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Zhang Y, Yan M, Xia Y, Yue Y, Wang S, Hu Y, Lai G, Wu Q, Liu Q, Ding X, Guo C. Glutaredoxin-1 modulates the NF-κB signaling pathway to activate inducible nitric oxide synthase in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101214. [PMID: 38496303 PMCID: PMC10940916 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), regulated by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), is crucial for intestinal inflammation and barrier injury in the progression of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). The NF-κB pathway is inhibited by S-glutathionylation of inhibitory κB kinase β (IKKβ), which can be restored by glutaredoxin-1 (Grx1). Thus, we aim to explore the role of Grx1 in experimental NEC. Wild-type (WT) and Grx1-knockout (Grx1-/-) mice were treated with an NEC-inducing regimen. Primary intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) were subjected to LPS treatment. The production of iNOS, NO, and inflammation injuries were assessed. NF-κB and involved signaling pathways were also explored. The severity of NEC was attenuated in Grx1-/- mice. Grx1 ablation promoted IKKβ glutathionylation, NF-κB inactivation, and decreased iNOS, NO, and O2·- production in NEC mice. Furthermore, Grx1 ablation restrained proinflammatory cytokines and cell apoptosis, ameliorated intestinal barrier damage, and promoted proliferation in NEC mice. Grx1 ablation protected NEC through iNOS and NO inhibition, which related to S-glutathionylation of IKKβ to inhibit NF-κB signaling. Grx1-related signaling pathways provide a new therapeutic target for NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Zhang
- Pediatric Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renshou People’s Hospital, Meishan, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Mei Yan
- Pediatric Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Xia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Women and Children’s Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Department of Psychiatry, Xinjin District Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yingbin Yue
- Pediatric Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Shuli Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renshou People’s Hospital, Meishan, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Women and Children’s Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yuhui Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renshou People’s Hospital, Meishan, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Women and Children’s Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Genjian Lai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renshou People’s Hospital, Meishan, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Women and Children’s Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Quanjiang Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renshou People’s Hospital, Meishan, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Women and Children’s Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Qianyang Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Women and Children’s Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Ding
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Women and Children’s Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunbao Guo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Women and Children’s Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
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2
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Chai YC, Mieyal JJ. Glutathione and Glutaredoxin-Key Players in Cellular Redox Homeostasis and Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1553. [PMID: 37627548 PMCID: PMC10451691 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This Special Issue of Antioxidants on Glutathione (GSH) and Glutaredoxin (Grx) was designed to collect review articles and original research studies focused on advancing the current understanding of the roles of the GSH/Grx system in cellular homeostasis and disease processes. The tripeptide glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant non-enzymatic antioxidant/nucleophilic molecule in cells. In addition to various metabolic reactions involving GSH and its oxidized counterpart GSSG, oxidative post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins has been a focal point of keen interest in the redox field over the last few decades. In particular, the S-glutathionylation of proteins (protein-SSG formation), i.e., mixed disulfides between GSH and protein thiols, has been studied extensively. This reversible PTM can act as a regulatory switch to interconvert inactive and active forms of proteins, thereby mediating cell signaling and redox homeostasis. The unique architecture of the GSH molecule enhances its relative abundance in cells and contributes to the glutathionyl specificity of the primary catalytic activity of the glutaredoxin enzymes, which play central roles in redox homeostasis and signaling, and in iron metabolism in eukaryotes and prokaryotes under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The class-1 glutaredoxins are characterized as cytosolic GSH-dependent oxidoreductases that catalyze reversible protein S-glutathionylation specifically, thereby contributing to the regulation of redox signal transduction and/or the protection of protein thiols from irreversible oxidation. This Special Issue includes nine other articles: three original studies and six review papers. Together, these ten articles support the central theme that GSH/Grx is a unique system for regulating thiol-redox hemostasis and redox-signal transduction, and the dysregulation of the GSH/Grx system is implicated in the onset and progression of various diseases involving oxidative stress. Within this context, it is important to appreciate the complementary functions of the GSH/Grx and thioredoxin systems not only in thiol-disulfide regulation but also in reversible S-nitrosylation. Several potential clinical applications have emerged from a thorough understanding of the GSH/Grx redox regulatory system at the molecular level, and in various cell types in vitro and in vivo, including, among others, the concept that elevating Grx content/activity could serve as an anti-fibrotic intervention; and discovering small molecules that mimic the inhibitory effects of S-glutathionylation on dimer association could identify novel anti-viral agents that impact the key protease activities of the HIV and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Thus, this Special Issue on Glutathione and Glutaredoxin has focused attention and advanced understanding of an important aspect of redox biology, as well as spawning questions worthy of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Cherng Chai
- Department of Chemistry, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH 44118, USA;
| | - John J. Mieyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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3
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Tsukahara Y, Ferran B, Minetti ET, Chong BSH, Gower AC, Bachschmid MM, Matsui R. Administration of Glutaredoxin-1 Attenuates Liver Fibrosis Caused by Aging and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:867. [PMID: 35624731 PMCID: PMC9138033 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a sign of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression towards steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis and is accelerated by aging. Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) controls redox signaling by reversing protein S-glutathionylation, induced by oxidative stress, and its deletion causes fatty liver in mice. Although Glrx regulates various pathways, including metabolism and apoptosis, the impact of Glrx on liver fibrosis has not been studied. Therefore, we evaluated the role of Glrx in liver fibrosis induced by aging or by a high-fat, high-fructose diet. We found that: (1) upregulation of Glrx expression level inhibits age-induced hepatic apoptosis and liver fibrosis. In vitro studies indicate that Glrx regulates Fas-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes; (2) diet-induced NASH leads to reduced expression of Glrx and higher levels of S-glutathionylated proteins in the liver. In the NASH model, hepatocyte-specific adeno-associated virus-mediated Glrx overexpression (AAV-Hep-Glrx) suppresses fibrosis and apoptosis and improves liver function; (3) AAV-Hep-Glrx significantly inhibits transcription of Zbtb16 and negatively regulates immune pathways in the NASH liver. In conclusion, the upregulation of Glrx is a potential therapeutic for the reversal of NASH progression by attenuating inflammatory and fibrotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tsukahara
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (Y.T.); (B.F.); (E.T.M.); (B.S.H.C.); (M.M.B.)
| | - Beatriz Ferran
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (Y.T.); (B.F.); (E.T.M.); (B.S.H.C.); (M.M.B.)
| | - Erika T. Minetti
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (Y.T.); (B.F.); (E.T.M.); (B.S.H.C.); (M.M.B.)
| | - Brian S. H. Chong
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (Y.T.); (B.F.); (E.T.M.); (B.S.H.C.); (M.M.B.)
| | - Adam C. Gower
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Markus M. Bachschmid
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (Y.T.); (B.F.); (E.T.M.); (B.S.H.C.); (M.M.B.)
| | - Reiko Matsui
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (Y.T.); (B.F.); (E.T.M.); (B.S.H.C.); (M.M.B.)
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Berndt R, Albrecht M, Rusch R. Strategies to Overcome the Barrier of Ischemic Microenvironment in Cell Therapy of Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052312. [PMID: 33669136 PMCID: PMC7956787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The transplantation of various immune cell types are promising approaches for the treatment of ischemic cardiovascular disease including myocardial infarction (MI) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Major limitation of these so-called Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs) is the ischemic microenvironment affecting cell homeostasis and limiting the demanded effect of the transplanted cell products. Accordingly, different clinical and experimental strategies have been evolved to overcome these obstacles. Here, we give a short review of the different experimental and clinical strategies to solve these issues due to ischemic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouven Berndt
- Clinic of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
- Vascular Research Center, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0431)-500-22033; Fax: +49-(0431)-500-22024
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - René Rusch
- Clinic of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
- Vascular Research Center, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Interplay among Oxidative Stress, Methylglyoxal Pathway and S-Glutathionylation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 10:antiox10010019. [PMID: 33379155 PMCID: PMC7824032 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced constantly inside the cells as a consequence of nutrient catabolism. The balance between ROS production and elimination allows to maintain cell redox homeostasis and biological functions, avoiding the occurrence of oxidative distress causing irreversible oxidative damages. A fundamental player in this fine balance is reduced glutathione (GSH), required for the scavenging of ROS as well as of the reactive 2-oxoaldehydes methylglyoxal (MGO). MGO is a cytotoxic compound formed constitutively as byproduct of nutrient catabolism, and in particular of glycolysis, detoxified in a GSH-dependent manner by the glyoxalase pathway consisting in glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II reactions. A physiological increase in ROS production (oxidative eustress, OxeS) is promptly signaled by the decrease of cellular GSH/GSSG ratio which can induce the reversible S-glutathionylation of key proteins aimed at restoring the redox balance. An increase in MGO level also occurs under oxidative stress (OxS) conditions probably due to several events among which the decrease in GSH level and/or the bottleneck of glycolysis caused by the reversible S-glutathionylation and inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. In the present review, it is shown how MGO can play a role as a stress signaling molecule in response to OxeS, contributing to the coordination of cell metabolism with gene expression by the glycation of specific proteins. Moreover, it is highlighted how the products of MGO metabolism, S-D-lactoylglutathione (SLG) and D-lactate, which can be taken up and metabolized by mitochondria, could play important roles in cell response to OxS, contributing to cytosol-mitochondria crosstalk, cytosolic and mitochondrial GSH pools, energy production, and the restoration of the GSH/GSSG ratio. The role for SLG and glyoxalase II in the regulation of protein function through S-glutathionylation under OxS conditions is also discussed. Overall, the data reported here stress the need for further studies aimed at understanding what role the evolutionary-conserved MGO formation and metabolism can play in cell signaling and response to OxS conditions, the aberration of which may importantly contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases associated to elevated OxS.
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Role of Glutaredoxin-1 and Glutathionylation in Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186803. [PMID: 32948023 PMCID: PMC7555996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, and as rates continue to increase, discovering mechanisms and therapeutic targets become increasingly important. An underlying cause of most cardiovascular diseases is believed to be excess reactive oxygen or nitrogen species. Glutathione, the most abundant cellular antioxidant, plays an important role in the body’s reaction to oxidative stress by forming reversible disulfide bridges with a variety of proteins, termed glutathionylation (GSylation). GSylation can alter the activity, function, and structure of proteins, making it a major regulator of cellular processes. Glutathione-protein mixed disulfide bonds are regulated by glutaredoxins (Glrxs), thioltransferase members of the thioredoxin family. Glrxs reduce GSylated proteins and make them available for another redox signaling cycle. Glrxs and GSylation play an important role in cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, cardiac hypertrophy, peripheral arterial disease, and atherosclerosis. This review primarily concerns the role of GSylation and Glrxs, particularly glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx), in cardiovascular diseases and the potential of Glrx as therapeutic agents.
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Daiber A, Chlopicki S. Revisiting pharmacology of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease: Evidence for redox-based therapies. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 157:15-37. [PMID: 32131026 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
According to the latest Global Burden of Disease Study data, non-communicable diseases in general and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in particular are the leading cause of premature death and reduced quality of life. Demographic shifts, unhealthy lifestyles and a higher burden of adverse environmental factors provide an explanation for these findings. The expected growing prevalence of CVD requires enhanced research efforts for identification and characterisation of novel therapeutic targets and strategies. Cardiovascular risk factors including classical (e.g. hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia) and non-classical (e.g. environmental stress) factors induce the development of endothelial dysfunction, which is closely associated with oxidant stress and vascular inflammation and results in CVD, particularly in older adults. Most classically successful therapies for CVD display vasoprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, but were originally designed with other therapeutic aims. So far, only a few 'redox drugs' are in clinical use and many antioxidant strategies have not met expectations. With the present review, we summarise the actual knowledge on CVD pathomechanisms, with special emphasis on endothelial dysfunction, adverse redox signalling and oxidative stress, highlighting the preclinical and clinical evidence. In addition, we provide a brief overview of established CVD therapies and their relation to endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Finally, we discuss novel strategies for redox-based CVD therapies trying to explain why, despite a clear link between endothelial dysfunction and adverse redox signalling and oxidative stress, redox- and oxidative stress-based therapies have not yet provided a breakthrough in the treatment of endothelial dysfunction and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Daiber
- The Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany; The Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- The Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland; Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531, Krakow, Poland.
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Matsui R, Ferran B, Oh A, Croteau D, Shao D, Han J, Pimentel DR, Bachschmid MM. Redox Regulation via Glutaredoxin-1 and Protein S-Glutathionylation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:677-700. [PMID: 31813265 PMCID: PMC7047114 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Over the past several years, oxidative post-translational modifications of protein cysteines have been recognized for their critical roles in physiology and pathophysiology. Cells have harnessed thiol modifications involving both oxidative and reductive steps for signaling and protein processing. One of these stages requires oxidation of cysteine to sulfenic acid, followed by two reduction reactions. First, glutathione (reduced glutathione [GSH]) forms a S-glutathionylated protein, and second, enzymatic or chemical reduction removes the modification. Under physiological conditions, these steps confer redox signaling and protect cysteines from irreversible oxidation. However, oxidative stress can overwhelm protein S-glutathionylation and irreversibly modify cysteine residues, disrupting redox signaling. Critical Issues: Glutaredoxins mainly catalyze the removal of protein-bound GSH and help maintain protein thiols in a highly reduced state without exerting direct antioxidant properties. Conversely, glutathione S-transferase (GST), peroxiredoxins, and occasionally glutaredoxins can also catalyze protein S-glutathionylation, thus promoting a dynamic redox environment. Recent Advances: The latest studies of glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) transgenic or knockout mice demonstrate important distinct roles of Glrx in a variety of pathologies. Endogenous Glrx is essential to maintain normal hepatic lipid homeostasis and prevent fatty liver disease. Further, in vivo deletion of Glrx protects lungs from inflammation and bacterial pneumonia-induced damage, attenuates angiotensin II-induced cardiovascular hypertrophy, and improves ischemic limb vascularization. Meanwhile, exogenous Glrx administration can reverse pathological lung fibrosis. Future Directions: Although S-glutathionylation modifies many proteins, these studies suggest that S-glutathionylation and Glrx regulate specific pathways in vivo, and they implicate Glrx as a potential novel therapeutic target to treat diverse disease conditions. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 32, 677-700.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Matsui
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Beatriz Ferran
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Albin Oh
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dominique Croteau
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Di Shao
- Helens Clinical Research Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyan Han
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Richard Pimentel
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Markus Michael Bachschmid
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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9
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Yura Y, Chong BSH, Johnson RD, Watanabe Y, Tsukahara Y, Ferran B, Murdoch CE, Behring JB, McComb ME, Costello CE, Janssen-Heininger YMW, Cohen RA, Bachschmid MM, Matsui R. Endothelial cell-specific redox gene modulation inhibits angiogenesis but promotes B16F0 tumor growth in mice. FASEB J 2019; 33:14147-14158. [PMID: 31647879 PMCID: PMC6894059 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900786r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) is a small cytosolic enzyme that removes S-glutathionylation, glutathione adducts of protein cysteine residues, thus modulating redox signaling and gene transcription. Although Glrx up-regulation prevented endothelial cell (EC) migration and global Glrx transgenic mice had impaired ischemic vascularization, the effects of cell-specific Glrx overexpression remained unknown. Here, we examined the role of EC-specific Glrx up-regulation in distinct models of angiogenesis; namely, hind limb ischemia and tumor angiogenesis. EC-specific Glrx transgenic (EC-Glrx TG) overexpression in mice significantly impaired EC migration in Matrigel implants and hind limb revascularization after femoral artery ligation. Additionally, ECs migrated less into subcutaneously implanted B16F0 melanoma tumors as assessed by decreased staining of EC markers. Despite reduced angiogenesis, EC-Glrx TG mice unexpectedly developed larger tumors compared with control mice. EC-Glrx TG mice showed higher levels of VEGF-A in the tumors, indicating hypoxia, which may stimulate tumor cells to form vascular channels without EC, referred to as vasculogenic mimicry. These data suggest that impaired ischemic vascularization does not necessarily associate with suppression of tumor growth, and that antiangiogenic therapies may be ineffective for melanoma tumors because of their ability to implement vasculogenic mimicry during hypoxia.-Yura, Y., Chong, B. S. H., Johnson, R. D., Watanabe, Y., Tsukahara, Y., Ferran, B., Murdoch, C. E., Behring, J. B., McComb, M. E., Costello, C. E., Janssen-Heininger, Y. M. W., Cohen, R. A., Bachschmid, M. M., Matsui, R. Endothelial cell-specific redox gene modulation inhibits angiogenesis but promotes B16F0 tumor growth in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Yura
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian S. H. Chong
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan D. Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yosuke Watanabe
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuko Tsukahara
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Beatriz Ferran
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Colin E. Murdoch
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica B. Behring
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark E. McComb
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine E. Costello
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Richard A. Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Markus M. Bachschmid
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Reiko Matsui
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Xue M, Joo YA, Li S, Niu C, Chen G, Yi X, Liang Y, Chen Z, Shen Y, Ye W, Cai L, Wang X, Jin L, Cong W. Metallothionein Protects the Heart Against Myocardial Infarction via the mTORC2/FoxO3a/Bim Pathway. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:403-419. [PMID: 30860395 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Cardiac-specific overexpression of metallothionein (MT) has been shown to be beneficial in ischemic heart disease, but the detailed mechanisms through which MT protects against myocardial infarction (MI) remain unknown. This study assessed the involvement of the mTORC2/FoxO3a/Bim pathway in the cardioprotective effects of MT. Results: MI was induced in wild-type (FVB) mice and in cardiac-specific MT-overexpressing transgenic (MT-TG) mice by ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Cardiac function was better; infarct size and cardiomyocyte apoptosis were lower in MT-TG mice than in FVB mice after MI. Moreover, MT-TG mice exhibited better phenotypes after LAD ligation than FVB mice treated with Mn(III)tetrakis (1-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin pentachloride (MnTMPyP; a reactive oxygen species [ROS] scavenger) and cardiac-specific catalase-overexpressing transgenic (CAT-TG) mice, which showed the same ROS levels as MT-TG mice after MI. Activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) was essential for the cardioprotective effects of MT against MI. In addition, MT attenuated the downregulation of phospho-FoxO3a after MI, inhibiting the expression of the apoptosis-associated gene Bim, located downstream of FoxO3a, and reducing the level of apoptosis after MI. To mimic ischemic-injured FVB and MT-TG mice in vitro, H9c2 and MT-overexpressing H9c2 (H9c2MT7) cardiomyocytes were subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation, with the results being consistent with those obtained in vivo. Innovation and Conclusion: The cardioprotective effects of MT against MI are not entirely dependent upon its ability to eliminate ROS. Rather, MT overexpression mostly protects against MI through the mTORC2-FoxO3a-Bim pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xue
- 1 Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Young A Joo
- 2 School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Santie Li
- 2 School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Niu
- 3 The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Gen Chen
- 2 School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinchu Yi
- 2 School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangzhi Liang
- 2 School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- 3 The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Shen
- 2 School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijian Ye
- 3 The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Cai
- 4 Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Xu Wang
- 2 School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Litai Jin
- 2 School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weitao Cong
- 2 School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
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11
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Ryu EJ, Kim DW, Shin MJ, Jo HS, Park JH, Cho SB, Lee CH, Yeo HJ, Yeo EJ, Choi YJ, Kim DS, Cho SW, Cho YJ, Sohn EJ, Son O, Lee KW, Han KH, Park J, Eum WS, Choi SY. PEP‑1‑glutaredoxin 1 protects against hippocampal neuronal cell damage from oxidative stress via regulation of MAPK and apoptotic signaling pathways. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:2216-2228. [PMID: 29916538 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is known to be a primary risk factor for neuronal diseases. Glutaredoxin (GLRX)‑1, a redox‑regulator of the thioredoxin superfamily, is known to exhibit an important role in cell survival via various cellular functions. However, the precise roles of GLRX1 in brain ischemia are still not fully understood. The present study investigated whether transduced PEP‑1‑GLRX1 protein has protective effects against oxidative stress in cells and in an animal model. Transduced PEP‑1‑GLRX1 protein increased HT‑22 cell viability under oxidative stress and this fusion protein significantly reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species and levels of DNA damage. In addition, PEP‑1‑GLRX1 protein regulated RAC‑a serine/threonine‑protein kinase and mitogen‑activated protein kinase signaling, in addition to apoptotic signaling including B cell lymphoma (Bcl)‑2, Bcl‑2 associated X, apoptosis regulator, pro‑caspase‑9 and p53 expression levels. In an ischemic animal model, it was verified that PEP‑1‑GLRX1 transduced into the Cornu Ammonis 1 region of the animal brain, where it markedly protected against ischemic injury. These results indicate that PEP‑1‑GLRX1 attenuates neuronal cell death resulting from oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, PEP‑1‑GLRX1 may exhibit a beneficial role in the treatment of neuronal disorders, including ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Ryu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of South Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung‑Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of South Korea
| | - Min Jea Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of South Korea
| | - Hyo Sang Jo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of South Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of South Korea
| | - Su Bin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of South Korea
| | - Chi Hern Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of South Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of South Korea
| | - Eun Ji Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of South Korea
| | - Yeon Joo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of South Korea
| | - Duk-Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan‑Si, South Chungcheong 31538, Republic of South Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of South Korea
| | - Yong-Jun Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24253, Republic of South Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Sohn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of South Korea
| | - Ora Son
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of South Korea
| | - Keun Wook Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of South Korea
| | - Kyu Hyung Han
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of South Korea
| | - Jinseu Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of South Korea
| | - Won Sik Eum
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of South Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of South Korea
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12
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Abstract
A well-regulated redox state is essential for normal physiological function and cellular metabolism. In most eukaryotic cells, protein cysteine thiols are most sensitive to fluctuations in the cellular redox state. Under normal physiological conditions, the cytosol has a highly reducing environment, which is due to high levels of reduced glutathione and complex system of redox enzymes that maintain glutathione in the reduced state. The reducing environment of the cytosol maintains most protein thiols in the reduced state; although some non-exposed cysteine could be present as disulfides. Upon physiological increase in cellular oxidants, such as due to growth factors, cytokines and thiol-disulfide exchange reactions, specific proteins could act as redox switches that regulate the conformation and activity of different proteins. This reversible post translational modification enables redox-sensitive dynamic changes in cell signaling and function. Physiological oxidative stress could lead to the formation of sulfenic acids, which are usually intermediate states of thiol oxidation that are converted to higher order oxidation states, intramolecular disulfides or mixed disulfides with glutathione. Such glutathiolation reactions have been found to regulate the function of several proteins involved in intracellular metabolism, signal transduction and cell structure. Excessive oxidative stress results in indiscriminate and irreversible oxidation of protein thiols, depletion of glutathione and cell death. Further elucidation of the relationship between changes in cell redox and thiol reactivity could provide a better understanding of how redox changes regulate cell function and how disruption of these relationships lead to tissue injury and dysfunction and the development of chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid P Baba
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville KY, 40202.,Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville KY, 40202
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville KY, 40202.,Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville KY, 40202
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13
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Abstract
The endothelium produces and responds to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), providing important redox regulation to the cardiovascular system in physiology and disease. In no other situation are RONS more critical than in the response to tissue ischemia. Here, tissue healing requires growth factor-mediated angiogenesis that is in part dependent on low levels of RONS, which paradoxically must overcome the damaging effects of high levels of RONS generated as a result of ischemia. Although the generation of endothelial cell RONS in hypoxia/reoxygenation is acknowledged, the mechanism for their role in angiogenesis is still poorly understood. During ischemia, the major low molecular weight thiol glutathione (GSH) reacts with RONS and protein cysteines, producing GSH-protein adducts. Recent data indicate that GSH adducts on certain proteins are essential to growth factor responses in endothelial cells. Genetic deletion of the enzyme glutaredoxin-1, which selectively removes GSH protein adducts, improves, whereas its overexpression impairs revascularization of the ischemic hindlimb of mice. Ischemia-induced GSH adducts on specific cysteine residues of several proteins, including p65 NF-kB and the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2, evidently promote ischemic angiogenesis. Identifying the specific proteins in the redox response to ischemia has provided therapeutic opportunities to improve clinical outcomes of ischemia.
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14
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Shao D, Han J, Hou X, Fry J, Behring JB, Seta F, Long MT, Roy HK, Cohen RA, Matsui R, Bachschmid MM. Glutaredoxin-1 Deficiency Causes Fatty Liver and Dyslipidemia by Inhibiting Sirtuin-1. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:313-327. [PMID: 27958883 PMCID: PMC5563925 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) is a common liver disease associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity, and diabetes that is rising in prevalence worldwide. Various molecular perturbations of key regulators and enzymes in hepatic lipid metabolism cause NAFL. However, redox regulation through glutathione (GSH) adducts in NAFL remains largely elusive. Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) is a small thioltransferase that removes protein GSH adducts without having direct antioxidant properties. The liver contains abundant Glrx but its metabolic function is unknown. RESULTS Here we report that normal diet-fed Glrx-deficient mice (Glrx-/-) spontaneously develop obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hepatic steatosis by 8 months of age. Adenoviral Glrx repletion in the liver of Glrx-/- mice corrected lipid metabolism. Glrx-/- mice exhibited decreased sirtuin-1 (SirT1) activity that leads to hyperacetylation and activation of SREBP-1 and upregulation of key hepatic enzymes involved in lipid synthesis. We found that GSH adducts inhibited SirT1 activity in Glrx-/- mice. Hepatic expression of nonoxidizable cysteine mutant SirT1 corrected hepatic lipids in Glrx-/- mice. Wild-type mice fed high-fat diet develop metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and NAFL within several months. Glrx deficiency accelerated high-fat-induced NAFL and progression to steatohepatitis, manifested by hepatic damage and inflammation. INNOVATION These data suggest an essential role of hepatic Glrx in regulating SirT1, which controls protein glutathione adducts in the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis. CONCLUSION We provide a novel redox-dependent mechanism for regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism, and propose that upregulation of hepatic Glrx may be a beneficial strategy for NAFL. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 313-327.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Shao
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jingyan Han
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiuyun Hou
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica Fry
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica B Behring
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Francesca Seta
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle T Long
- 3 Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hemant K Roy
- 3 Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard A Cohen
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Reiko Matsui
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Markus M Bachschmid
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
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15
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Bubb KJ, Birgisdottir AB, Tang O, Hansen T, Figtree GA. Redox modification of caveolar proteins in the cardiovascular system- role in cellular signalling and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 109:61-74. [PMID: 28188926 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and coordinated release of a variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide (O2.-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and peroxynitrite, in specific microdomains, play a crucial role in cell signalling in the cardiovascular system. These reactions are mediated by reversible and functional modifications of a wide variety of key proteins. Dysregulation of this oxidative signalling occurs in almost all forms of cardiovascular disease (CVD), including at the very early phases. Despite the heavily publicized failure of "antioxidants" to improve CVD progression, pharmacotherapies such as those targeting the renin-angiotensin system, or statins, exert at least part of their large clinical benefit via modulating cellular redox signalling. Over 250 proteins, including receptors, ion channels and pumps, and signalling proteins are found in the caveolae. An increasing proportion of these are being recognized as redox regulated-proteins, that reside in the immediate vicinity of the two major cellular sources of ROS, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (Nox) and uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). This review focuses on what is known about redox signalling within the caveolae, as well as endogenous protective mechanisms utilized by the cell, and new approaches to targeting dysregulated redox signalling in the caveolae as a therapeutic strategy in CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J Bubb
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney and Cardiology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Asa Birna Birgisdottir
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney and Cardiology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Heart and Lung Clinic, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Owen Tang
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney and Cardiology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney and Cardiology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Gemma A Figtree
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney and Cardiology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
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16
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Redox regulation of ischemic limb neovascularization - What we have learned from animal studies. Redox Biol 2017; 12:1011-1019. [PMID: 28505880 PMCID: PMC5430575 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse hindlimb ischemia has been widely used as a model to study peripheral artery disease. Genetic modulation of the enzymatic source of oxidants or components of the antioxidant system reveal that physiological levels of oxidants are essential to promote the process of arteriogenesis and angiogenesis after femoral artery occlusion, although mice with diabetes or atherosclerosis may have higher deleterious levels of oxidants. Therefore, fine control of oxidants is required to stimulate vascularization in the limb muscle. Oxidants transduce cellular signaling through oxidative modifications of redox sensitive cysteine thiols. Of particular importance, the reversible modification with abundant glutathione, called S-glutathionylation (or GSH adducts), is relatively stable and alters protein function including signaling, transcription, and cytoskeletal arrangement. Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) is an enzyme which catalyzes reversal of GSH adducts, and does not scavenge oxidants itself. Glrx may control redox signaling under fluctuation of oxidants levels. In ischemic muscle increased GSH adducts through Glrx deletion improves in vivo limb revascularization, indicating endogenous Glrx has anti-angiogenic roles. In accordance, Glrx overexpression attenuates VEGF signaling in vitro and ischemic vascularization in vivo. There are several Glrx targets including HIF-1α which may contribute to inhibition of vascularization by reducing GSH adducts. These animal studies provide a caution that excess antioxidants may be counter-productive for treatment of ischemic limbs, and highlights Glrx as a potential therapeutic target to improve ischemic limb vascularization.
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17
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Glutathione adducts induced by ischemia and deletion of glutaredoxin-1 stabilize HIF-1α and improve limb revascularization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:6011-6. [PMID: 27162359 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524198113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increased in ischemic tissues and necessary for revascularization; however, the mechanism remains unclear. Exposure of cysteine residues to ROS in the presence of glutathione (GSH) generates GSH-protein adducts that are specifically reversed by the cytosolic thioltransferase, glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx). Here, we show that a key angiogenic transcriptional factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α is stabilized by GSH adducts, and the genetic deletion of Glrx improves ischemic revascularization. In mouse muscle C2C12 cells, HIF-1α protein levels are increased by increasing GSH adducts with cell-permeable oxidized GSH (GSSG-ethyl ester) or 2-acetylamino-3-[4-(2-acetylamino-2-carboxyethylsulfanyl thiocarbonylamino) phenylthiocarbamoylsulfanyl] propionic acid (2-AAPA), an inhibitor of glutathione reductase. A biotin switch assay shows that GSSG-ester-induced HIF-1α contains reversibly modified thiols, and MS confirms GSH adducts on Cys(520) (mouse Cys(533)). In addition, an HIF-1α Cys(520) serine mutant is resistant to 2-AAPA-induced HIF-1α stabilization. Furthermore, Glrx overexpression prevents HIF-1α stabilization, whereas Glrx ablation by siRNA increases HIF-1α protein and expression of downstream angiogenic genes. Blood flow recovery after femoral artery ligation is significantly improved in Glrx KO mice, associated with increased levels of GSH-protein adducts, capillary density, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, and HIF-1α in the ischemic muscles. Therefore, Glrx ablation stabilizes HIF-1α by increasing GSH adducts on Cys(520) promoting in vivo HIF-1α stabilization, VEGF-A production, and revascularization in the ischemic muscles.
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18
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Watanabe Y, Cohen RA, Matsui R. Redox Regulation of Ischemic Angiogenesis - Another Aspect of Reactive Oxygen Species. Circ J 2016; 80:1278-84. [PMID: 27151566 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-16-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants are expected to improve cardiovascular disease (CVD) by eliminating oxidative stress, but clinical trials have not shown promising results in chronic CVD. Animal studies have revealed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) exacerbate acute CVDs in which high levels of ROS are observed. However, ROS are also necessary for angiogenesis after ischemia, because ROS not only damage cells but also stimulate the cell signaling required for angiogenesis. ROS affect signaling by protein modifications, especially of cysteine amino acid thiols. Although there are several cysteine modifications, S-glutathionylation (GSH adducts; -SSG), a reversible cysteine modification by glutathione (GSH), plays an important role in angiogenic signal transduction by ROS. Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) is an enzyme that specifically removes GSH adducts in vivo. Overexpression of Glrx inhibits, whereas deletion of Glrx improves revascularization after mouse hindlimb ischemia. These studies indicate that increased levels of GSH adducts in ischemic muscle are beneficial in promoting angiogenesis. The underlying mechanism can be explained by multiple targets of S-gluathionylation, which mediate the angiogenic effects in ischemia. Increments in the master angiogenic transcriptional factor, HIF-1α, reduction of the anti-angiogenic factor sFlt1, activation of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)pump, SERCA, and inhibition of phosphatases may occur as a consequence of enhanced S-glutathionylation in ischemic tissue. In summary, inducing S-glutathionylation by inhibiting Glrx may be a therapeutic strategy to improve ischemic angiogenesis in CVD. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1278-1284).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Watanabe
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine
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19
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Pang L, Wang Y, Zheng M, Wang Q, Lin H, Zhang L, Wu L. Transcriptomic study of high‑glucose effects on human skin fibroblast cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2627-34. [PMID: 26820167 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin ulcers are a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Fibroblasts are located within the dermis of skin tissue and can be damaged by diabetes. However, the underlying mechanism of how DM affects fibroblasts remains elusive. To understand the effects of DM on fibroblasts, the current study mimicked DM by high‑glucose (HG) supplementation in the culture medium of human foreskin primary fibroblast cells, and the analysis of transcriptomic changes was conducted. RNA sequencing‑based transcriptome analysis identified that, upon HG stress, 463 genes were upregulated and 351 genes downregulated (>1.5‑fold changes; P<0.05). These altered genes were distributed into 20 different pathways. In addition, gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated that 31 GO terms were enriched. Among the pathways identified, nuclear factor κB (NF‑κB) pathway genes were highly expressed, and the addition of Bay11‑7082, a typical NF‑κB signaling inhibitor, blocked the previously observed alterations in plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI1), an inflammation marker and frizzled class receptor 8 (FZD8), a Wnt signaling gene, expression that resulted from HG stress. Furthermore, an inhibitor of Wnt signaling diminished the role of Bay11‑7082 in the regulation of PAI1 expression under HG conditions, suggesting that Wnt signaling may function downstream of the NF‑κB pathway to protect fibroblast cells from HG stress. To the best of our knowledge, the current study is the first analysis of transcriptomic responses under HG stress in human fibroblasts. The data provided here may aid the understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which fibroblast cells are damaged in the skin of patients with DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxia Pang
- Function Experiment Teaching Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325305, P.R. China
| | - Youpei Wang
- Clinical Examination Center, The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Meiqin Zheng
- Clinical Examination Center, The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- Function Experiment Teaching Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325305, P.R. China
| | - Hong Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Liqing Zhang
- Operating Room, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Lingjian Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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20
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Yoshioka J. Thioredoxin superfamily and its effects on cardiac physiology and pathology. Compr Physiol 2016; 5:513-30. [PMID: 25880503 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A precise control of oxidation/reduction of protein thiols is essential for intact cardiac physiology. Irreversible oxidative modifications have been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. An imbalance of redox homeostasis with diminution of antioxidant capacities predisposes the heart to oxidant injury. There is growing interest in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the cardiovascular field, since perturbation of redox homeostasis in the ER is sufficient to cause ER stress. Because a number of human diseases are related to altered redox homeostasis and defects in protein folding, many research efforts have been devoted in recent years to understanding the structure and enzymatic properties of the thioredoxin superfamily. The thioredoxin superfamily has been well documented as thiol oxidoreductases to exert a role in various cell signaling pathways. The redox properties of the thioredoxin motif account for the different functions of several members of the thioredoxin superfamily. While thioredoxin and glutaredoxin primarily act as antioxidants by reducing protein disulfides and mixed disulfide, another member of the superfamily, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), can act as an oxidant by forming intrachain disulfide bonds that contribute to proper protein folding. Increasing evidence suggests a pivotal role of PDI in the survival pathway that promotes cardiomyocyte survival and leads to more favorable cardiac remodeling. Thus, the thiol redox state is important for cellular redox signaling and survival pathway in the heart. This review summarizes the key features of major members of the thioredoxin superfamily directly involved in cardiac physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yoshioka
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Jiang J, Wang K, Nice EC, Zhang T, Huang C. High-throughput screening of cellular redox sensors using modern redox proteomics approaches. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:543-55. [PMID: 26184698 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1069189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterized by higher levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to metabolic aberrations. ROS are widely accepted as second messengers triggering pivotal signaling pathways involved in the process of cell metabolism, cell cycle, apoptosis, and autophagy. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that ROS initiate redox signaling through direct oxidative modification of the cysteines of key redox-sensitive proteins (termed redox sensors). Uncovering the functional changes underlying redox regulation of redox sensors is urgently required, and the role of different redox sensors in distinct disease states still remains to be identified. To assist this, redox proteomics has been developed for the high-throughput screening of redox sensors, which will benefit the development of novel therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. Highlighted here are recent advances in redox proteomics approaches and their applications in identifying redox sensors involved in tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Jiang
- a 1 State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.,b 2 Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, PR China
| | - Kui Wang
- a 1 State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- c 3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tao Zhang
- d 4 School of Biomedical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Canhua Huang
- a 1 State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.,b 2 Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, PR China
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22
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High-glucose inhibits human fibroblast cell migration in wound healing via repression of bFGF-regulating JNK phosphorylation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108182. [PMID: 25244316 PMCID: PMC4171528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major symptoms of diabetes mellitus (DM) is delayed wound healing, which affects large populations of patients worldwide. However, the underlying mechanism behind this illness remains elusive. Skin wound healing requires a series of coordinated processes, including fibroblast cell proliferation and migration. Here, we simulate DM by application of high glucose (HG) in human foreskin primary fibroblast cells to analyze the molecular mechanism of DM effects on wound healing. The results indicate that HG, at a concentration of 30 mM, delay cell migration, but not cell proliferation. bFGF is known to promote cell migration that partially rescues HG effects on cell migration. Molecular and cell biology studies demonstrated that HG enhanced ROS production and repressed JNK phosphorylation, but did not affect Rac1 activity. JNK and Rac1 activation were known to be important for bFGF regulated cell migration. To further confirm DM effects on skin repair, a type 1 diabetic rat model was established, and we observed the efficacy of bFGF on both normal and diabetic rat skin repair. Furthermore, proteomic studies identified an increase of Annexin A2 protein nitration in HG-stressed fibroblasts and the nitration was protected by activation of bFGF signaling. Treatment with FGFR1 and JNK inhibitors delayed cell migration and increased Annexin A2 nitration levels, indicating that Annexin A2 nitration is modulated by bFGF signaling via activation of JNK. Together with these results, our data suggests that the HG-mediated delay of cell migration is linked to the inhibition of bFGF signaling, specifically through JNK suppression.
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Murdoch CE, Shuler M, Haeussler DJF, Kikuchi R, Bearelly P, Han J, Watanabe Y, Fuster JJ, Walsh K, Ho YS, Bachschmid MM, Cohen RA, Matsui R. Glutaredoxin-1 up-regulation induces soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, attenuating post-ischemia limb revascularization. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8633-44. [PMID: 24482236 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.517219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) is a cytosolic enzyme that regulates diverse cellular function by removal of GSH adducts from S-glutathionylated proteins including signaling molecules and transcription factors. Glrx is up-regulated during inflammation and diabetes, and Glrx overexpression inhibits VEGF-induced EC migration. The aim was to investigate the role of up-regulated Glrx in EC angiogenic capacities and in vivo revascularization in the setting of hind limb ischemia. Glrx-overexpressing EC from Glrx transgenic (TG) mice showed impaired migration and network formation and secreted higher levels of soluble VEGF receptor 1 (sFlt), an antagonizing factor to VEGF. After hind limb ischemia surgery Glrx TG mice demonstrated impaired blood flow recovery, associated with lower capillary density and poorer limb motor function compared with wild type littermates. There were also higher levels of anti-angiogenic sFlt expression in the muscle and plasma of Glrx TG mice after surgery. Noncanonical Wnt5a is known to induce sFlt. Wnt5a was highly expressed in ischemic muscles and EC from Glrx TG mice, and exogenous Wnt5a induced sFlt expression and inhibited network formation in human microvascular EC. Adenoviral Glrx-induced sFlt in EC was inhibited by a competitive Wnt5a inhibitor. Furthermore, Glrx overexpression removed GSH adducts on p65 in ischemic muscle and EC and enhanced NF-κB activity, which was responsible for Wnt5a-sFlt induction. Taken together, up-regulated Glrx induces sFlt in EC via NF-κB-dependent Wnt5a, resulting in attenuated revascularization in hind limb ischemia. The Glrx-induced sFlt explains part of the mechanism of redox-regulated VEGF signaling.
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Cong W, Zhao T, Zhu Z, Huang B, Ma W, Wang Y, Tan Y, Chakrabarti S, Li X, Jin L, Cai L. Metallothionein prevents cardiac pathological changes in diabetes by modulating nitration and inactivation of cardiac ATP synthase. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:463-74. [PMID: 24629910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial ATP production is the main energy source for the cell. Diabetes reduces the efficient generation of ATP, possibly due to the inactivation of ATP synthase. However, the exact mechanism by which diabetes induces inactivation of ATP synthase remains unknown, as well as whether such inactivation has a role in the development of pathological abnormalities of the diabetic heart. To address these issues, we used cardiac metallothionein-transgenic (MT-TG) and wild-type (WT) mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, since we have demonstrated previously that diabetes-induced cardiac damage and remodeling were found in WT diabetic mice, but not in MT-TG diabetic mice. Immunohistochemical and biochemical assays were used to compare pathological and biochemical changes of the heart between MT-TG and WT diabetic mice, and a proteomic assay to evaluate ATP synthase expression and tyrosine nitration, with its activity. LC/MS analysis revealed that diabetes increased tyrosine nitration of the ATP synthase α subunit at Tyr(271), Tyr(311), and Tyr(476), and the β subunit at Tyr(269) and Tyr(508), and also significantly reduced ATP synthase activity by ~32%. These changes were not observed in MT-TG diabetic mice. Furthermore, parallel experiments with induced expression of cardiac MT by zinc supplementation in diabetic mice produced similar effects. These results suggest that MT can preserve ATP synthase activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetes, probably through the inhibition of ATP synthase nitration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Cong
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhongxin Zhu
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Binbin Huang
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Weide Ma
- Laboratory of Gynecology and Obstetrics, People's Hospital of Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yuehui Wang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Yi Tan
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China; Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute (KCHRI), Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Subrata Chakrabarti
- Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Litai Jin
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China.
| | - Lu Cai
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China; Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute (KCHRI), Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Hanschmann EM, Godoy JR, Berndt C, Hudemann C, Lillig CH. Thioredoxins, glutaredoxins, and peroxiredoxins--molecular mechanisms and health significance: from cofactors to antioxidants to redox signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1539-605. [PMID: 23397885 PMCID: PMC3797455 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trxs), glutaredoxins (Grxs), and peroxiredoxins (Prxs) have been characterized as electron donors, guards of the intracellular redox state, and "antioxidants". Today, these redox catalysts are increasingly recognized for their specific role in redox signaling. The number of publications published on the functions of these proteins continues to increase exponentially. The field is experiencing an exciting transformation, from looking at a general redox homeostasis and the pathological oxidative stress model to realizing redox changes as a part of localized, rapid, specific, and reversible redox-regulated signaling events. This review summarizes the almost 50 years of research on these proteins, focusing primarily on data from vertebrates and mammals. The role of Trx fold proteins in redox signaling is discussed by looking at reaction mechanisms, reversible oxidative post-translational modifications of proteins, and characterized interaction partners. On the basis of this analysis, the specific regulatory functions are exemplified for the cellular processes of apoptosis, proliferation, and iron metabolism. The importance of Trxs, Grxs, and Prxs for human health is addressed in the second part of this review, that is, their potential impact and functions in different cell types, tissues, and various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Hanschmann
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - José Rodrigo Godoy
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carsten Berndt
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Hudemann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Horst Lillig
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
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Ghezzi P. Protein glutathionylation in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3165-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Picklo MJ, Idso JP, Jackson MI. S-Glutathionylation of hepatic and visceral adipose proteins decreases in obese rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:297-305. [PMID: 23404913 PMCID: PMC3610808 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A number of clinical and biochemical studies demonstrate that obesity and insulin resistance are associated with increases in oxidative stress and inflammation. Paradoxically, insulin sensitivity can be enhanced by oxidative inactivation of cysteine residues of phosphatases, and inflammation can be reduced by S-glutathionylation with formation of protein-glutathione mixed disulfides (PSSG). Although oxidation of protein-bound thiols (PSH) is increased in multiple diseases, it is not known whether there are changes in PSH oxidation species in obesity. OBJECTIVE In this work, the hypothesis that obesity is associated with decreased levels of proteins containing oxidized protein thiols was tested. DESIGN AND METHODS The tissue levels of protein sulfenic acids (PSOH) and PSSG in liver, visceral adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle derived from glucose intolerant, obese-prone Sprague-Dawley rats were examined. RESULTS The data in this study indicate that decreases in PSSG content occurred in liver (44%) and adipose (26%) but not skeletal muscle in obese rats that were fed a 45% fat-calorie diet versus lean rats that were fed a 10% fat-calorie diet. PSOH content did not change in the tissue between the two groups. The activity of the enzyme glutaredoxin (GLRX) responsible for reversal of PSSG formation did not change in muscle and liver between the two groups. However, levels of GLRX1 were elevated 70% in the adipose tissue of the obese, 45% fat calorie-fed rats. CONCLUSION These are the first data to link changes in S-glutathionylation and GLRX1 to adipose tissue in the obese and demonstrate that redox changes in thiol status occur in adipose tissue as a result of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Picklo
- USDA-ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA.
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Kumar V, Calamaras TD, Haeussler D, Colucci WS, Cohen RA, McComb ME, Pimentel D, Bachschmid MM. Cardiovascular redox and ox stress proteomics. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:1528-59. [PMID: 22607061 PMCID: PMC3448941 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative post-translational modifications (OPTMs) have been demonstrated as contributing to cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. These modifications have been identified using antibodies as well as advanced proteomic methods, and the functional importance of each is beginning to be understood using transgenic and gene deletion animal models. Given that OPTMs are involved in cardiovascular pathology, the use of these modifications as biomarkers and predictors of disease has significant therapeutic potential. Adequate understanding of the chemistry of the OPTMs is necessary to determine what may occur in vivo and which modifications would best serve as biomarkers. RECENT ADVANCES By using mass spectrometry, advanced labeling techniques, and antibody identification, OPTMs have become accessible to a larger proportion of the scientific community. Advancements in instrumentation, database search algorithms, and processing speed have allowed MS to fully expand on the proteome of OPTMs. In addition, the role of enzymatically reversible OPTMs has been further clarified in preclinical models. CRITICAL ISSUES The identification of OPTMs suffers from limitations in analytic detection based on the methodology, instrumentation, sample complexity, and bioinformatics. Currently, each type of OPTM requires a specific strategy for identification, and generalized approaches result in an incomplete assessment. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Novel types of highly sensitive MS instrumentation that allow for improved separation and detection of modified proteins and peptides have been crucial in the discovery of OPTMs and biomarkers. To further advance the identification of relevant OPTMs in advanced search algorithms, standardized methods for sample processing and depository of MS data will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Pimentel D, Haeussler DJ, Matsui R, Burgoyne JR, Cohen RA, Bachschmid MM. Regulation of cell physiology and pathology by protein S-glutathionylation: lessons learned from the cardiovascular system. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:524-42. [PMID: 22010840 PMCID: PMC3270052 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species contributing to homeostatic regulation and the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, and cardiac hypertrophy, is well established. The ability of oxidant species to mediate such effects is in part dependent on their ability to induce specific modifications on particular amino acids, which alter protein function leading to changes in cell signaling and function. The thiol containing amino acids, methionine and cysteine, are the only oxidized amino acids that undergo reduction by cellular enzymes and are, therefore, prime candidates in regulating physiological signaling. Various reports illustrate the significance of reversible oxidative modifications on cysteine thiols and their importance in modulating cardiovascular function and physiology. RECENT ADVANCES The use of mass spectrometry, novel labeling techniques, and live cell imaging illustrate the emerging importance of reversible thiol modifications in cellular redox signaling and have advanced our analytical abilities. CRITICAL ISSUES Distinguishing redox signaling from oxidative stress remains unclear. S-nitrosylation as a precursor of S-glutathionylation is controversial and needs further clarification. Subcellular distribution of glutathione (GSH) may play an important role in local regulation, and targeted tools need to be developed. Furthermore, cellular redundancies of thiol metabolism complicate analysis and interpretation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The development of novel pharmacological analogs that specifically target subcellular compartments of GSH to promote or prevent local protein S-glutathionylation as well as the establishment of conditional gene ablation and transgenic animal models are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pimentel
- Myocardial Biology Unit, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, USA
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Hamilton RT, Walsh ME, Van Remmen H. Mouse Models of Oxidative Stress Indicate a Role for Modulating Healthy Aging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Suppl 4. [PMID: 25300955 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0681.s4-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a complex process that affects every major system at the molecular, cellular and organ levels. Although the exact cause of aging is unknown, there is significant evidence that oxidative stress plays a major role in the aging process. The basis of the oxidative stress hypothesis is that aging occurs as a result of an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants, which leads to the accrual of damaged proteins, lipids and DNA macromolecules with age. Age-dependent increases in protein oxidation and aggregates, lipofuscin, and DNA mutations contribute to age-related pathologies. Many transgenic/knockout mouse models over expressing or deficient in key antioxidant enzymes have been generated to examine the effect of oxidative stress on aging and age-related diseases. Based on currently reported lifespan studies using mice with altered antioxidant defense, there is little evidence that oxidative stress plays a role in determining lifespan. However, mice deficient in antioxidant enzymes are often more susceptible to age-related disease while mice overexpressing antioxidant enzymes often have an increase in the amount of time spent without disease, i.e., healthspan. Thus, by understanding the mechanisms that affect healthy aging, we may discover potential therapeutic targets to extend human healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Hamilton
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245-3207, USA ; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245-3207, USA
| | - Michael E Walsh
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245-3207, USA
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245-3207, USA ; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245-3207, USA ; GRECC, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
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31
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Friedrichs K, Klinke A, Baldus S. Inflammatory pathways underlying atrial fibrillation. Trends Mol Med 2011; 17:556-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Hill BG, Bhatnagar A. Protein S-glutathiolation: redox-sensitive regulation of protein function. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 52:559-67. [PMID: 21784079 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Reversible protein S-glutathiolation has emerged as an important mechanism of post-translational modification. Under basal conditions several proteins remain adducted to glutathione, and physiological glutathiolation of proteins has been shown to regulate protein function. Enzymes that promote glutathiolation (e.g., glutathione-S-transferase-P) or those that remove glutathione from proteins (e.g., glutaredoxin) have been identified. Modification by glutathione has been shown to affect protein catalysis, ligand binding, oligomerization and protein-protein interactions. Conditions associated with oxidative or nitrosative stress, such as ischemia-reperfusion, hypertension and tachycardia increase protein glutathiolation via changes in the glutathione redox status (GSH/GSSG) or through the formation of sulfenic acid (SOH) or nitrosated (SNO) cysteine intermediates. These "activated" thiols promote reversible S-glutathiolation of key proteins involved in cell signaling, energy production, ion transport, and cell death. Hence, S-glutathiolation is ideally suited for integrating and mounting fine-tuned responses to changes in the redox state. S-glutathiolation also provides a temporary glutathione "cap" to protect protein thiols from irreversible oxidation and it could be an important mechanism of protein "encryption" to maintain proteins in a functionally silent state until they are needed during conditions of stress. Current evidence suggests that the glutathiolation-deglutathiolation cycle integrates and interacts with other post-translational mechanisms to regulate signal transduction, metabolism, inflammation, and apoptosis. This article is part of a Special Section entitled "Post-translational Modification."
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford G Hill
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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