 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ABCG2 is a key human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter mediating cancer cell chemoresistance. In the case of ABCC1, another multidrug transporter, earlier findings documented that certain modulators greatly increase ABCC1-mediated glutathione (GSH) efflux and, upon depletion of intracellular GSH, induce "collateral sensitivity" leading to the apoptosis of multidrug resistant cells. Recently, it has been suggested that ABCG2 may mediate an active GSH transport. In order to explore if ABCG2-overexpressing cells may be similarly targeted, we first looked for the effects of ABCG2 expression on cellular GSH levels, and for an ABCG2-dependent GSH transport in HEK293 and MCF7 cells. We found that, while ABCG2 overexpression altered intracellular GSH levels in these transfected or drug-selected cells, ABCG2 inhibitors or transport modulators did not influence GSH efflux. We then performed direct measurements of drug-stimulated ATPase activity and (3)H-GSH transport in inside-out membrane vesicles of human ABC transporter-overexpressing Sf9 insect cells. Our results indicate that ABCG2-ATPase is not modulated by GSH and, in contrast to ABCC1, ABCG2 does not catalyze any significant GSH transport. Our data suggest no direct interaction between the ABCG2 transporter and GSH, although a long-term modulation of cellular GSH by ABCG2 cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gauthier
- Drug Resistance Mechanism and Modulation Group, Ligue 2013 Certified, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, UMR5086, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Lyon, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, University of Lyon Lyon, France
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7
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Solecki GM, Groh IAM, Kajzar J, Haushofer C, Scherhag A, Schrenk D, Esselen M. Genotoxic properties of cyclopentenone prostaglandins and the onset of glutathione depletion. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:252-61. [PMID: 23339592 DOI: 10.1021/tx300435p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins are endogenous mediators formed from arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenases and prostaglandin synthases during inflammatory processes. The five-membered ring can be dehydrated, and α,β-unsaturated cyclopentenone PGs (cyPGs) are generated. Recent studies have been focused on their potential pharmacological use against inflammation and cancer. However, little is known so far about possible adverse health effects of cyPGs. We addressed the question whether selected cyPGs at a concentration range of 0.1-10 μM exhibit mutagenic and genotoxic properties in the hamster lung fibroblast V79 cell line and whether these effects are accompanied by a depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH). The cyPGs 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15dPGJ2) and prostaglandin A2 (PGA2) significantly induced DNA damage in V79 cells after 1 h of incubation. Furthermore, a more pronounced increase in formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (FPG) sensitive sites, indicative of oxidative DNA-damage, was observed. The findings on DNA-damaging properties were supported by our results that 15dPGJ(2) acts as an aneugenic agent which induces the amount of kinetochore positive micronuclei associated with an increase of apoptosis. The strong potency of cyPGs to rapidly bind GSH measured in a chemical assay and to significantly reduce the GSH level after only 1 h of incubation may contribute to the observed oxidative DNA strand breaks, whereas directly induced oxidative stress via reactive oxygen species could be excluded. However, after an extended incubation time of 24 h no genotoxicity could be measured, this may contribute to the lack of mutagenicity in the hypoxanthine phosphorybosyltransferase (HPRT) assay. In conclusion, potential in vitro genotoxicity of cyPG and a strong impact on GSH homeostasis have been demonstrated, which may be involved in carcinogenesis mediated by chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Morten Solecki
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Mo W, Zhang JT. Human ABCG2: structure, function, and its role in multidrug resistance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 3:1-27. [PMID: 22509477 PMCID: PMC3325772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Human ABCG2 is a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily and is known to contribute to multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer chemotherapy. Among ABC transporters that are known to cause MDR, ABCG2 is particularly interesting for its potential role in protecting cancer stem cells and its complex oligomeric structure. Recent studies have also revealed that the biogenesis of ABCG2 could be modulated by small molecule compounds. These modulators, upon binding to ABCG2, accelerate the endocytosis and trafficking to lysosome for degradation and effectively reduce the half-life of ABCG2. Hence, targeting ABCG2 stability could be a new venue for therapeutic discovery to sensitize drug resistant human cancers. In this report, we review recent progress on understanding the structure, function, biogenesis, as well as physiological and pathophysiological functions of ABCG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Hardy KD, Cox BE, Milne GL, Yin H, Roberts LJ. Nonenzymatic free radical-catalyzed generation of 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J₂-like compounds (deoxy-J₂-isoprostanes) in vivo. J Lipid Res 2010; 52:113-24. [PMID: 20944061 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m010264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
15-Deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J₂ (15-d-PGJ₂) is a reactive cyclopentenone eicosanoid generated from the dehydration of cyclooxygenase-derived prostaglandin D₂ (PGD₂). This compound possesses an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety that can readily adduct thiol-containing biomolecules such as glutathione and cysteine residues of proteins via the Michael addition. Due to its reactivity, 15-d-PGJ₂ is thought to modulate inflammatory and apoptotic processes and is believed to be an endogenous ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. However, the extent to which 15-d-PGJ₂ is formed in vivo and the mechanisms that regulate its formation are unknown. Previously, we have reported the formation of PGD₂ and PGJ₂-like compounds, termed D₂/J₂-isoprostanes (D₂/J₂-IsoPs), produced in vivo by the free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of arachidonic acid (AA). Based on these findings, we investigated whether 15-d-PGJ₂-like compounds are also formed via this nonenzymatic pathway. Here we report the generation of novel 15-d-PGJ₂-like compounds, termed deoxy-J₂-isoprostanes (deoxy-J₂-IsoPs), in vivo, via the nonenzymatic peroxidation of AA. Levels of deoxy-J₂-IsoPs increased 12-fold (6.4 ± 1.1 ng/g liver) in rats after oxidant insult by CCl₄ treatment, compared with basal levels (0.55 ± 0.21 ng/g liver). These compounds may have important bioactivities in vivo under conditions associated with oxidant stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klarissa D Hardy
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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