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Dai W, Guo R, Na X, Jiang S, Liang J, Guo C, Fang Y, Na Z, Li D. Hypoxia and the endometrium: An indispensable role for HIF-1α as therapeutic strategies. Redox Biol 2024; 73:103205. [PMID: 38815332 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) is a major molecular mediator of the hypoxic response. In the endometrium, local hypoxic conditions induced by hormonal fluctuations and endometrial vascular remodeling contribute to the production of HIF-1α, which plays an indispensable role in a series of physiological activities, such as menstruation and metamorphosis. The sensitive regulation of HIF-1α maintains the cellular viability and regenerative capacity of the endometrium against cellular stresses induced by hypoxia and excess reactive oxygen species. In contrast, abnormal HIF-1α levels exacerbate the development of various endometrial pathologies. This knowledge opens important possibilities for the development of promising HIF-1α-centered strategies to ameliorate endometrial disease. Nonetheless, additional efforts are required to elucidate the regulatory network of endometrial HIF-1α and promote the applications of HIF-1α-centered strategies in the human endometrium. Here, we summarize the role of the HIF-1α-mediated pathway in endometrial physiology and pathology, highlight the latest HIF-1α-centered strategies for treating endometrial diseases, and improve endometrial receptivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlin Dai
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Renhao Guo
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinni Na
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuyi Jiang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junzhi Liang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cuishan Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Advanced Reproductive Medicine and Fertility (China Medical University), National Health Commission, Shenyang, China.
| | - Zhijing Na
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Advanced Reproductive Medicine and Fertility (China Medical University), National Health Commission, Shenyang, China.
| | - Da Li
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Advanced Reproductive Medicine and Fertility (China Medical University), National Health Commission, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Diseases and Fertility Remodeling of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.
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DeFrates KG, Tong E, Cheng J, Heber‐Katz E, Messersmith PB. A Pro-Regenerative Supramolecular Prodrug Protects Against and Repairs Colon Damage in Experimental Colitis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304716. [PMID: 38247203 PMCID: PMC10987129 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Structural repair of the intestinal epithelium is strongly correlated with disease remission in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, ulcer healing is not addressed by existing therapies. To address this need, this study reports the use of a small molecule prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitor (DPCA) to upregulate hypoxia-inducible factor one-alpha (HIF-1α) and induce mammalian regeneration. Sustained delivery of DPCA is achieved through subcutaneous injections of a supramolecular hydrogel, formed through the self-assembly of PEG-DPCA conjugates. Pre-treatment of mice with PEG-DPCA is shown to protect mice from epithelial erosion and symptoms of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Surprisingly, a single subcutaneous dose of PEG-DPCA, administered after disease onset, leads to accelerated weight gain and complete restoration of healthy tissue architecture in colitic mice. Rapid DPCA-induced restoration of the intestinal barrier is likely orchestrated by increased expression of HIF-1α and associated targets leading to an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Further investigation of DPCA as a potential adjunctive or stand-alone restorative treatment to combat active IBD is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey G. DeFrates
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Elaine Tong
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | | | - Phillip B. Messersmith
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
- Materials Sciences DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
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Yang P, Chai Y, Wei M, Ge Y, Xu F. Mechanism of salidroside in the treatment of endometrial cancer based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14114. [PMID: 37644107 PMCID: PMC10465614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Salidroside is a natural product of phenols, which has a wide scape of pharmacological effects, but its pharmacological effects and molecular mechanism on endometrial cancer are not clear. To systematically explore the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of salidroside on endometrial cancer through the method of network pharmacology. The possible target genes of salidroside were obtained through different pharmacological databases and analysis platforms, and then the relevant target genes of endometrial cancer were obtained through the GeneCards website, and the target genes were uniformly converted into standardized gene names with Uniprot. The collected data were then processed to obtain common target genes and further analyzed through the String website to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, followed by gene ontology (GO) functional annotation and Kyoto Gene and Genome Encyclopedia (KEGG) pathway analysis. We further interpreted the molecular mechanism of salidroside for the treatment of endometrial cancer by constructing a "drug component-target gene-disease" network. Finally, we performed molecular docking to validate the binding conformation between salidroside and the candidate target genes. There were 175 target genes of salidroside after normalization, among which 113 target genes interacted with endometrial cancer. GO analysis indicated that the anti-endometrial cancer effect of salidroside may be strongly related to biological processes such as apoptosis and response to drug. KEGG analysis indicated that its mechanism may be related to pathway in cancer and PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Molecular docking showed that salidroside had high affinity with five key genes. Based on the novel network pharmacology and molecular docking validation research methods, we have revealed for the first time the potential mechanism of salidroside in the therapy of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihong Chai
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Feixue Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
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Oropeza-de Lara SA, Garza-Veloz I, Berthaud-González B, Martinez-Fierro ML. Circulating and Endometrial Tissue microRNA Markers Associated with Endometrial Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Response to Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2686. [PMID: 37345024 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In developed countries, endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common neoplasms of the female reproductive system. MicroRNAs (miRs) are a class of single-stranded noncoding RNA molecules with lengths of 19-25 nucleotides that bind to target messenger RNA (mRNA) to regulate post-transcriptional gene expression. Although there is a large amount of research focused on identifying miRs with a diagnostic, prognostic, or response to treatment capacity in EC, these studies differ in terms of experimental methodology, types of samples used, selection criteria, and results obtained. Hence, there is a large amount of heterogeneous information that makes it difficult to identify potential miR biomarkers. We aimed to summarize the current knowledge on miRs that have been shown to be the most suitable potential markers for EC. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar without date restrictions or filters. We described 138 miRs with potential diagnostic, prognostic, or treatment response potential in EC. Seven diagnostic panels showed higher sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of EC than individual miRs. We further identified miRs up- or downregulated depending on the FIGO stage, precursor lesions, and staging after surgery, which provides insight into which miRs are expressed chronologically depending on the disease stage and/or that are modulated depending on the tumor grade based on histopathological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Antonio Oropeza-de Lara
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km 6, Ejido La Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico
| | - Idalia Garza-Veloz
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km 6, Ejido La Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico
| | - Bertha Berthaud-González
- Hospital General Zacatecas "Luz González Cosío", Servicios de Salud de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico
| | - Margarita L Martinez-Fierro
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km 6, Ejido La Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico
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5
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Scutiero G, Vizzielli G, Taliento C, Bernardi G, Martinello R, Cianci S, Riemma G, Scambia G, Greco P. Influence of uterine manipulator on oncological outcome in minimally invasive surgery of endometrial cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2022; 48:2112-2118. [PMID: 35725683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2022.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM The endoscopic approach for early-stage endometrial cancer (EC) treatment is considered gold standard. Some authors expressed their concern regarding uterine manipulator (UM) as a risk factor for tumor spillage and dissemination allowing peritoneal or lympho-vascular spaces invasion (LVSI). This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of UM on the presence of LVSI, recurrence rate and presence of atypical or malignant peritoneal cytology in patients with endometrial cancer. METHODS We searched electronic databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, EBSCO, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The pooled results were used to evaluate the association between the use of UM and oncological outcomes. This systematic review was reported according to PRISMA statement 2020. Statistical meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager software. RESULTS This systematic review included 18 studies (3 prospective studies, 13 retrospective studies, and 2 RCT). The pooled results showed no significant difference (RR: 0.86, 95% CI, 0.69 to 1.08) in the incidence of LVSI between manipulated hysterectomy and total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) and between UM group and non-UM group in minimally invasive surgery (RR: 1.18, 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.85), no significant difference in the rate of recurrence (RR: 1.11, 95% CI, 0.71 to 1.74), in the incidence of positive peritoneal cytology between manipulated and non-manipulated hysterectomies in minimally invasive surgery (RR: 1.89, 95% CI, 0.74 to 4.83) and before and after the use of uterine manipulator (RR: 1.21, 95% CI, 0.68 to 2.16). We found a positive association between malignant cytology and hysterectomies in which a uterine manipulator had been used in a sub-group analysis where LH/LAVH were compared to TAH. (RR = 2.26, 95% CI, 1.08-4.71. P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis supports that the use of uterine manipulator for minimally invasive treatment of endometrial cancer does not increase the rate of recurrence and LVSI. Therefore, the opportunity of any other studies on its use in endometrial cancer women should be questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Scutiero
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - G Vizzielli
- Department of Medical Area (DAME), University of Udine, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Santa Maria Della Misericordia" University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy.
| | - C Taliento
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - G Bernardi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - R Martinello
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - S Cianci
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood "G. Barresi", Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Messina, Italy
| | - G Riemma
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - G Scambia
- Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Fondazione "Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - P Greco
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ferrara, Italy
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6
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Di Martino MT, Arbitrio M, Caracciolo D, Cordua A, Cuomo O, Grillone K, Riillo C, Caridà G, Scionti F, Labanca C, Romeo C, Siciliano MA, D'Apolito M, Napoli C, Montesano M, Farenza V, Uppolo V, Tafuni M, Falcone F, D'Aquino G, Calandruccio ND, Luciano F, Pensabene L, Tagliaferri P, Tassone P. miR-221/222 as biomarkers and targets for therapeutic intervention on cancer and other diseases: A systematic review. MOLECULAR THERAPY - NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 27:1191-1224. [PMID: 35282417 PMCID: PMC8891816 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Among deregulated microRNAs (miRs) in human malignancies, miR-221 has been widely investigated for its oncogenic role and as a promising biomarker. Moreover, recent evidence suggests miR-221 as a fine-tuner of chronic liver injury and inflammation-related events. Available information also supports the potential of miR-221 silencing as promising therapeutic intervention. In this systematic review, we selected papers from the principal databases (PubMed, MedLine, Medscape, ASCO, ESMO) between January 2012 and December 2020, using the keywords “miR-221” and the specific keywords related to the most important hematologic and solid malignancies, and some non-malignant diseases, to define and characterize deregulated miR-221 as a valuable therapeutic target in the modern vision of molecular medicine. We found a major role of miR-221 in this view.
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7
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Fodor A, Lazar AL, Buchman C, Tiperciuc B, Orasan OH, Cozma A. MicroRNAs: The Link between the Metabolic Syndrome and Oncogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126337. [PMID: 34199293 PMCID: PMC8231835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a cluster of disorders that increase the risk of a plethora of conditions, in particular type two diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain types of cancers. MetS is a complex entity characterized by a chronic inflammatory state that implies dysregulations of adipokins and proinflammatory cytokins together with hormonal and growth factors imbalances. Of great interest is the implication of microRNA (miRNA, miR), non-coding RNA, in cancer genesis, progression, and metastasis. The adipose tissue serves as an important source of miRs, which represent a novel class of adipokines, that play a crucial role in carcinogenesis. Altered miRs secretion in the adipose tissue, in the context of MetS, might explain their implication in the oncogenesis. The interplay between miRs expressed in adipose tissue, their dysregulation and cancer pathogenesis are still intriguing, taking into consideration the fact that miRNAs show both carcinogenic and tumor suppressor effects. The aim of our review was to discuss the latest publications concerning the implication of miRs dysregulation in MetS and their significance in tumoral signaling pathways. Furthermore, we emphasized the role of miRNAs as potential target therapies and their implication in cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Fodor
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrtion, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (A.L.L.); (C.B.)
| | - Andrada Luciana Lazar
- Department of Dermatology, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (A.L.L.); (C.B.)
| | - Cristina Buchman
- Department of Oncology, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (A.L.L.); (C.B.)
| | - Brandusa Tiperciuc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Olga Hilda Orasan
- Internal Medicine Department, 4th Medical Clinic “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.H.O.); (A.C.)
| | - Angela Cozma
- Internal Medicine Department, 4th Medical Clinic “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.H.O.); (A.C.)
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Favier A, Rocher G, Larsen AK, Delangle R, Uzan C, Sabbah M, Castela M, Duval A, Mehats C, Canlorbe G. MicroRNA as Epigenetic Modifiers in Endometrial Cancer: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051137. [PMID: 33800944 PMCID: PMC7961497 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Endometrial cancer (EC) is the 2nd most common gynecologic cancer worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that contribute to epigenetic regulation. The objective of this systematic review is to summarize our current knowledge on the role of miRNAs in the epigenetic deregulation of tumor-related genes in EC. It includes all miRNAs reported to be involved in EC including their roles in DNA methylation and RNA-associated silencing. This systematic review should be useful for development of novel strategies to improve diagnosis and risk assessment as well as for new treatments aimed at miRNAs, their target genes or DNA methylation. Abstract The objective of this systematic review is to summarize our current knowledge on the influence of miRNAs in the epigenetic deregulation of tumor-related genes in endometrial cancer (EC). We conducted a literature search on the role of miRNAs in the epigenetic regulation of EC applying the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The following terms were used: microRNA, miRNA, miR, endometrial cancer, endometrium, epigenetic, epimutation, hypermethylation, lynch, deacetylase, DICER, novel biomarker, histone, chromatin. The miRNAs were classified and are presented according to their function (tumor suppressor or onco-miRNA), their targets (when known), their expression levels in EC tissue vs the normal surrounding tissue, and the degree of DNA methylation in miRNA loci and CpG sites. Data were collected from 201 articles, including 190 original articles, published between November 1, 2008 and September 30, 2020 identifying 313 different miRNAs implicated in epigenetic regulation of EC. Overall, we identified a total of 148 miRNAs with decreased expression in EC, 140 miRNAs with increased expression in EC, and 22 miRNAs with discordant expression levels. The literature implicated different epigenetic phenomena including altered miRNA expression levels (miR-182, -230), changes in the methylation of miRNA loci (miR-34b, -129-2, -130a/b, -152, -200b, -625) and increased/decreased methylation of target genes (miR-30d,-191). This work provides an overview of all miRNAs reported to be involved in epigenetic regulation in EC including DNA methylation and RNA-associated silencing. These findings may contribute to novel strategies in diagnosis, risk assessment, and treatments aimed at miRNAs, their target genes or DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélia Favier
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), INSERM UMR_S_938, Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Sorbonne University, 75012 Paris, France; (A.K.L.); (C.U.); (M.S.)
- Department of Gynecological and Breast Surgery and Oncology, Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), University Hospital, 75013 Paris, France; (G.R.); (R.D.)
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France;
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Grégoire Rocher
- Department of Gynecological and Breast Surgery and Oncology, Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), University Hospital, 75013 Paris, France; (G.R.); (R.D.)
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France;
| | - Annette K. Larsen
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), INSERM UMR_S_938, Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Sorbonne University, 75012 Paris, France; (A.K.L.); (C.U.); (M.S.)
| | - Romain Delangle
- Department of Gynecological and Breast Surgery and Oncology, Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), University Hospital, 75013 Paris, France; (G.R.); (R.D.)
| | - Catherine Uzan
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), INSERM UMR_S_938, Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Sorbonne University, 75012 Paris, France; (A.K.L.); (C.U.); (M.S.)
- Department of Gynecological and Breast Surgery and Oncology, Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), University Hospital, 75013 Paris, France; (G.R.); (R.D.)
| | - Michèle Sabbah
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), INSERM UMR_S_938, Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Sorbonne University, 75012 Paris, France; (A.K.L.); (C.U.); (M.S.)
| | - Mathieu Castela
- Scarcell Therapeutics, 101 rue de Sèvres, 75006 Paris, France;
| | - Alex Duval
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France;
| | - Céline Mehats
- U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Institut Cochin, INSERM, Université de Paris, 75014 Paris, France;
| | - Geoffroy Canlorbe
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), INSERM UMR_S_938, Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Sorbonne University, 75012 Paris, France; (A.K.L.); (C.U.); (M.S.)
- Department of Gynecological and Breast Surgery and Oncology, Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), University Hospital, 75013 Paris, France; (G.R.); (R.D.)
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (G.C.)
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9
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Salinas-Vera YM, Gallardo-Rincón D, Ruíz-García E, Silva-Cázares MB, de la Peña-Cruz CS, López-Camarillo C. The role of hypoxia in endometrial cancer. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:221-234. [PMID: 33655827 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210224130022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer represents the most frequent neoplasia from the corpus uteri, and comprises the 14th leading cause of death in women worldwide. Risk factors that contribute to the disease include early menarche, late menopause, nulliparity, and menopausal hormone use, as well as hypertension and obesity comorbidities. The clinical effectiveness of chemotherapy is variable, suggesting that novel molecular targeted therapies against specific cellular processes associated with the maintenance of cancer cell survival and therapy resistance urged to ameliorate the rates of success in endometrial cancer treatment. In the course of tumor growth, cancer cells must adapt to decreased oxygen availability in the microenvironment by upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factors, which orchestrate the activation of a transcriptional program leading to cell survival. During this adaptative process, the hypoxic cancer cells may acquire invasive and metastatic properties as well as increased cell proliferation and resistance to chemotherapy, enhanced angiogenesis, vasculogenic mimicry, and maintenance of cancer cell stemness, which contribute to more aggressive cancer phenotypes. Several studies have shown that hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) protein is aberrantly overexpressed in many solid tumors from breast, prostate, ovarian, bladder, colon, brain, and pancreas. Thus, it has been considered an important therapeutic target. Here, we reviewed the current knowledge of the relevant roles of cellular hypoxia mechanisms and HIF-1α functions in diverse processes associated with endometrial cancer progression. In addition, we also summarize the role of microRNAs in the posttranscriptional regulation of protein-encoding genes involved in the hypoxia response in endometrial cancer. Finally, we pointed out the need for urgent targeted therapies to impair the cellular processes activated by hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dolores Gallardo-Rincón
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional y Departamento de Tumores Gastrointestinales, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México. Mexico
| | - Erika Ruíz-García
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional y Departamento de Tumores Gastrointestinales, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México. Mexico
| | - Macrina B Silva-Cázares
- Doctorado Institucional en Ingeniería y Ciencia de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Mexico
| | | | - César López-Camarillo
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México. Mexico
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10
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Barth DA, Drula R, Ott L, Fabris L, Slaby O, Calin GA, Pichler M. Circulating Non-coding RNAs in Renal Cell Carcinoma-Pathogenesis and Potential Implications as Clinical Biomarkers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:828. [PMID: 33042985 PMCID: PMC7523432 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy-the determination of circulating cells, proteins, DNA or RNA from biofluids through a "less invasive" approach-has emerged as a novel approach in all cancer entities. Circulating non-(protein) coding RNAs including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and YRNAs can be passively released by tissue or cell damage or actively secreted as cell-free circulating RNAs, bound to lipoproteins or carried by exosomes. In renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a growing body of evidence suggests circulating non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as miRNAs, lncRNAs, and YRNAs as promising and easily accessible blood-based biomarkers for the early diagnosis of RCC as well as for the prediction of prognosis and treatment response. In addition, circulating ncRNAs could also play a role in RCC pathogenesis and progression. This review gives an overview over the current study landscape of circulating ncRNAs and their involvement in RCC pathogenesis as well as their potential utility as future biomarkers in RCC diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik A Barth
- Research Unit of Non-Coding RNAs and Genome Editing, Division of Clinical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rares Drula
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Research Centre for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Leonie Ott
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Linda Fabris
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ondrej Slaby
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Martin Pichler
- Research Unit of Non-Coding RNAs and Genome Editing, Division of Clinical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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11
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Sidorkiewicz I, Jóźwik M, Niemira M, Krętowski A. Insulin Resistance and Endometrial Cancer: Emerging Role for microRNA. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2559. [PMID: 32911852 PMCID: PMC7563767 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) remains one of the most common cancers of the female reproductive system. Epidemiological and clinical data implicate insulin resistance (IR) and its accompanying hyperinsulinemia as key factors in the development of EC. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short molecules of non-coding endogenous RNA that function as post-transcriptional regulators. Accumulating evidence has shown that the miRNA expression pattern is also likely to be associated with EC risk factors. The aim of this work was the verification of the relationships between IR, EC, and miRNA, and, as based on the literature data, elucidation of miRNA's potential utility for EC prevention in IR patients. The pathways affected in IR relate to the insulin receptors, insulin-like growth factors and their receptors, insulin-like growth factor binding proteins, sex hormone-binding globulin, and estrogens. Herein, we present and discuss arguments for miRNAs as a plausible molecular link between IR and EC development. Specifically, our careful literature search indicated that dysregulation of at least 13 miRNAs has been ascribed to both conditions. We conclude that there is a reasonable possibility for miRNAs to become a predictive factor of future EC in IR patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Sidorkiewicz
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Białystok, Poland; (M.N.); (A.K.)
| | - Maciej Jóźwik
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Medical University of Białystok, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Niemira
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Białystok, Poland; (M.N.); (A.K.)
| | - Adam Krętowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Białystok, Poland; (M.N.); (A.K.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Białystok, Poland
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12
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Shao QP, Wei C, Yang J, Zhang WZ. miR-3609 Decelerates the Clearance of Sorafenib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Targeting EPAS-1 and Reducing the Activation of the Pregnane X Receptor Pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:7213-7227. [PMID: 32801751 PMCID: PMC7394586 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s246471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pregnane X receptor (PXR) not only plays an important role in cellular metabolism processes but also induces the resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells to molecularly targeted drugs by mediating their metabolism and clearance by these cells. Endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1 (EPAS-1) acts as a coactivator to regulate the transcription factor activity of PXR. In the present study, a microRNA that potentially targets EPAS-1, namely miR-3609, was identified using the miRDB tool. Methods The expression of miR-3609 and EPAS-1 was examined by qPCR. Lentiviral particles containing the full-length sequences of miR-3609 (pri-miR-3609) were prepared. The antitumor effect of antitumor agents was examined by the in vitro and in vivo assays. Results The expression of miR-3609 was negatively correlated with that of EPAS-1 in both HCC clinical specimens and paired non-tumor specimens, and the effect of miR-3609 on the expression of EPAS-1 was confirmed by Western blot experiments. Overexpression of miR-3609 decreased the expression of EPAS-1 and, in turn, repressed the activation of the PXR pathway. miR-3609 decreased the transcription factor activation of PXR, repressed its recruitment to its target gene promoter regions, and decreased the expression of its target genes CYP3A4 and P-GP. In addition, miR-3609 decelerated the metabolism and clearance of sorafenib in HCC cells and enhanced the antitumor effect of sorafenib in HCC cells. Conclusion Therefore, the results indicate that miR-3609 decreases the expression of EPAS-1 and enhances the sensitivity of HCC cells to sorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ping Shao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450008, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Zhou Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450008, People's Republic of China
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13
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Liu L, Yu ZY, Yu TT, Cui SH, Yang L, Chang H, Qu YH, Lv XF, Zhang XA, Ren CC. A Slug-dependent mechanism is responsible for tumor suppression of p53-stabilizing compound CP-31398 in p53-mutated endometrial carcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8768-8778. [PMID: 32633026 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutation in the tumor suppressor gene p53 is the most frequent molecular defect in endometrial carcinoma (EC). Recently, CP-31398, a p53-stabilizing compound, has been indicated to possess the ability to alter the expression of non-p53 target genes in addition to p53 downstream genes in tumor cells. Herein, we explore the alternative mechanisms underlying the restoration of EC tumor suppressor function in mutant p53 by CP-31398. A p53-mutated EC cell was constructed in AN3CA cells with restored or partial loss of Slug using lentiviral vectors, followed by treatment with 25 μM CP-31398. A p53-independent mechanism of CP-31398 was confirmed by the interaction between mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) and Slug AN3CA cells treated with IWR-1 (inhibitor of Wnt response 1). Furthermore, the AN3CA cells were treated with short hairpin RNA against Slug, Wnt-specific activators (LiCl) or inhibitors (XAV-939) followed by CP-31398 treatment. Moreover, AN3CA cell proliferation and apoptosis were examined. A tumorigenicity assay was conducted in nude mice. CP-31398 could promote the apoptosis of p53-mutated EC cells, while Slug reversed this effect. Slug ubiquitination was found to occur via binding of Slug to MDM2 in AN3CA cells. We found that CP-31398 increased the GSK-3ß, p-Slug, Puma, Wtp53, and Bax expressions whereas Wnt, Mtp-53, Slug, Bcl-2, and Ki-67 expressions were decreased. However, these findings were reversed following the activation of the Wnt pathway and overexpression of Slug. Finally, the in vivo experimental evidence confirmed that CP-31398 with depleted Slug suppressed tumor growth by downregulating the Slug. Collectively, CP-31398-regulated Slug downregulation represses the p53-mutated EC via the p53/Wnt/Puma pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Yu
- Department of Gynecology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tan-Tan Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shi-Hong Cui
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Chang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan-Hong Qu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Lv
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-An Zhang
- Department of Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chen-Chen Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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14
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Liu J, Liu H, Zeng Q, Xu P, Liu M, Yang N. Circular RNA circ-MAT2B facilitates glycolysis and growth of gastric cancer through regulating the miR-515-5p/HIF-1α axis. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:171. [PMID: 32467667 PMCID: PMC7231419 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a special kind of non-coding RNAs that are implicated in cancer malignant behavior, including glycolysis. However, their contributions to gastric cancer (GC) cell glycolysis are still poorly understood. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the glycolysis-related role of circ-MAT2B in GC. Methods Gene expression was determined by qRT-PCR analysis. Protein level was detected by Western blot. The CCK-8, colony and EdU assays were carried out to assess GC cell viability, colony formation and DNA synthesis rate. Glycolysis was determined by glucose uptake and lactate production. The positive regulatory network of circ-MAT2B/miR-515-5p/HIF-1α was identified by RNA pull-down, RIP, ChIP and luciferase reporter assays. The in vivo role of circ-MAT2B was evaluated by using xenograft tumor model. Results Circ-MAT2B was notably increased in GC and could be used as a sensitive and specific indicator of GC diagnosis and prognosis. Stable knockdown of circ-MAT2B dramatically inhibited GC cell viability, colony formation, DNA synthesis, glucose uptake and lactate production in vitro, and retarded tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, circ-MAT2B was dominantly located in the cytoplasm and acted as a ceRNA to sponge miR-515-5p and increase HIF-1α expression. Silencing of miR-515-5p or overexpression of HIF-1α could evidently rescue the attenuated aggressive phenotype of GC cells caused by circ-MAT2B knockdown. Importantly, HIF-1α was able to directly bind to circ-MAT2B promoter and transcriptionally activate circ-MAT2B, thus forming a positive feedback loop. Conclusion Our data suggest that circ-MAT2B is a oncogenic circRNA in GC and provide a promising therapeutic target for GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Nutriology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510000 China
| | - Haiying Liu
- Department of Nutriology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510000 China
| | - Qingshan Zeng
- Department of Nutriology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510000 China
| | - Pei Xu
- Department of Nutriology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510000 China
| | - Mingxing Liu
- Department of Nutriology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510000 China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Nutriology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510000 China
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15
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Ma DB, Qin MM, Shi L, Ding XM. MicroRNA-6077 enhances the sensitivity of patients-derived lung adenocarcinoma cells to anlotinib by repressing the activation of glucose transporter 1 pathway. Cell Signal 2019; 64:109391. [PMID: 31421224 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anlotinib is a novel molecular targeted agent targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, which differs from the other currently available non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) molecular targeted drugs targeting this receptor. Although the application of anlotinib may bring new hope for patients with advanced NSCLC, the cost of treatment is high. The results of this study showed that microRNA-6077 (miR-6077) represses the expression of GLUT1 (glucose transporter 1) and enhances the sensitivity of patient-derived lung adenocarcinoma (AC) cells to anlotinib. The miR-6077, which potentially binds to the 3'untranslated region of GLUT1, was identified and screened by miRDB, an online tool; sequences of miR-6077 were prepared as lentivirus particles. A549 cells (a lung adenocarcinoma cell line) and five patient-derived AC cell lines were infected with control miRNA or miR-6077, and subsequently treated with the indicated concentration of anlotinib. The expression of proteins, such as GLUT1, was determined by western blotting. The antitumor effect of anlotinib was identified through in-vitro (e.g., MTT) or in-vivo methods (e.g., subcutaneous tumor model). Overexpression of miR-6077 repressed the expression of GLUT1 and decreased the glucose uptake, lactate production, or ATP generation in AC cells. In addition, MiR-6077 may enhance the antitumor effect of anlotinib on A549 or patient-derived AC cell lines. Therefore, our results indicated that miR-6077 represses the expression of GLUT1 and enhances the sensitivity of patients-derived lung AC cells to anlotinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Bin Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Meng-Meng Qin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Xin-Min Ding
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China.
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