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Kwapis EH, Borrero J, Latty KS, Andrews HB, Phongikaroon SS, Hartig KC. Laser Ablation Plasmas and Spectroscopy for Nuclear Applications. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 78:9-55. [PMID: 38116788 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231211559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of measurement methodologies to detect and monitor nuclear-relevant materials remains a consistent and significant interest across the nuclear energy, nonproliferation, safeguards, and forensics communities. Optical spectroscopy of laser-produced plasmas is becoming an increasingly popular diagnostic technique to measure radiological and nuclear materials in the field without sample preparation, where current capabilities encompass the standoff, isotopically resolved and phase-identifiable (e.g., UO and UO2 ) detection of elements across the periodic table. These methods rely on the process of laser ablation (LA), where a high-powered pulsed laser is used to excite a sample (solid, liquid, or gas) into a luminous microplasma that rapidly undergoes de-excitation through the emission of electromagnetic radiation, which serves as a spectroscopic fingerprint for that sample. This review focuses on LA plasmas and spectroscopy for nuclear applications, covering topics from the wide-area environmental sampling and atmospheric sensing of radionuclides to recent implementations of multivariate machine learning methods that work to enable the real-time analysis of spectrochemical measurements with an emphasis on fundamental research and development activities over the past two decades. Background on the physical breakdown mechanisms and interactions of matter with nanosecond and ultrafast laser pulses that lead to the generation of laser-produced microplasmas is provided, followed by a description of the transient spatiotemporal plasma conditions that control the behavior of spectroscopic signatures recorded by analytical methods in atomic and molecular spectroscopy. High-temperature chemical and thermodynamic processes governing reactive LA plasmas are also examined alongside investigations into the condensation pathways of the plasma, which are believed to serve as chemical surrogates for fallout particles formed in nuclear fireballs. Laser-supported absorption waves and laser-induced shockwaves that accompany LA plasmas are also discussed, which could provide insights into atmospheric ionization phenomena from strong shocks following nuclear detonations. Furthermore, the standoff detection of trace radioactive aerosols and fission gases is reviewed in the context of monitoring atmospheric radiation plumes and off-gas streams of molten salt reactors. Finally, concluding remarks will present future outlooks on the role of LA plasma spectroscopy in the nuclear community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Kwapis
- Nuclear Engineering Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Justin Borrero
- Nuclear Engineering Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kyle S Latty
- Nuclear Engineering Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hunter B Andrews
- Radioisotope Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Kyle C Hartig
- Nuclear Engineering Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Wang H, Cui X, Feng C, Li Y, Zhao M, Luo G, Ding H. A dynamic monitoring approach for the surface morphology evolution measurement of plasma facing components by means of speckle interferometry. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:113508. [PMID: 29195382 DOI: 10.1063/1.5012800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plasma Facing Components (PFCs) in a magnetically confined fusion plasma device will be exposed to high heat load and particle fluxes, and it would cause PFCs' surface morphology to change due to material erosion and redeposition from plasma wall interactions. The state of PFCs' surface condition will seriously affect the performance of long-pulse or steady state plasma discharge in a tokamak; it will even constitute an enormous threat to the operation and the safety of fusion plasma devices. The PFCs' surface morphology evolution measurement could provide important information about PFCs' real-time status or damage situation and it would help to a better understanding of the plasma wall interaction process and mechanism. Meanwhile through monitoring the distribution of dust deposition in a tokamak and providing an upper limit on the amount of loose dust, the PFCs' surface morphology measurement could indirectly contribute to keep fusion operational limits and fusion device safety. Aiming at in situ dynamic monitoring PFCs' surface morphology evolution, a laboratory experimental platform DUT-SIEP (Dalian University of Technology-speckle interferometry experimental platform) based on the speckle interferometry technique has been constructed at Dalian University of Technology (DUT) in China. With directional specific designing and focusing on the real detection condition of EAST (Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak), the DUT-SIEP could realize a variable measurement range, widely increased from 0.1 μm to 300 μm, with high spatial resolution (<1 mm) and ultra-high time resolution (<2 s for EAST measuring conditions). Three main components of the DUT-SIEP are all integrated and synchronized by a time schedule control and data acquisition terminal and coupled with a three-dimensional phase unwrapping algorithm, the surface morphology information of target samples can be obtained and reconstructed in real-time. A local surface morphology of the real divertor tiles adopted from EAST has been measured, and the feasibility and reliability of this new experimental platform have been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbei Wang
- School of Physics and Optical Electronic Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqian Cui
- School of Physics and Optical Electronic Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlei Feng
- School of Physics and Optical Electronic Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanbo Li
- School of Physics and Optical Electronic Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengge Zhao
- School of Physics and Optical Electronic Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangnan Luo
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Ding
- School of Physics and Optical Electronic Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
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Wang H, Lai Y, Chen W, Cao Q. Design and implementation of motion planning of inspection and maintenance robot for ITER-like vessel. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Collinear double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy as an in-situ diagnostic tool for wall composition in fusion devices. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2014.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Xiao Q, Li C, Hai R, Zhang L, Feng C, Zhou Y, Yan L, Duan X, Ding H. High spatial resolution mapping of deposition layers on plasma facing materials by laser ablation microprobe time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:053511. [PMID: 24880373 DOI: 10.1063/1.4874325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A laser ablation microprobe time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (LAM-TOF-MS) system with high spatial resolution, ~20 nm in depth and ~500 μm or better on the surface, is developed to analyze the composition distributions of deposition layers on the first wall materials or first mirrors in tokamak. The LAM-TOF-MS system consists of a laser ablation microprobe combined with a TOF-MS and a data acquisition system based on a LabVIEW program software package. Laser induced ablation combined with TOF-MS is an attractive method to analyze the depth profile of deposited layer with successive laser shots, therefore, it can provide information for composition reconstruction of the plasma wall interaction process. In this work, we demonstrate that the LAM-TOF-MS system is capable of characterizing the depth profile as well as mapping 2D composition of deposited film on the molybdenum first mirror retrieved from HL-2A tokamak, with particular emphasis on some of the species produced during the ablation process. The presented LAM-TOF-MS system provides not only the 3D characterization of deposition but also the removal efficiency of species of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmei Xiao
- School of Physics and Optical Electronic Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Chinese Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Cong Li
- School of Physics and Optical Electronic Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Chinese Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ran Hai
- School of Physics and Optical Electronic Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Chinese Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Physics and Optical Electronic Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Chinese Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chunlei Feng
- School of Physics and Optical Electronic Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Chinese Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, No. 3 South Section 3, Circle Road 2, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Longwen Yan
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, No. 3 South Section 3, Circle Road 2, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuru Duan
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, No. 3 South Section 3, Circle Road 2, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongbin Ding
- School of Physics and Optical Electronic Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Chinese Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Hahn DW, Omenetto N. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), part II: review of instrumental and methodological approaches to material analysis and applications to different fields. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 66:347-419. [PMID: 22449322 DOI: 10.1366/11-06574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The first part of this two-part review focused on the fundamental and diagnostics aspects of laser-induced plasmas, only touching briefly upon concepts such as sensitivity and detection limits and largely omitting any discussion of the vast panorama of the practical applications of the technique. Clearly a true LIBS community has emerged, which promises to quicken the pace of LIBS developments, applications, and implementations. With this second part, a more applied flavor is taken, and its intended goal is summarizing the current state-of-the-art of analytical LIBS, providing a contemporary snapshot of LIBS applications, and highlighting new directions in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, such as novel approaches, instrumental developments, and advanced use of chemometric tools. More specifically, we discuss instrumental and analytical approaches (e.g., double- and multi-pulse LIBS to improve the sensitivity), calibration-free approaches, hyphenated approaches in which techniques such as Raman and fluorescence are coupled with LIBS to increase sensitivity and information power, resonantly enhanced LIBS approaches, signal processing and optimization (e.g., signal-to-noise analysis), and finally applications. An attempt is made to provide an updated view of the role played by LIBS in the various fields, with emphasis on applications considered to be unique. We finally try to assess where LIBS is going as an analytical field, where in our opinion it should go, and what should still be done for consolidating the technique as a mature method of chemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hahn
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Hernandez C, Habib MN, Doceul L. Matter Sampling, Tritium Removal, Inventory and Management with Versatile Embedded System Called LASK. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.13182/fst11-a12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Hernandez
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | | | - L. Doceul
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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Vatry A, Grisolia C, Delaporte P, Sentis M. Removal of in vessel Tokamak dust by laser techniques. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2011.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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