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Long H, Johri P, Gout JF, Ni J, Hao Y, Licknack T, Wang Y, Pan J, Jiménez-Marín B, Lynch M. Paramecium Genetics, Genomics, and Evolution. Annu Rev Genet 2023; 57:391-410. [PMID: 38012024 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-104035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The ciliate genus Paramecium served as one of the first model systems in microbial eukaryotic genetics, contributing much to the early understanding of phenomena as diverse as genome rearrangement, cryptic speciation, cytoplasmic inheritance, and endosymbiosis, as well as more recently to the evolution of mating types, introns, and roles of small RNAs in DNA processing. Substantial progress has recently been made in the area of comparative and population genomics. Paramecium species combine some of the lowest known mutation rates with some of the largest known effective populations, along with likely very high recombination rates, thereby harboring a population-genetic environment that promotes an exceptionally efficient capacity for selection. As a consequence, the genomes are extraordinarily streamlined, with very small intergenic regions combined with small numbers of tiny introns. The subject of the bulk of Paramecium research, the ancient Paramecium aurelia species complex, is descended from two whole-genome duplication events that retain high degrees of synteny, thereby providing an exceptional platform for studying the fates of duplicate genes. Despite having a common ancestor dating to several hundred million years ago, the known descendant species are morphologically indistinguishable, raising significant questions about the common view that gene duplications lead to the origins of evolutionary novelties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongan Long
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China;
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Parul Johri
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Gout
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jiahao Ni
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China;
| | - Yue Hao
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA;
| | - Timothy Licknack
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA;
| | - Yaohai Wang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China;
| | - Jiao Pan
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China;
| | - Berenice Jiménez-Marín
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA;
| | - Michael Lynch
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA;
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2
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Liu BR, Chen CW, Huang YW, Lee HJ. Cell-Penetrating Peptides for Use in Development of Transgenic Plants. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083367. [PMID: 37110602 PMCID: PMC10142301 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified plants and crops can contribute to remarkable increase in global food supply, with improved yield and resistance to plant diseases or insect pests. The development of biotechnology introducing exogenous nucleic acids in transgenic plants is important for plant health management. Different genetic engineering methods for DNA delivery, such as biolistic methods, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, and other physicochemical methods have been developed to improve translocation across the plasma membrane and cell wall in plants. Recently, the peptide-based gene delivery system, mediated by cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), has been regarded as a promising non-viral tool for efficient and stable gene transfection into both animal and plant cells. CPPs are short peptides with diverse sequences and functionalities, capable of agitating plasma membrane and entering cells. Here, we highlight recent research and ideas on diverse types of CPPs, which have been applied in DNA delivery in plants. Various basic, amphipathic, cyclic, and branched CPPs were designed, and modifications of functional groups were performed to enhance DNA interaction and stabilization in transgenesis. CPPs were able to carry cargoes in either a covalent or noncovalent manner and to internalize CPP/cargo complexes into cells by either direct membrane translocation or endocytosis. Importantly, subcellular targets of CPP-mediated nucleic acid delivery were reviewed. CPPs offer transfection strategies and influence transgene expression at subcellular localizations, such as in plastids, mitochondria, and the nucleus. In summary, the technology of CPP-mediated gene delivery provides a potent and useful tool to genetically modified plants and crops of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Revon Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Chen
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974301, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Wern Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts, Sciences, and Education, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Han-Jung Lee
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, College of Environmental Studies and Oceanography, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974301, Taiwan
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3
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Bio-Membrane Internalization Mechanisms of Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptides in Various Species. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12010088. [PMID: 35054614 PMCID: PMC8778423 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, membrane-active peptides or proteins that include antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), cytolytic proteins, and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have attracted attention due to their potential applications in the biomedical field. Among them, CPPs have been regarded as a potent drug/molecules delivery system. Various cargoes, such as DNAs, RNAs, bioactive proteins/peptides, nanoparticles and drugs, can be carried by CPPs and delivered into cells in either covalent or noncovalent manners. Here, we focused on four arginine-rich CPPs and reviewed the mechanisms that these CPPs used for intracellular uptake across cellular plasma membranes. The varying transduction efficiencies of them alone or with cargoes were discussed, and the membrane permeability was also expounded for CPP/cargoes delivery in various species. Direct membrane translocation (penetration) and endocytosis are two principal mechanisms for arginine-rich CPPs mediated cargo delivery. Furthermore, the amino acid sequence is the primary key factor that determines the cellular internalization mechanism. Importantly, the non-cytotoxic nature and the wide applicability make CPPs a trending tool for cellular delivery.
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Panahi HA, Bolhassani A, Javadi G, Noormohammadi Z, Agi E. Development of multiepitope therapeutic vaccines against the most prevalent high-risk human papillomaviruses. Immunotherapy 2020; 12:459-479. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Our goal was the development of DNA- or peptide-based multiepitope vaccines targeting HPV E7, E6 and E5 oncoproteins in tumor mouse model. Materials & methods: After designing the multiepitope E7, E6 and E5 constructs from four types of high risk HPVs (16, 18, 31 & 45) using bioinformatics tools, mice vaccination was performed by different homologous and heterologous modalities in a prophylactic setting. Then, anti-tumor effects of the best prophylactic strategies were studied in a therapeutic setting. Results: In both prophylactic and therapeutic experiments, groups receiving homologous E7+E6+E5 polypeptide, and heterologous E7+E6+E5 DNA prime/polypeptide boost were successful in complete rejection of tumors. Conclusion: The designed multiepitope constructs can be considered as promising candidates to develop effective therapeutic HPV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidar Ali Panahi
- Department of Hepatitis & AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis & AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Javadi
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Noormohammadi
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Agi
- Iranian Comprehensive Hemophilia Care Center, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Namazi F, Bolhassani A, Sadat SM, Irani S. Delivery of HIV-1 Polyepitope Constructs Using Cationic and Amphipathic Cell Penetrating Peptides into Mammalian Cells. Curr HIV Res 2020; 17:408-428. [DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666191121114522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background:
An effective vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is
an important global health priority. Despite many efforts in the development of the HIV-1 vaccine,
no effective vaccine has been approved yet. Recently, polyepitope vaccines including several immunogenic
and conserved epitopes of HIV-1 proteins have received special attention.
Methods:
In this study, HIV-1 Nef, Tat, Gp160 and P24 proteins were considered for selection of
immunodominant and conserved epitopes due to their critical roles in the viral life cycle and pathogenesis.
At first, the Nef60-84-Nef126-144-Tat29-49-Gp16030-53-Gp160308-323-P248-151 DNA construct was
designed using in silico studies. Then, the DNA construct was subcloned in pEGFP-N1 and pET-
24a (+) expression vectors and the rNef-Tat-Gp160-P24 polyepitope peptide was generated in E.coli
expression system for in vitro delivery using novel cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), LDP-NLS and
CyLoP-1, in a non-covalent manner. Also, the HR9 and MPG CPPs were used to transfer the DNA
construct.
Results:
Our results showed that the recombinant polyepitope peptide generated in Rosetta strain
migrated as a clear band of ~31 kDa in SDS-PAGE. The SEM data confirmed the formation of stable
nanoparticles with a size below 250 nm. MTT assay revealed that the complexes did not represent
any considerable cytotoxic effect compared to untreated cells. The results of fluorescence microscopy,
flow cytometry and western blotting indicated that these CPPs successfully delivered polyepitope
constructs into HEK-293T cell line.
Conclusion:
These data suggested that these CPPs can be used as a promising approach for the development
of the HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Namazi
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Sadat
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Irani
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Che D, Adams S, Zhao B, Qin G, Jiang H. Effects of Dietary L-arginine Supplementation from Conception to Post- Weaning in Piglets. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:736-749. [PMID: 30678624 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190125104959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Weaned piglets experience sudden changes in their dietary patterns such as withdrawal from the easily digestible watery milk to a coarse cereal diet with both systemic and intestinal disruptions coupling with the expression of pro-inflammatory proteins which affects the immune system and the concentrations of haptoglobin including both positive and negative acute-phase proteins in the plasma. L-arginine is an important protein amino acid for piglets, but its inadequate synthesis is a nutritional problem for both sows and piglets. Recent studies indicated that dietary supplementation of L-arginine increased feed intake, uterine growth, placental growth and nutrient transport, maternal growth and health, embryonic survival, piglets birth weight, piglet's growth, and productivity, and decreased stillbirths. L-arginine is essential in several important pathways involved in the growth and development of piglets such as nitric oxide synthesis, energy metabolism, polyamine synthesis, cellular protein production and muscle accretion, and the synthesis of other functional amino acids. However, the underlying molecular mechanism in these key pathways remains largely unresolved. This review was conducted on the general hypothesis that L-arginine increased the growth and survival of post-weaning piglets. We discussed the effects of dietary L-arginine supplementation during gestation, parturition, lactation, weaning, and post-weaning in pigs as each of these stages influences the health and survival of sows and their progenies. Therefore, the aim of this review was to discuss through a logical approach the effects of L-arginine supplementation on piglet's growth and survival from conception to postweaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Che
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Seidu Adams
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Bao Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Guixin Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Hailong Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
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7
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Revon Liu B, Huang YW, Lee HJ. Hypotoxic Fluorescent Nanoparticles Delivery by Cell-Penetrating Peptides in Multiple Organisms: From Prokaryotes to Mammalians Cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.83818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Alizadeh S, Irani S, Bolhassani A, Sadat SM. Simultaneous use of natural adjuvants and cell penetrating peptides improves HCV NS3 antigen-specific immune responses. Immunol Lett 2019; 212:70-80. [PMID: 31254535 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To improve an effective hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapeutic vaccine, induction of a strong and long term HCV antigen-specific immune response is an important parameter. HCV non-structural protein 3 (NS3) has antigenic properties and plays a major role in viral clearance. In this study, DNA constructs encoding HCV NS3 and heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27)-NS3 genes, and the recombinant (r) NS3 and rHsp27-NS3 proteins complexed with HR9 and Cady-2 cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) were utilized to evaluate antibody, cytokine and Granzyme B secretion in mice. Herein, the formation of NS3 and Hsp27-NS3 DNA/ HR9 CPP complexes were revealed by gel retardation assay and protection against DNase and protease. Cady-2 peptide was used to form the nanoparticles with rNS3 and rHsp27-NS3 proteins. The size and charge of the nanoparticles were confirmed by SEM and Zetasizer instruments. Next, in vitro transfection of the nanoparticles was assessed by flow cytometry and western blotting. Finally, humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated using different modalities in mice. Our data showed that HR9 and Cady-2 could form stable nanoparticles with DNA and proteins, respectively and enhance their delivery into HEK-293 T cells in a non-covalent approach. Furthermore, the heterologous Hsp27-NS3 DNA + HR9 prime/rHsp27-NS3+Cady-2 protein boost elicited a higher Th1 cellular immune response with a predominant IgG2a, IgG2b, IFN-γ profile and strong Granzyme B secretion than those induced by other groups. Briefly, the combination of a natural adjuvant (Hsp27) and CPPs (HR9 and Cady-2) could significantly stimulate effective immune responses as a promising approach for development of HCV therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Alizadeh
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Irani
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mehdi Sadat
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Rostami B, Irani S, Bolhassani A, Cohan RA. Gene and protein delivery using four cell penetrating peptides for HIV-1 vaccine development. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:1619-1633. [PMID: 31220406 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) can potently transport therapeutic molecules to target cells for treatment of a variety of diseases. Thus, their use is critical to improve therapeutic vaccines. Histidine-rich nona-arginine (HR9) and primary amphipathic peptide (MPG) showed the ability to transfer DNA into the cells. Moreover, the peptide derived from the C-terminal of the tumor suppressor protein p14ARF (M918) and arginine-rich peptide (penetratin) were utilized to deliver polypeptides and proteins into the living cells. In this study, the immunostimulatory properties of HIV-1 Nef DNA and protein constructs were evaluated using small heat shock protein 20 (sHsp20) and Freund's emulsion as an adjuvant, and four CPPs (HR9, MPG, M918, and penetratin) as a gene or protein carrier in BALB/c mice. Our data indicated that the HR9/DNA, MPG/DNA, M918/protein, and penetratin/protein complexes formed the stable nanoparticles that were effectively delivered in HEK-293T cell line at certain ratios. Moreover, a heterologous Hsp20-Nef DNA + MPG prime/rHsp20-Nef protein+M918 boost regimen significantly elicited higher levels of IgG2a, IgG2b, IFN-gamma, and Granzyme B directed toward Th1 responses in a long period (3 months) after the last immunization compared to other groups. Furthermore, the effective role of Hsp20 was detected as a natural adjuvant in enhancing immune responses against HIV-1 Nef antigen. These findings demonstrated that the simultaneous use of M918 and MPG CPPs as protein and gene carriers improves HIV-1 Nef-specific B- and T-cell immune responses as a promising approach for development of HIV-1 monovalent vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Rostami
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Irani
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ahangari Cohan
- Pilot Nano-Biotechnology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Keller AA, Scheiding B, Breitling R, Licht A, Hemmerich P, Lorkowski S, Reissmann S. Transduction and transfection of difficult-to-transfect cells: Systematic attempts for the transfection of protozoa Leishmania. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:14-27. [PMID: 30216507 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are used to internalize different cargoes, including DNA, into live mammalian and plant cells. Despite many cells being easily transfected with this approach, other cells are rather "difficult" or "hard to transfect," including protist cells of the genus Leishmania. Based on our previous results in successfully internalizing proteins into Leishmania tarentolae cells, we used single CPPs and three different DNA-binding proteins to form protein-like complexes with plasmids covered with CPPs. We attempted magnetofection, electroporation, and transfection using a number of commercially available detergents. While complex formation with negatively charged DNA required substantially higher amounts of CPPs than those necessary for mostly neutral proteins, the cytotoxicity of the required amounts of CPPs and auxiliaries was thoroughly studied. We found that Leishmania cells were indeed susceptible to high concentrations of some CPPs and auxiliaries, although in a different manner compared with that for mammalian cells. The lack of successful transfections implies the necessity to accept certain general limitations regarding DNA internalization into difficult-to-transfect cells. Only electroporation allowed reproducible internalization of large and rigid plasmid DNA molecules through electrically disturbed extended membrane areas, known as permeable membrane macrodomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea-Anneliese Keller
- Friedrich Schiller University, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Abbe Centre of Photonics, Jena, Germany
| | - Berith Scheiding
- Friedrich Schiller University, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Abbe Centre of Photonics, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Peter Hemmerich
- Leibniz Institute for Aging Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Friedrich Schiller University, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Abbe Centre of Photonics, Jena, Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Siegmund Reissmann
- Friedrich Schiller University, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Jena, Germany
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11
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Tsai CW, Lin ZW, Chang WF, Chen YF, Hu WW. Development of an indolicidin-derived peptide by reducing membrane perturbation to decrease cytotoxicity and maintain gene delivery ability. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 165:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Delivery of nucleic acids and nanomaterials by cell-penetrating peptides: opportunities and challenges. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:834079. [PMID: 25883975 PMCID: PMC4391616 DOI: 10.1155/2015/834079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many viral and nonviral systems have been developed to aid delivery of biologically active molecules into cells. Among these, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have received increasing attention in the past two decades for biomedical applications. In this review, we focus on opportunities and challenges associated with CPP delivery of nucleic acids and nanomaterials. We first describe the nature of versatile CPPs and their interactions with various types of cargoes. We then discuss in vivo and in vitro delivery of nucleic acids and nanomaterials by CPPs. Studies on the mechanisms of cellular entry and limitations in the methods used are detailed.
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13
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Reissmann S. Cell penetration: scope and limitations by the application of cell-penetrating peptides. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:760-84. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siegmund Reissmann
- Friedrich Schiller University, Biological and Pharmaceutical Faculty; Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Dornburger Strasse 25 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Bioscience GmbH; Loebstedter Strasse 80 07749 Jena Germany
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14
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Keller AA, Breitling R, Hemmerich P, Kappe K, Braun M, Wittig B, Schaefer B, Lorkowski S, Reissmann S. Transduction of Proteins intoLeishmania Tarentolaeby Formation of Non-Covalent Complexes With Cell-Penetrating Peptides. J Cell Biochem 2013; 115:243-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea-Anneliese Keller
- Friedrich Schiller University, Biological and Pharmaceutical Faculty; Institute of Nutrition and Abbe Centre of Photonics; Dornburger Str. 25 07743 Jena Germany
| | | | - Peter Hemmerich
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute; Beutenbergstr. 11 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Katarina Kappe
- Jena Bioscience GmbH; Loebstedter Str. 80 07749 Jena Germany
| | - Maria Braun
- Friedrich Schiller University, Biological and Pharmaceutical Faculty; Institute of Nutrition and Abbe Centre of Photonics; Dornburger Str. 25 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Berith Wittig
- Friedrich Schiller University, Biological and Pharmaceutical Faculty; Institute of Nutrition and Abbe Centre of Photonics; Dornburger Str. 25 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Buerk Schaefer
- Jena Bioscience GmbH; Loebstedter Str. 80 07749 Jena Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Friedrich Schiller University, Biological and Pharmaceutical Faculty; Institute of Nutrition and Abbe Centre of Photonics; Dornburger Str. 25 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Siegmund Reissmann
- Jena Bioscience GmbH; Loebstedter Str. 80 07749 Jena Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Biological and Pharmaceutical Faculty; Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Dornburger Str. 25 07743 Jena Germany
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15
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Synthesis, characterization and applications of carboxylated and polyethylene-glycolated bifunctionalized InP/ZnS quantum dots in cellular internalization mediated by cell-penetrating peptides. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 111:162-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Liu BR, Liou JS, Chen YJ, Huang YW, Lee HJ. Delivery of nucleic acids, proteins, and nanoparticles by arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides in rotifers. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 15:584-95. [PMID: 23715807 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-013-9509-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are a group of short, membrane-permeable cationic peptides that represent a nonviral technology for delivering nanomaterials and macromolecules into live cells. In this study, two arginine-rich CPPs, HR9 and IR9, were found to be capable of entering rotifers. CPPs were able to efficiently deliver noncovalently associated with cargoes, including plasmid DNAs, red fluorescent proteins (RFPs), and semiconductor quantum dots, into rotifers. The functional reporter gene assay demonstrated that HR9-delivered plasmid DNAs containing the enhanced green fluorescent protein and RFP coding sequences could be actively expressed in rotifers. The 1-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenylformazan assay further confirmed that CPP-mediated cargo delivery was not toxic to rotifers. Thus, these two CPPs hold a great potential for the delivery of exogenous genes, proteins, and nanoparticles in rotifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Revon Liu
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, 1, Sec. 2, Da-Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
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Liu BR, Lo SY, Liu CC, Chyan CL, Huang YW, Aronstam RS, Lee HJ. Endocytic Trafficking of Nanoparticles Delivered by Cell-penetrating Peptides Comprised of Nona-arginine and a Penetration Accelerating Sequence. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67100. [PMID: 23840594 PMCID: PMC3694042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) can traverse cellular membranes and deliver biologically active molecules into cells. In this study, we demonstrate that CPPs comprised of nona-arginine (R9) and a penetration accelerating peptide sequence (Pas) that facilitates escape from endocytic lysosomes, denoted as PR9, greatly enhance the delivery of noncovalently associated quantum dots (QDs) into human A549 cells. Mechanistic studies, intracellular trafficking analysis and a functional gene assay reveal that endocytosis is the main route for intracellular delivery of PR9/QD complexes. Endocytic trafficking of PR9/QD complexes was monitored using both confocal and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Zeta-potential and size analyses indicate the importance of electrostatic forces in the interaction of PR9/QD complexes with plasma membranes. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy reveals that the secondary structural elements of PR9 have similar conformations in aqueous buffer at pH 7 and 5. This study of nontoxic PR9 provides a basis for the design of optimized cargo delivery that allows escape from endocytic vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty R Liu
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
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18
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Intracellular delivery of nanoparticles and DNAs by IR9 cell-penetrating peptides. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64205. [PMID: 23724035 PMCID: PMC3665793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) comprised of basic amino residues are able to cross cytoplasmic membranes and are able to deliver biologically active molecules inside cells. However, CPP/cargo entrapment in endosome limits biomedical utility as cargoes are destroyed in the acidic environment. In this study, we demonstrate protein transduction of a novel CPP comprised of an INF7 fusion peptide and nona-arginine (designated IR9). IR9 noncovalently interacts with quantum dots (QDs) and DNAs to form stable IR9/QD and IR9/DNA complexes which are capable of entering human A549 cells. Zeta-potentials were a better predictor of transduction efficiency than gel shift analysis, emphasizing the importance of electrostatic interactions of CPP/cargo complexes with plasma membranes. Mechanistic studies revealed that IR9, IR9/QD and IR9/DNA complexes may enter cells by endocytosis. Further, IR9, IR9/QD and IR9/DNA complexes were not cytotoxic at concentrations below 30, 5 and 20.1 µM, respectively. Without labor intensive production of fusion proteins from prokaryotes, these results indicate that IR9 could be a safe carrier of genes and drugs in biomedical applications.
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Liu BR, Huang YW, Lee HJ. Mechanistic studies of intracellular delivery of proteins by cell-penetrating peptides in cyanobacteria. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:57. [PMID: 23497160 PMCID: PMC3637573 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The plasma membrane plays an essential role in selective permeability, compartmentalization, osmotic balance, and cellular uptake. The characteristics and functions of cyanobacterial membranes have been extensively investigated in recent years. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are special nanocarriers that can overcome the plasma membrane barrier and enter cells directly, either alone or with associated cargoes. However, the cellular entry mechanisms of CPPs in cyanobacteria have not been studied. Results In the present study, we determine CPP-mediated transduction efficiency and internalization mechanisms in cyanobacteria using a combination of biological and biophysical methods. We demonstrate that both Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 strains of cyanobacteria possess red autofluorescence. Green fluorescent protein (GFP), either alone or noncovalently associated with a CPP comprised of nine arginine residues (R9/GFP complexes), entered cyanobacteria. The ATP-depleting inhibitor of classical endocytosis, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), could block the spontaneous internalization of GFP, but not the transduction of R9/GFP complexes. Three specific inhibitors of macropinocytosis, cytochalasin D (CytD), 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amiloride (EIPA), and wortmannin, reduced the efficiency of R9/GFP complex transduction, indicating that entry of R9/GFP complexes involves macropinocytosis. Both the 1-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenylformazan (MTT) and membrane leakage analyses confirmed that R9/GFP complexes were not toxic to the cyanobacteria, nor were the endocytic and macropinocytic inhibitors used in these studies. Conclusions In summary, we have demonstrated that cyanobacteria use classical endocytosis and macropinocytosis to internalize exogenous GFP and CPP/GFP proteins, respectively. Moreover, the CPP-mediated delivery system is not toxic to cyanobacteria, and can be used to investigate biological processes at the cellular level in this species. These results suggest that both endocytic and macropinocytic pathways can be used for efficient internalization of regular protein and CPP-mediated protein delivery in cyanobacteria, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty R Liu
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
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Son SJ, Yu GS, Choe YH, Kim YJ, Lee E, Park JS, Choi JS. PAMAM Dendrimers Conjugated with L-Arginine and γ-Aminobutyric Acid as Novel Polymeric Gene Delivery Carriers. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.2.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Liou JS, Liu BR, Martin AL, Huang YW, Chiang HJ, Lee HJ. Protein transduction in human cells is enhanced by cell-penetrating peptides fused with an endosomolytic HA2 sequence. Peptides 2012; 37:273-84. [PMID: 22898256 PMCID: PMC9616647 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis has been proposed as one of the primary mechanisms for cellular entry of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and their cargoes. However, a major limitation of endocytic pathway is entrapment of the CPP-cargo in intracellular vesicles from which the cargo must escape into the cytoplasm to exert its biological activity. Here we demonstrate that a CPP tagged with an endosomolytic fusion peptide derived from the influenza virus hemagglutinin-2 (HA2) remarkably enhances the cytosolic delivery of proteins in human A549 cells. To determine the endosome-disruptive effects, recombinant DNA plasmids containing coding sequences of HA2, CPPs and red fluorescent proteins (RFPs) were constructed. The fusion proteins were purified from plasmid-transformed Escherichia coli, and their effects on protein transduction were examined using live cell imaging and flow cytometry. Our data indicate that endocytosis is the major route for cellular internalization of CPP-HA2-tagged RFP. Mechanistic studies revealed that the fusogenic HA2 peptide dramatically facilitates CPP-mediated protein entry through the release of endocytosed RFPs from endosomes into the cytoplasm. Furthermore, incorporating the HA2 fusion peptide of the CPP-HA2 fusion protein improved cytosolic uptake without causing cytotoxicity. These findings strongly suggest that the CPP-HA2 tag could be an efficient and safe carrier that overcomes endosomal entrapment of delivered therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sing Liou
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da-Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da-Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Betty Revon Liu
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da-Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da-Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Adam L. Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences and the cDNA Resources Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 206 Schrenk Hall, 400 West 11th Street, Rolla, MO 65409-1120, USA
| | - Yue-Wern Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 105 Schrenk Hall, 400 West 11th Street, Rolla, MO 65409-1120, USA
| | - Huey-Jenn Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da-Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Han-Jung Lee
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da-Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
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Han K, Yang J, Chen S, Chen JX, Liu CW, Li C, Cheng H, Zhuo RX, Zhang XZ. Novel gene transfer vectors based on artificial recombinant multi-functional oligopeptides. Int J Pharm 2012; 436:555-63. [PMID: 22796172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Viral vectors, except for their safety concern, have shown high efficiency in both delivery and expression of gene. Here, a series of new gene carriers, comprised of short peptide subunits with special functions to imitate viral vectors, were designed and three vectors, (C(18))(2)KH(4)R(8)GDS, AcKH(4)R(8)GDS and (C(18))(2)KH(4)R(8), designated as ARM1, ARM2, ARM3, respectively, were synthesized and evaluated. The transfection efficiency in vitro was studied in terms of 293T, HepG2 and HeLa cell lines. It was found that the transfection efficiency was enhanced significantly for the vectors (ARM1 and ARM3) with double hydrophobic aliphatic tails. Interestingly, the conjugation of RGDS sequence in vectors displayed no obvious difference in cell adhesion for all of the three cell lines. Moreover, confocal laser scanning microscope results indicated that the peptide/pDNA complexes can enter the cell and nuclei successfully. On the other hand, all the vectors displayed low cytotoxicity. The artificial recombinant multi-block oligopeptides (ARMs) demonstrated here might give a promising potential of the peptide-based vectors in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Han
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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Liu BR, Lin MD, Chiang HJ, Lee HJ. Arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides deliver gene into living human cells. Gene 2012; 505:37-45. [PMID: 22669044 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Transgenesis is a process that introduces exogenous nucleic acids into the genome of an organism to produce desired traits or evaluate function. Improvements of transgenic technologies are always important pursuit in the last decades. Recently, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) were studied as shuttles that can internalize into cells directly and serve as carriers to deliver different cargoes into cells. In the present study, we evaluate whether arginine-rich CPPs can be used for gene delivery into human cells in a noncovalent fashion. We demonstrate that three arginine-rich CPPs (SR9, HR9, and PR9) are able to transport plasmid DNA into human A549 cells. For the functional gene assay, the CPP-delivered plasmid DNA containing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) coding sequence could be actively expressed in cells. The treatment of calcium chloride did not facilitate the CPP-mediated transfection efficiency, but enhance the gene expression intensity. Mechanistic studies further revealed that HR9/DNA complexes mediate the direct membrane translocation pathway for gene delivery. Our results suggest that arginine-rich CPPs, especially HR9, appear to be a high efficient and promising tool for gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Revon Liu
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
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Chen YJ, Liu BR, Dai YH, Lee CY, Chan MH, Chen HH, Chiang HJ, Lee HJ. A gene delivery system for insect cells mediated by arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides. Gene 2012; 493:201-10. [PMID: 22173105 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Most bioactive macromolecules, such as protein, DNA and RNA, basically cannot permeate into cells freely from outside the plasma membrane. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are a group of short peptides that possess the ability to traverse the cell membrane and have been considered as candidates for mediating gene and drug delivery into living cells. In this study, we demonstrate that three arginine-rich CPPs (SR9, HR9 and PR9) are able to form stable complexes with plasmid DNA and deliver DNA into insect Sf9 cells in a noncovalent manner. The transferred plasmid DNA containing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and red fluorescent protein (RFP) coding regions could be expressed in cells functionally assayed at both the protein and RNA levels. Furthermore, treatment of cells with CPPs and CPP/DNA complexes resulted in a viability of 84-93% indicating these CPPs are not cytotoxic. These results suggest that arginine-rich CPPs appear to be a promising tool for insect transgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Jen Chen
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
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