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Samils B, Kaitera J, Persson T, Stenlid J, Barklund P. Relationship and genetic structure among autoecious and heteroecious populations of Cronartium pini in northern Fennoscandia. FUNGAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.101032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Caballol M, Štraus D, Macia H, Ramis X, Redondo MÁ, Oliva J. Halophytophthora fluviatilis Pathogenicity and Distribution along a Mediterranean-Subalpine Gradient. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020112. [PMID: 33546355 PMCID: PMC7913473 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophytophthora species have been traditionally regarded as brackish water oomycetes; however, recent reports in inland freshwater call for a better understanding of their ecology and possible pathogenicity. We studied the distribution of Halophytophthora fluviatilis in 117 forest streams by metabarcoding river filtrates taken in spring and autumn and by direct isolation from floating leaves. Pathogenicity on six Fagaceae species and Alnus glutinosa was assessed by stem inoculations. The distribution of H. fluviatilis was correlated with high mean annual temperatures (>93.5% of reports in Ta > 12.2 °C) and low precipitation records. H. fluviatilis was therefore widely distributed in forest streams in a warm–dry climate, but it was mostly absent in subalpine streams. H. fluviatilis was primarily detected in autumn with few findings in spring (28.4% vs. 2.7% of streams). H. fluviatilis was able to cause small lesions on some tree species such as Quercus pubescens, Q. suber and A. glutinosa. Our findings suggest that H. fluviatilis may be adapted to warm and dry conditions, and that it does not pose a significant threat to the most common Mediterranean broadleaved trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Caballol
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.Š.); (H.M.); (X.R.); (J.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dora Štraus
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.Š.); (H.M.); (X.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Héctor Macia
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.Š.); (H.M.); (X.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Xavier Ramis
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.Š.); (H.M.); (X.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Miguel Á. Redondo
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Jonàs Oliva
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.Š.); (H.M.); (X.R.); (J.O.)
- Joint Research Unit CTFC-AGROTECNIO, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Capador H, Samils B, Kaitera J, Olson Å. Genetic evidence for sexual reproduction and multiple infections of Norway spruce cones by the rust fungus Thekopsora areolata. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:7389-7403. [PMID: 32760536 PMCID: PMC7391340 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rust fungi are obligate parasites, of plants, with complex and in many cases poorly known life cycles which may include host alteration and up to five spore types with haploid, diploid, and dikaryotic nuclear stages. This study supports that Thekopasora areolata, the causal agent of cherry-spruce rust in Norway spruce, is a macrocyclic heteroecious fungus with all five spore stages which uses two host plants Prunus padus and Picea abies to complete its life cycle. High genotypic diversity without population structure was found, which suggests predominantly sexual reproduction, random mating and a high gene flow within and between the populations in Fennoscandia. There was no evidence for an autoecious life cycle resulting from aeciospore infection of pistillate cones that would explain the previously reported rust epidemics without the alternate host. However, within cones and scales identical multilocus genotypes were repeatedly sampled which can be explained by vegetative growth of the fertilized mycelia or repeated mating of mycelium by spermatia of the same genotype. The high genotypic diversity within cones and haplotype inference show that each pistillate cone is infected by several basidiospores. This study provides genetic evidence for high gene flow, sexual reproduction, and multiple infections of Norway spruce cone by the rust fungus T. areolata which expands the general understanding of the biology of rust fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Capador
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Berit Samils
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Juha Kaitera
- Natural Resources Institute FinlandUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Åke Olson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
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He MQ, Zhao RL, Hyde KD, Begerow D, Kemler M, Yurkov A, McKenzie EHC, Raspé O, Kakishima M, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Vellinga EC, Halling R, Papp V, Zmitrovich IV, Buyck B, Ertz D, Wijayawardene NN, Cui BK, Schoutteten N, Liu XZ, Li TH, Yao YJ, Zhu XY, Liu AQ, Li GJ, Zhang MZ, Ling ZL, Cao B, Antonín V, Boekhout T, da Silva BDB, De Crop E, Decock C, Dima B, Dutta AK, Fell JW, Geml J, Ghobad-Nejhad M, Giachini AJ, Gibertoni TB, Gorjón SP, Haelewaters D, He SH, Hodkinson BP, Horak E, Hoshino T, Justo A, Lim YW, Menolli N, Mešić A, Moncalvo JM, Mueller GM, Nagy LG, Nilsson RH, Noordeloos M, Nuytinck J, Orihara T, Ratchadawan C, Rajchenberg M, Silva-Filho AGS, Sulzbacher MA, Tkalčec Z, Valenzuela R, Verbeken A, Vizzini A, Wartchow F, Wei TZ, Weiß M, Zhao CL, Kirk PM. Notes, outline and divergence times of Basidiomycota. FUNGAL DIVERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-019-00435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota. The present work provides an overview of all validly published, currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single document. An outline of all genera of Basidiomycota is provided, which includes 1928 currently used genera names, with 1263 synonyms, which are distributed in 241 families, 68 orders, 18 classes and four subphyla. We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification, number of accepted species, type species, life mode, habitat, distribution, and sequence information. Furthermore, three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU, SSU, 5.8s, rpb1, rpb2, and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted, respectively. Divergence time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders, 168 families and 605 genera. Our study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in Basidiomycota are 406–430 Mya, classes are 211–383 Mya, and orders are 99–323 Mya, which are largely consistent with previous studies. In this study, all phylogenetically supported families were dated, with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27–178 Mya, Pucciniomycotina from 85–222 Mya, and Ustilaginomycotina from 79–177 Mya. Divergence times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the Basidiomycota taxonomic system, and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.
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Colangelo M, Camarero JJ, Borghetti M, Gentilesca T, Oliva J, Redondo MA, Ripullone F. Drought and Phytophthora Are Associated With the Decline of Oak Species in Southern Italy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1595. [PMID: 30455713 PMCID: PMC6230577 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Forest decline induced by climate change is a global phenomenon that affects many tree species, mainly in drought-prone areas as the Mediterranean region. In southern Italy, several oak species have shown decline symptoms and elevated mortality since the 2000s due to drought stress. However, it remains to be answered whether decline occurred alone or whether a pathogen was also involved. To this aim, we compared two coexisting oak species in a forest located in southern Italy which are assumed to be less (Quercus cerris) and more tolerant to drought (Quercus pubescens). We sampled fifteen couples of neighboring declining (D) and non-declining (ND) trees of both species. Wood cores were taken from all trees to perform dendrochronological analyses to detect the decline onset and link it to potential climatic drivers. Carbon isotope ratios (d13C) were analyzed in wood of the two vigor classes to compare their water-use efficiency. Phytophthora presence was also assessed in soil samples from ten D-ND couples of trees per species. The oak species most affected by drought-induced decline in terms of leaf shedding and mortality was Q. cerris, i.e., the least tolerant to drought. In both species, the D trees showed a reduced growth rate compared with ND trees from 2000 onward when drought and warming intensified. Q. pubescens showed higher growth sensitivity to precipitation, temperature and drought than Q. cerris. This sensitivity to climate was magnified in D trees whose growth decreased in response to warm and dry conditions during the prior winter and the late summer. The Q. pubescens D trees were more efficient in their water use than ND trees before the growth divergence between D and ND trees amplified. In the studied area, Phytophthora quercina was isolated from 40% of the sampled trees, and tended to be more frequent amongst ND than amongst D trees. Our data suggests that droughts and warm summer conditions triggered oak decline. The high prevalence of P. quercina in the studied area warrants further study as a potential predisposing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Colangelo
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Marco Borghetti
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Tiziana Gentilesca
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Jonàs Oliva
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miguel-Angel Redondo
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Francesco Ripullone
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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Redondo MA, Boberg J, Stenlid J, Oliva J. Functional traits associated with the establishment of introduced Phytophthora
spp. in Swedish forests. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Redondo
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Johanna Boberg
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Jan Stenlid
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Jonàs Oliva
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
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Berlin A, Samils B, Andersson B. Multiple genotypes within aecial clusters in Puccinia graminis and Puccinia coronata: improved understanding of the biology of cereal rust fungi. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2017; 4:3. [PMID: 28955472 PMCID: PMC5611640 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-017-0032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cereal rust fungi (Puccinia spp.) are among the most economically important plant pathogens. These fungi have a complex life cycle, including five spore stages and two hosts. They infect one grass host on which they reproduce clonally and cause the cereal rust diseases, while the alternate host is required for sexual reproduction. Although previous studies clearly demonstrate the importance of the alternate host in creating genetic diversity in cereal rust fungi, little is known about the amount of novel genotypes created in each successful completion of a sexual reproduction event. RESULTS In this study, single sequence repeat markers were used to study the genotypic diversity within aecial clusters by genotyping individual aecial cups. Two common cereal rusts, Puccinia graminis causing stem rust and Puccinia coronata the causal agent of crown rust were investigated. We showed that under natural conditions, a single aecial cluster usually include several genotypes, either because a single pycnial cluster is fertilized by several different pycniospores, or because aecia within the cluster are derived from more than one fertilized adjoining pycnial cluster, or a combination of both. CONCLUSION Our results imply that although sexual events in cereal rust fungi in most regions of the world are relatively rare, the events that occur may still significantly contribute to the genetic variation within the pathogen populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Berlin
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Berit Samils
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Andersson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Rodriguez-Algaba J, Sørensen CK, Labouriau R, Justesen AF, Hovmøller MS. Genetic diversity within and among aecia of the wheat rust fungus Puccinia striiformis on the alternate host Berberis vulgaris. Fungal Biol 2017; 121:541-549. [PMID: 28606349 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An isolate of the fungus Puccinia striiformis, causing yellow (stripe) rust on cereals and grasses, was selfed on the alternate (sexual) host, Berberis vulgaris. This enabled us to investigate genetic variability of progeny isolates within and among aecia. Nine aecial clusters each consisting of an aecium (single aecial cup) and nine clusters containing multiple aecial cups were selected from 18 B. vulgaris leaves. Aeciospores from each cluster were inoculated on susceptible wheat seedlings and 64 progeny isolates were recovered. Molecular genotyping using 37 simple sequence repeat markers confirmed the parental origin of all progeny isolates. Thirteen molecular markers, which were heterozygous in the parental isolate, were used to analyse genetic diversity within and among aecial cups. The 64 progeny isolates resulted in 22 unique recombinant multilocus genotypes and none of them were resampled in different aecial clusters. Isolates derived from a single cup were always of the same genotype whereas isolates originating from clusters containing up to nine aecial cups revealed one to three genotypes per cluster. These results implied that each aecium was the result of a successful fertilization in a corresponding pycnium and that an aecium consisted of genetically identical aeciospores probably multiplied via repetitive mitotic divisions. Furthermore, the results suggested that aecia within a cluster were the result of independent fertilization events often involving genetically different pycniospores. The application of molecular markers represented a major advance in comparison to previous studies depending on phenotypic responses on host plants. The study allowed significant conclusions about fundamental aspects of the biology and genetics of an important cereal rust fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Rodriguez-Algaba
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark.
| | - Chris K Sørensen
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Rodrigo Labouriau
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 118, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Annemarie F Justesen
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Mogens S Hovmøller
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
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Redondo MA, Boberg J, Olsson CHB, Oliva J. Winter Conditions Correlate with Phytophthora alni Subspecies Distribution in Southern Sweden. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:1191-7. [PMID: 25822186 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-15-0020-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
During the last century, the number of forest pathogen invasions has increased substantially. Environmental variables can play a crucial role in determining the establishment of invasive species. The objective of the present work was to determine the correlation between winter climatic conditions and distribution of two subspecies of the invasive forest pathogen Phytophthora alni: P. alni subspp. alni and uniformis killing black alder (Alnus glutinosa) in southern Sweden. It is known from laboratory experiments that P. alni subsp. alni is more pathogenic than P. alni subsp. uniformis, and that P. alni subsp. alni is sensitive to low temperatures and long frost periods. By studying the distribution of these two subspecies at the northern limit of the host species, we could investigate whether winter conditions can affect the geographical distribution of P. alni subsp. alni spreading northward. Sixteen major river systems of southern Sweden were systematically surveyed and isolations were performed from active cankers. The distribution of the two studied subspecies was highly correlated with winter temperature and duration of periods with heavy frost. While P. alni subsp. uniformis covered the whole range of temperatures of the host, P. alni subsp. alni was recovered in areas subjected to milder winter temperatures and shorter frost periods. Our observations suggest that winter conditions can play an important role in limiting P. alni subsp. alni establishment in cold locations, thus affecting the distribution of the different subspecies of P. alni in boreal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Redondo
- First, second, and fourth authors: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; and third author: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg University, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Johanna Boberg
- First, second, and fourth authors: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; and third author: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg University, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christer H B Olsson
- First, second, and fourth authors: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; and third author: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg University, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jonàs Oliva
- First, second, and fourth authors: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; and third author: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg University, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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