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Suri R, Neupane YR, Jain GK, Kohli K. Recent theranostic paradigms for the management of Age-related macular degeneration. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 153:105489. [PMID: 32717428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Degenerative diseases of eye like Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), that affects the central portion of the retina (macula), is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide especially in the elderly population. It is classified mainly as wet and dry form. With expanding knowledge about the underlying pathophysiology of the disease, various treatment strategies are being employed to halt the course of the disease progression. Hitherto, there is no ideal therapy which can cure the disease completely, and targeting the posterior segment of the eye is yet another challenge. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent advances in the management and treatment stratagems (therapies, delivery systems and diagnostic tools) pertaining to AMD viz. molecular targeting, stem cell therapy, nanotechnology and exosomes with special reference to newer technologies like artificial intelligence and 3D printing. Furthermore, the role of diet and nutritional supplements in the prevention and treatment of the disease has also been highlighted. The alarming increase in the said disorder around the globe demands exhaustive research and investigations in the treatment zone. This review thus additionally directs the attention towards the challenges and future perspectives of different treatment approaches for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshal Suri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Yub Raj Neupane
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 117559, Singapore
| | - Gaurav Kumar Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Kanchan Kohli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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Barbosa RH, dos Santos MLB, Silva TP, Rosa-Fernandes L, Pinto AMV, Spínola PS, Bonvicino CR, Fernandes PV, Lucena E, Palmisano G, Melo RCN, Cardoso CAA, Lemos B. Impression Cytology Is a Non-invasive and Effective Method for Ocular Cell Retrieval of Zika Infected Babies: Perspectives in OMIC Studies. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:279. [PMID: 31866819 PMCID: PMC6907025 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Non-invasive techniques for retrieving ocular surface cells from babies infected by zika virus (ZIKV) during the gestational period remain to be determined. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe an optimized impression cytology method for the isolation of viable cells from Zika infected babies with and without Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS) in satisfactory amount and quality to enable easy adoption in the field and application in the context of genomic and molecular approaches. DESIGN SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS Ocular surface samples were obtained with a hydrophilic nitrocellulose membrane (through optimized impression cytology method) from twelve babies referred to the Pediatric Service of the Antonio Pedro Hospital, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. After an authorized written informed consent from the parents, samples were collected from both eyes of 12 babies (4 babies with maternal ZIKV exposure during gestation and presence of clinical signs which included ocular abnormalities and microcephaly; 4 babies with maternal ZIKV exposure during gestation but no clinical signs; and 4 unaffected control babies with negative PCR for Zika virus and without clinical signs). Cells were used for microscopy analyses and evaluated for their suitability for downstream molecular applications in transcriptomic and proteomic experiments. RESULTS Our optimized impression cytology protocol enabled the capture of a considerable number of viable cells. The microscopic features of the conjunctival epithelial cells were described by both direct analysis of the membrane-attached cells and analysis of cytospinned captured cells using several staining procedures. Epithelial basal, polyhedral and goblet cells were clearly identified in all groups. All cases of ZIKV infected babies showed potential morphological alterations (cell keratinization, pyknosis, karyolysis, anucleation, and vacuolization). Molecular approaches were also performed in parallel. Genomic DNA and RNA were successfully isolated from all samples to enable the establishment of transcriptomic and proteomic studies. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our method proved to be a suitable, fast, and non-invasive tool to obtain ocular cell preparations from babies with and without Zika infection. The method yielded sufficient cells for detailed morphological and molecular analyses of samples. We discuss perspectives for the application of impression cytology in the context of ZIKV studies in basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Hora Barbosa
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Maternal and Child, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Genetics Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza B. dos Santos
- Department of Maternal and Child, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Thiago P. Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Liva Rosa-Fernandes
- Glycoproteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, ICB, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana M. V. Pinto
- Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Pricila S. Spínola
- Genetics Department – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Evandro Lucena
- Division of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Glycoproteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, ICB, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rossana C. N. Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | | | - Bernardo Lemos
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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Kethiri AR, Raju E, Bokara KK, Mishra DK, Basu S, Rao CM, Sangwan VS, Singh V. Inflammation, vascularization and goblet cell differences in LSCD: Validating animal models of corneal alkali burns. Exp Eye Res 2019; 185:107665. [PMID: 31095932 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) is one of the serious cause of visual impairment and blindness with loss of corneal clarity and vascularization. Factors such as ocular burns (acids, lime, thermal), genetic disorders or infections results in the loss of limbal stem cells leading to LSCD. Reliable animal models of LSCD are useful for understanding the pathophysiology and developing novel therapeutic approaches. The purpose of the present study was to validate small and large animal models of LSCD by immunohistochemcal, clinical and histopathological comparison with human. The animal models of LSCD were created by topical administration of sodium hydroxide on the ocular surface of C57BL/6 mice (m, n = 12) and New Zealand white rabbits (r, n = 12) as per the standard existing protocol. Human corneal specimens (h, n = 12) were obtained from tissue bank who had chemical burn-induced LSCD. All samples were either paraffin embedded or frozen in cryogenic medium and the sections were processed for Hematoxylin-Eosin and Periodic Acid-Schiff staining to analyse the morphology and histopathological features of the corneal surface such as vascularization, inflammation, presence of goblet cells, epithelial hyperplasia and keratinization. Immunofluorescence was performed to distinguish between corneal (CK3+), conjunctival (CK19+) and epidermal (CK10+) epithelial phenotype. Histological analysis of corneal specimens from the three groups showed the presence of goblet cells (h:83%, m:50%, r:50%, p = 0.014), epithelial hypertrophy (h:92%, m:50%, r:66.6%, p = 0.04), epithelial hyperplasia (h:50%, m:17%, r:17%, p = 0.18), intra epithelial edema (h:42%, m:33%, r:100%, p = 0.02), stromal inflammation (h:100%, m:67%, r:67%, p = 0.01) and stromal vascularization (h:100%, m:50%, r:67%), in varying proportions. Immunostaining showed presence of total LSCD (CK19 + and/or CK10+, CK3-) in 92% of human and 50% of animal specimens. While partial LSCD (CK19 + and/or CK10+, CK3+) was seen in 8% of human and 50% of animal specimens. Our study shows the significant differences in the extent of vascularization, inflammation, epithelial thickness and goblet cell formation in mice and rabbit models of LSCD when compared to post-chemical burn LSCD in human corneas. In both mice and rabbit models complete LSCD developed in only 50% of cases and this important fact needs to be considered when working with animal models of LSCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Reddy Kethiri
- SSR-Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Center for Regenerative Ophthalmology, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India; (b).Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Enoch Raju
- SSR-Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Center for Regenerative Ophthalmology, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kiran Kumar Bokara
- CSIR-Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Complex, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, India
| | - Dilip Kumar Mishra
- Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sayan Basu
- SSR-Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Center for Regenerative Ophthalmology, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India; Tej Kohli Cornea Institute, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ch Mohan Rao
- CSIR-Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Complex, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, India
| | - Virender Singh Sangwan
- SSR-Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Center for Regenerative Ophthalmology, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India; Tej Kohli Cornea Institute, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vivek Singh
- SSR-Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Center for Regenerative Ophthalmology, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India; Tej Kohli Cornea Institute, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
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