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Busquets A, Ferrer-Uris B, Durduran T, Bešlija F, Añón-Hidalgo M, Angulo-Barroso R. Study protocol to examine the effects of acute exercise on motor learning and brain activity in children with developmental coordination disorder (ExLe-Brain-DCD). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302242. [PMID: 38722962 PMCID: PMC11081356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is one of the most prevalent pediatric chronic conditions. Without proper intervention, significant delays in motor skill performance and learning may persist until adulthood. Moderate-to-vigorous physical exercise has been proven to improve motor learning (adaptation and consolidation) in children with or without disorders. However, the effect of a short bout of physical exercise on motor adaptation and consolidation in children with DCD has not been examined. Furthermore, the role of perceptual-motor integration and attention as mediators of learning has not been examined via neuroimaging in this population. OBJECTIVES Therefore, the primary aims of this project will be to compare children with and without DCD to (a) examine the effect of acute exercise on motor learning (adaptation and consolidation) while performing a rotational visuo-motor adaptation task (rVMA), and (b) explore cortical activation in the dorsolateral- and ventrolateral-prefrontal cortex areas while learning the rVMA task under rest or post-exercise conditions. METHODS One hundred twenty children will be recruited (60 DCD, 60 controls) and within-cohort randomly assigned to either exercise (13-minute shuttle run task) or rest prior to performing the rVMA task. Adaptation and consolidation will be evaluated via two error variables and three retention tests (1h, 24h and 7 days post adaptation). Cortical activation will be registered via functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during the baseline, adaptation, and consolidation. DISCUSSION We expect to find exercise benefits on motor learning and attention so that children with DCD profiles will be closer to those of children with typical development. The results of this project will provide further evidence to: (a) better characterize children with DCD for the design of educational materials, and (b) establish acute exercise as a potential intervention to improve motor learning and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Busquets
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blai Ferrer-Uris
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Turgut Durduran
- Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Faruk Bešlija
- Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Manuel Añón-Hidalgo
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Angulo-Barroso
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, California, United States of America
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Taylor-Haas JA, Garcia MC, Rauh MJ, Peel S, Paterno MV, Bazett-Jones DM, Ford KR, Long JT. Cadence in youth long-distance runners is predicted by leg length and running speed. Gait Posture 2022; 98:266-270. [PMID: 36209689 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower cadence has been previously associated with injury in long-distance runners. Variations in cadence may be related to experience, speed, and anthropometric variables. It is unknown what factors, if any, predict cadence in healthy youth long-distance runners. RESEARCH QUESTION Are demographic, anthropometric and/or biomechanical variables able to predict cadence in healthy youth long-distance runners. METHODS A cohort of 138 uninjured youth long-distance runners (M = 62, F = 76; Mean ± SD; age = 13.7 ± 2.7; mass = 47.9 ± 13.6 kg; height = 157.9 ± 14.5 cm; running volume = 19.2 ± 20.6 km/wk; running experience: males = 3.5 ± 2.1 yrs, females = 3.3 ± 2.0 yrs) were recruited for the study. Multiple linear regression (MLR) models were developed for total sample and for each sex independently that only included variables that were significantly correlated to self-selected cadence. A variance inflation factor (VIF) assessed multicollinearity of variables. If VIF≥ 5, variable(s) were removed and the MLR analysis was conducted again. RESULTS For all models, VIF was > 5 between speed and normalized stride length, therefore we removed normalized stride length from all models. Only leg length and speed were significantly correlated (p < .001) with cadence in the regression models for total sample (R2 = 51.9 %) and females (R2 = 48.2 %). The regression model for all participants was Cadence = -1.251 *Leg Length + 3.665 *Speed + 254.858. The regression model for females was Cadence = -1.190 *Leg Length + 3.705 *Speed + 249.688. For males, leg length, cadence, and running experience were significantly predictive (p < .001) of cadence in the model (R2 = 54.7 %). The regression model for males was Cadence = -1.268 *Leg Length + 3.471 *Speed - 1.087 *Running Experience + 261.378. SIGNIFICANCE Approximately 50 % of the variance in cadence was explained by the individual's leg length and running speed. Shorter leg lengths and faster running speeds were associated with higher cadence. For males, fewer years of running experience was associated with a higher cadence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery A Taylor-Haas
- Division of Occupational and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| | - Micah C Garcia
- Motion Analysis Lab, Division of Occupational and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Toledo, OH, United States.
| | - Mitchell J Rauh
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Shelby Peel
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States.
| | - Mark V Paterno
- Division of Occupational and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| | - David M Bazett-Jones
- Department of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Toledo, OH, United States.
| | - Kevin R Ford
- Department of Physical Therapy, Congdon School of Health Sciences, High Point University, High Point, NC, United States.
| | - Jason T Long
- Division of Occupational and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Motion Analysis Lab, Division of Occupational and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
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Ito T, Ito Y, Nakai A, Sugiura H, Noritake K, Kidokoro H, Natsume J, Ochi N. Bilateral asymmetry in the gait deviation index in school-aged children with the trait of developmental coordination disorder. Gait Posture 2021; 88:174-179. [PMID: 34098402 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although previous studies have identified asymmetry in gait parameters in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD), they have not investigated whether these findings coexist with asymmetry in gait quality, as represented by the gait deviation index (GDI). RESEARCH QUESTION This study sought to measure gait symmetry in children with traits of DCD (DCD trait) to elucidate the characteristic gait pattern. METHODS This study included 172 (82 girls, 90 boys) participants with and without DCD trait (age: 6-12 years), as assessed using the Japanese version of the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ-J), which consists of three subscales. Three-dimensional gait analysis data were obtained during the gait trials. GDI, step length, and step time data were recorded for both the right and left legs, and symmetry ratios were calculated. RESULTS Participants in the DCD trait group (n = 30) had a significantly lower GDI score (p < 0.0001) and a higher GDI symmetry ratio (p = 0.004) than typically developing children. Furthermore, DCD trait was related to the GDI symmetry ratio (odds ratio, 1.2; p = 0.001; 95 % confidence interval, 1.062-1.289). The control during movement, which was a DCDQ-J subscale, was negatively correlated with the GDI symmetry ratio (r=-0.257, p<0.001). SIGNIFICANCE This study's results lend support to the hypothesis that an increase in the GDI symmetry ratio is associated with the DCD trait. A quantitative assessment of gait performance is important to help identify gait asymmetry, including gait quality, in children with a DCD trait. Children with a DCD trait have a poor ability to control the interaction of lower leg movements, which may cause bilateral asymmetry in gait quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Ito
- Three-dimensional Motion Analysis Room, Aichi Prefectural Mikawa Aoitori Medical and Rehabilitation Center for Developmental Disabilities, Okazaki 444-0002, Japan; Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan.
| | - Yuji Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Prefectural Mikawa Aoitori Medical and Rehabilitation Center for Developmental Disabilities, Okazaki 444-0002, Japan
| | - Akio Nakai
- Graduate School of Clinical Education & The Center for the Study of Child Development, Institute for Education, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya 663-8558, Japan
| | - Hideshi Sugiura
- Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Koji Noritake
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Aichi Prefectural Mikawa Aoitori Medical and Rehabilitation Center for Developmental Disabilities, Okazaki 444-0002, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kidokoro
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Jun Natsume
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Department of Developmental Disability Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ochi
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Prefectural Mikawa Aoitori Medical and Rehabilitation Center for Developmental Disabilities, Okazaki 444-0002, Japan
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Smith M, Ward E, Williams CM, Banwell HA. Differences in walking and running gait in children with and without developmental coordination disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait Posture 2021; 83:177-184. [PMID: 33160227 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a common motor skills disorder in children. Although gait changes are often reported clinically, affecting children's participation in play and sport, there has been no synthesis of research evidence comparing gait of children with and without DCD. Thus, the aim of this research was to determine differences in gait between children with and without DCD METHODS: A search of electronic databases (AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline, SPORTDiscus, & Web of Science) was conducted from inception to August 2019 for studies comparing walking and/or running gait of children with and without DCD. The McMaster Critical Appraisal Form for Quantitative Studies was used to assess risk of bias amongst included studies. Meta-analysis was completed on measures with four or more homogenous outcomes. RESULTS 20 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were eligible for review - three of which were pre-post designs, and 17 were cross-sectional designs. Data was extracted in five domains: kinetics, kinematics, physical function, electromyography, and temporospatial parameters. Meta-analysis was performed on one outcome measure - the 6 min Walk Test (6MWT), finding that children with DCD walked significantly shorter distances, indicating reduced endurance in walking gait. Other statistically significant results all favoured typically developing children, however there is little consistency between studies. CONCLUSION Although a clear gait pattern for children with DCD is not evident, functional deficits appear to be present in endurance and cardiorespiratory fitness. The current evidence base for gait changes in DCD is currently low-level, and further high quality research is warranted. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42018106791.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Smith
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia; International Centre for Allied Health Evidence, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
| | - Emily Ward
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
| | - Cylie M Williams
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia; Allied Health, Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria, 3199, Australia; School of Primary and Allied Health, Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, 3199, Australia.
| | - Helen A Banwell
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia; International Centre for Allied Health Evidence, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
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Mileti I, Serra A, Wolf N, Munoz-Martel V, Ekizos A, Palermo E, Arampatzis A, Santuz A. Muscle Activation Patterns Are More Constrained and Regular in Treadmill Than in Overground Human Locomotion. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:581619. [PMID: 33195143 PMCID: PMC7644811 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.581619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of motorized treadmills as convenient tools for the study of locomotion has been in vogue for many decades. However, despite the widespread presence of these devices in many scientific and clinical environments, a full consensus on their validity to faithfully substitute free overground locomotion is still missing. Specifically, little information is available on whether and how the neural control of movement is affected when humans walk and run on a treadmill as compared to overground. Here, we made use of linear and non-linear analysis tools to extract information from electromyographic recordings during walking and running overground, and on an instrumented treadmill. We extracted synergistic activation patterns from the muscles of the lower limb via non-negative matrix factorization. We then investigated how the motor modules (or time-invariant muscle weightings) were used in the two locomotion environments. Subsequently, we examined the timing of motor primitives (or time-dependent coefficients of muscle synergies) by calculating their duration, the time of main activation, and their Hurst exponent, a non-linear metric derived from fractal analysis. We found that motor modules were not influenced by the locomotion environment, while motor primitives were overall more regular in treadmill than in overground locomotion, with the main activity of the primitive for propulsion shifted earlier in time. Our results suggest that the spatial and sensory constraints imposed by the treadmill environment might have forced the central nervous system to adopt a different neural control strategy than that used for free overground locomotion, a data-driven indication that treadmills could induce perturbations to the neural control of locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Mileti
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Aurora Serra
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nerses Wolf
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Munoz-Martel
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonis Ekizos
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduardo Palermo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessandro Santuz
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Wilson PH, Smits-Engelsman B, Caeyenberghs K, Steenbergen B, Sugden D, Clark J, Mumford N, Blank R. Cognitive and neuroimaging findings in developmental coordination disorder: new insights from a systematic review of recent research. Dev Med Child Neurol 2017; 59:1117-1129. [PMID: 28872667 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To better understand the neural and performance factors that may underlie developmental coordination disorder (DCD), and implications for a multi-component account. METHOD A systematic review of the experimental literature published between June 2011 and September 2016 was conducted using a modified PICOS (population, intervention, comparison, outcomes, and study type) framework. A total of 106 studies were included. RESULTS Behavioural data from 91 studies showed a broad cluster of deficits in the anticipatory control of movement, basic processes of motor learning, and cognitive control. Importantly, however, performance issues in DCD were often shown to be moderated by task type and difficulty. As well, we saw new evidence of compensatory processes and strategies in several studies. Neuroimaging data (15 studies, including electroencephalography) showed reduced cortical thickness in the right medial orbitofrontal cortex and altered brain activation patterns across functional networks involving prefrontal, parietal, and cerebellar regions in children with DCD than those in comparison groups. Data from diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging suggested reduced white matter organization involving sensorimotor structures and altered structural connectivity across the whole brain network. INTERPRETATION Taken together, results support the hypothesis that children with DCD show differences in brain structure and function compared with typically developing children. Behaviourally, these differences may affect anticipatory planning and reduce automatization of movement skill, prompting greater reliance on slower feedback-based control and compensatory strategies. Implications for future research, theory development, and clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Wilson
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Disability and Development Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bouwien Smits-Engelsman
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Services, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen Caeyenberghs
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Disability and Development Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bert Steenbergen
- Centre for Disability and Development Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - David Sugden
- School of Special Needs Education, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jane Clark
- School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Nick Mumford
- Centre for Disability and Development Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rainer Blank
- Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Child Centre, Maulbronn, Germany
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Wilmut K, Gentle J, Barnett AL. Gait symmetry in individuals with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2017; 60:107-114. [PMID: 27912103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symmetry between the left and right side of the body during locomotion is key in a coordinated gait cycle and is also thought to be important in terms of efficiency. Although previous studies have identified aspects of the gait cycle which are atypical in children and adults with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), studies have not considered whether this could be explained by asymmetrical gait. METHOD AND PROCEDURE The current study included 62 participants with and 62 without DCD (aged 7-34 years). Participants were asked to walk continuously for 1min up and down a walkway while movement was captured using an optical tracking system. Measures of step length and step time were taken for both the right and the left leg and symmetry ratios were calculated. RESULTS The DCD group showed significantly higher symmetry ratios for both measures compared to the typically developing (TD) group, with approximately a third of DCD participants falling outside the normative range for symmetry. Furthermore, a relationship was found between movement variability and degree of asymmetry. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate an asymmetry in the gait of individuals with DCD which, despite improving with age, does not reach the same level as that shown by TD individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wilmut
- Oxford Brookes University, Perception and Motion Analysis Lab, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom.
| | - J Gentle
- University of Surrey, Department of Psychology, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - A L Barnett
- Oxford Brookes University, Perception and Motion Analysis Lab, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
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Smits-Engelsman B, Schoemaker M, Delabastita T, Hoskens J, Geuze R. Diagnostic criteria for DCD: Past and future. Hum Mov Sci 2015; 42:293-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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