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Fernandes B, Cavaco-Paulo A, Matamá T. A Comprehensive Review of Mammalian Pigmentation: Paving the Way for Innovative Hair Colour-Changing Cosmetics. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020290. [PMID: 36829566 PMCID: PMC9953601 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The natural colour of hair shafts is formed at the bulb of hair follicles, and it is coupled to the hair growth cycle. Three critical processes must happen for efficient pigmentation: (1) melanosome biogenesis in neural crest-derived melanocytes, (2) the biochemical synthesis of melanins (melanogenesis) inside melanosomes, and (3) the transfer of melanin granules to surrounding pre-cortical keratinocytes for their incorporation into nascent hair fibres. All these steps are under complex genetic control. The array of natural hair colour shades are ascribed to polymorphisms in several pigmentary genes. A myriad of factors acting via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms also contributes for hair colour diversity. Given the enormous social and cosmetic importance attributed to hair colour, hair dyeing is today a common practice. Nonetheless, the adverse effects of the long-term usage of such cosmetic procedures demand the development of new methods for colour change. In this context, case reports of hair lightening, darkening and repigmentation as a side-effect of the therapeutic usage of many drugs substantiate the possibility to tune hair colour by interfering with the biology of follicular pigmentary units. By scrutinizing mammalian pigmentation, this review pinpoints key targetable processes for the development of innovative cosmetics that can safely change the hair colour from the inside out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fernandes
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.-P.); (T.M.); Tel.: +351-253-604-409 (A.C.-P.); +351-253-601-599 (T.M.)
| | - Teresa Matamá
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.-P.); (T.M.); Tel.: +351-253-604-409 (A.C.-P.); +351-253-601-599 (T.M.)
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Feng Y, Lu Y. Advances in vitiligo: Update on therapeutic targets. Front Immunol 2022; 13:986918. [PMID: 36119071 PMCID: PMC9471423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.986918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo, whose treatment remains a serious concern and challenge, is an autoimmune skin disease characterized by patches of depigmentation. The increasing application of molecular-targeted therapy in skin diseases, such as psoriasis and systemic lupus erythematosus, has dramatically improved their condition. Besides, there is a favorable effect of repigmentation in the treatment of the above diseases combined with vitiligo, implying that molecular-targeted therapy may also have utility in vitiligo treatment. Recently, the role of cytokine and signaling pathways in vitiligo pathogenesis are increasingly recognized. Thus, investigations are underway targeting the molecules described above. In this paper, we present a synopsis of current practices in vitiligo treatment and introduce the improvement in identifying new molecular targets and applying molecular-targeted therapies, including those under development in vitiligo treatment, providing valuable insight into establishing further precision medicine for vitiligo patients.
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Zhang Z, Shen W, Liu W, Lyu L. Role of miRNAs in melanin metabolism: Implications in melanin-related diseases. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:4146-4159. [PMID: 35041756 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short single-stranded non-coding RNAs that regulate degradation and expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) and play a wide range of key roles in different biological processes. They mediate different stages of melanocyte differentiation, growth, and apoptosis through a variety of pathways and can mediate melanin production by targeting key enzymes. AIMS This article was aimed to review the role of miRNAs in melanin metabolism and to introduce the role and significance of miRNAs in melanin-related diseases. MATERIALS & METHODS Systematic search and retrospective review were performed on the published data. RESULTS This paper reviews the process of melanin synthesis and the regulatory mechanism, explores the miRNA expression profiles in different model organisms, and introduces the mechanisms of several key miRNAs participating in melanin metabolism through target genes. We also explore the potential role of miRNA as a new target for the treatment of melanin metabolism disease, including vitiligo, melanoma, and chloasma. CONCLUSION miRNAs play a key role in melanin-related diseases, and the miRNAs involved may be potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wanlu Shen
- Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Lechun Lyu
- Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Xiang B, Li Y, Li J, Li J, Jiang H, Zhang Q. MiR-19 3b regulated the formation of coat colors by targeting WNT10A and GNAI2 in Cashmere goats. Anim Biotechnol 2021:1-9. [PMID: 34747678 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1998089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
MiRNAs as a series of small noncoding RNAs that play a crucial part in regulating coat color and hair follicle development. In the previous Solexa sequencing experiments, there were many miRNAs expressed differentially in alpacas with different coat color, including miR-193b.But the mechanism of miR-193b in mammalian pigmentation is still unknown. In this study, bioinformatics analysis showed that WNT10A and GNAI2 might be the target genes of miR-193b. qRT-PCR showed the expression of miR-193b in white Cashmere goats' skins was obviously lower than that in browns, and the expression of WNT10A and GNAI2 were similar with miR-193b. The protein levels of WNT10A and GNAI2 indicated the same findings. Furthermore, the expression of WNT10A and GNAI2 in keratinocytes were analyzed from mRNA and protein levels, the results manifested that the group of overexpression of miR-193b in HaCaT cells increased the expressions of target genes, and miR-193b inhibition group reduced expressions. Luciferase report assays confirmed that the targeting relationship between miR-193b and target genes (WNT10A and GNAI2), the results showed that miR-193b was positively correlated with target genes. These experimental data showed that miR-193b might participate in adjustment of coat color in skin tissue of Cashmere goat by targeting WNT10A and GNAI2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ba Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yumei Li
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianping Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, China
| | - Jianyu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - HuaiZhi Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - QiaoLing Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Zhou S, Zeng H, Huang J, Lei L, Tong X, Li S, Zhou Y, Guo H, Khan M, Luo L, Xiao R, Chen J, Zeng Q. Epigenetic regulation of melanogenesis. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 69:101349. [PMID: 33984527 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanogenesis is a complex process in which melanin is synthesized in melanocytes and transported to keratinocytes, which involves multiple genes and signaling pathways. Epigenetics refers to the potential genetic changes that affect gene expression without involving changes in the original sequence of DNA nucleotides. DNA methylation regulates the expression of key genes such as tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), dopachrome tautomerase (DCT) and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), as well as paracrine factors such as stem cell factor (SCF) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in melanogenesis. Potential DNA methylation sites are present in the genes of melanogenesis-related signaling pathways such as "Wnt", "PI3K/Akt/CREB" and "MAPK". H3K27 acetylation is abundant in melanogenesis-related genes. Both the upstream activation and downstream regulation of MITF depend on histone acetyltransferase CBP/p300, and pH-induced H3K27 acetylation may be the amplifying mechanism of MITF's effect. HDAC1 and HDAC10 catalyze histone deacetylation of melanogenesis-related gene promoters. Chromatin remodelers SWI/SNF complex and ISWI complex use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to rearrange nucleosomes, while their active subunits BRG1, BRM and BPTF, act as activators and cofactors of MITF. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can directly target a large number of melanogenesis-related genes, while long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) regulate melanogenesis in a variety of ways. Interactions exist among the epigenetic mechanisms of melanogenesis. For example, the methyl CpG binding domain protein 2 (MeCP2) links DNA methylation, histone deacetylation, and histone methylation. Epigenetic-based therapy provides novel opportunities for treating dermatoses that are caused by pigmentation disturbances. This review summarizes the epigenetic regulation mechanisms of melanogenesis, and examines the pathogenesis and treatment of epigenetics in pigmentation disorders.
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Zeng B, Li K, Yang Z, Wang H, Wang C, Huang P, Pan Y. Isoimperatorin (ISO) reduces melanin content in keratinocytes via miR-3619/CSTB and miR-3619/CSTD axes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:1436-1443. [PMID: 32299303 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1751581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Melanin metabolism disorders may cause severe impacts on the psychological and social activities of patients. Different from the other two steps of melanin metabolism, namely synthesis and transport, little has been known about the mechanism of melanin degradation. Isoimperatorin (ISO) suppressed the activity of tyrosinase, an essential enzyme in melanin biosynthesis, hence, we investigated the effects and mechanism of ISO in melanin reduction. ISO stimulation significantly reduces the melanin contents and PMEL 17 protein levels; meanwhile, the activity and the protein levels of two critical lysosomal enzymes, Cathepsin B and Cathepsin D, can be significantly increased by ISO treatment. MiR-3619 inhibited the expression of CSTB and CSTD, therefore affecting ISO-induced degradation of melanin. In summary, ISO reduces the melanin content via miR-3619/CSTB and miR-3619/CSTD axes. ISO could be a potent skin-whitening agent, which needs further in vivo and clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijun Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, the Domestic First-class Discipline Construction Project of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine , Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, the Domestic First-class Discipline Construction Project of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine , Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhibo Yang
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, the Domestic First-class Discipline Construction Project of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine , Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haizhen Wang
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, the Domestic First-class Discipline Construction Project of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine , Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, the Domestic First-class Discipline Construction Project of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine , Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pan Huang
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, the Domestic First-class Discipline Construction Project of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine , Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, the Domestic First-class Discipline Construction Project of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine , Changsha, Hunan, China
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Qi S, Liu B, Zhang J, Liu X, Dong C, Fan R. Knockdown of microRNA‑143‑5p by STTM technology affects eumelanin and pheomelanin production in melanocytes. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2649-2656. [PMID: 31322203 PMCID: PMC6691272 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) serve various roles in the regulation of melanogenesis in mammalian melanocytes that contribute to the development of hair color. The manipulation of the melanocyte action is a new target for genetic improvement. Short tandem target mimic (STTM) is a potent approach for silencing miRNAs in plants and animals. To investigate the function of miR‑143‑5p in melanogenesis, STTM was used to block the expression of miR‑143‑5p (STTM‑miR‑143‑5p). The molecular analysis and luciferase reporter assay identified myosin Va gene (MYO5A) as one of the miR‑143‑5p targets. STTM‑miR‑143‑5p overexpression resulted in an increased expression of downstream melanogenesis genes including microphthalmia‑associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase family members [tyrosinase (TYR) and tyrosinase‑related protein 1 (TYRP1)], melanophilin (MLPH), and Rab27a, thereby contributing to melanocyte pigmentation by promoting total alkali‑soluble melanogenesis (ASM) and eumelanin (EM) contents; conversely, STTM‑miR‑143‑5p overexpression resulted in decreased expression of the tyrosinase‑related protein 2 (TYRP2)/dopachrome tautomerase (DCT), which is responsible for decreased pheomelanin (PM) content in mouse melanocytes. The results indicated that melanin production in melanocytes could be increased by manipulating miR‑143‑5p expression using STTM which resulted in ASM and EM production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Qi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, P.R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, P.R. China
| | - Junzhen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, P.R. China
| | - Xuexian Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, P.R. China
| | - Changsheng Dong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, P.R. China
| | - Ruiwen Fan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, P.R. China
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