Exploring the mechanism of clear cell renal cell carcinoma metastasis and key genes based on multi-tool joint analysis

Renal cancer: signaling pathways and advances in targeted therapies

Renal cancer is a highlyheterogeneous malignancy characterized by rising global incidence and mortalityrates. The complex interplay and dysregulation of multiple signaling pathways,including von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)/hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Hippo-yes-associated protein (YAP), Wnt/ß-catenin, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met, contribute to theinitiation and progression of renal cancer. Although surgical resection is thestandard treatment for localized renal cancer, recurrence and metastasiscontinue to pose significant challenges. Advanced renal cancer is associatedwith a poor prognosis, and current therapies, such as targeted agents andimmunotherapies, have limitations. This review presents a comprehensiveoverview of the molecular mechanisms underlying aberrant signaling pathways inrenal cancer, emphasizing their intricate crosstalk and synergisticinteractions. We discuss recent advancements in targeted therapies, includingtyrosine kinase inhibitors, and immunotherapies, such as checkpoint inhibitors.Moreover, we underscore the importance of multiomics approaches and networkanalysis in elucidating the complex regulatory networks governing renal cancerpathogenesis. By integrating cutting-edge research and clinical insights, this review contributesto the development of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, whichhave the potential to improve risk stratification, precision medicine, andultimately, patient outcomes in renal cancer.

B4GALNT1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma stemness and progression via integrin α2β1-mediated FAK and AKT activation

BACKGROUND & AIMS

β-1,4-N-Acetyl-galactosaminyltransferase 1 (B4GALNT1) has been reported to contribute to the development of human malignancies. However, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains uncharacterised. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the role of B4GALNT1 in HCC stemness and progression.

METHODS

Immunohistochemical staining was used to evaluate B4GALNT1 expression in HCC tissues and adjacent normal liver tissues. Flow cytometry analysis and sphere formation analysis were performed to investigate the role of B4GALNT1 in HCC stemness. Colony formation, Incucyte, wound-healing, Transwell migration, and invasion assays, and an animal model were used to study the role of B4GALNT1 in HCC progression. RNA-sequencing and co-immunoprecipitation were used to investigate the downstream targets of B4GALNT1.

RESULTS

B4GALNT1 was upregulated in HCC and associated with poor clinical outcome of patients with the disease. Moreover, B4GALNT1 promoted HCC stemness, migration, invasion, and growth. Mechanistically, B4GALNT1 not only promoted the expression of the integrin α2β1 ligand THBS4, but also directly interacted with the β subunit of integrin α2β1 ITGB1 to inhibit its ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation, resulting in activation of FAK and AKT. Ophiopogonin D inhibited HCC stemness and progression by reducing ITGB1 and THBS4 expression and inhibiting FAK and AKT activation.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study suggests the B4GALNT1/integrin α2β1/FAK/PI3K/AKT axis as a therapeutic target for the inhibition of HCC stemness and tumour progression.

IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS

The role and regulatory mechanism of B4GALNT1 in HCC have not been studied previously. Here, we reveal that B4GALNT1 has a crucial role in HCC stemness and progression by activating the integrin α2β1/FAK/PI3K/AKT axis, providing a potential target for HCC therapy. In addition, we find Ophiopogonin D as a potential therapeutic drug for patients with HCC.

B4GALNT1 promotes carcinogenesis by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma based on pan-cancer analysis

BACKGROUND

β-1,4-N-Acetyl galactosaminyltransferase1 (B4GALNT1) has been reported to play important roles in tumor progression and metastasis. Herein, we investigate the oncogenic roles of B4GALNT1 for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) based on immune microenvironment.

METHODS

The Cancer Genome Atlas database and Genotype-Tissue Expression, cBioportal, ImmuCellAI, TIMER2 and other databases were searched to analyze the expression and clinical applications of B4GALNT1 in liver cancer patients. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, Cox regression analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis were utilized. Moreover, western blot assay, immune histochemistry staining, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, invasion and migration assay were performed to evaluate the function of B4GALNT1 in HCC.

RESULTS

B4GALNT1 is overexpressed in 14 tumors, and the mRNA expression levels of B4GALNT1 were remarkably elevated in most tumor types, including HCC. In addition, B4GALNT1 expression was an independent prognostic factor, and a low expression of B4GALNT1 showed a better overall survival and disease-specific recurrence-free survival in patients with HCC. Gene set variation analysis indicated that B4GALNT1 presented a positive correlation with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway in HCC. B4GALNT1 expression was closely associated with immune activation genes in the HCC microenvironment. Moreover, B4GALNT1 expression was higher in HCC tissue than that in surrounding tissues. B4GALNT1 promoted the expression of apoptosis-related or EMT-related proteins and then decreased the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl in HCC cells, suggesting that B4GALNT1 knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasion of HCC cells.

CONCLUSIONS

B4GALNT1 may promote HCC development through regulating the EMT pathway, which suggests that B4GALNT1 may serve as a promising predictive biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for HCC.

Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma with ipsilateral ureteral urothelial carcinoma: A case report

It is very rare for different types of urological tumours to occur together, and it is even rarer for chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (CRCC) to be combined with ipsilateral ureteral urothelial carcinoma (UUC), and the symptoms are relatively homogeneous, mostly presenting as symptoms that can be observed in malignant tumours alone, and therefore are often easily missed. In the present study, a case of a patient who was admitted to the hospital for more than 3 months with no obvious cause of terminal carnivorous hematuria was reported, and ureteral carcinoma was considered in the preoperative diagnosis but not renal carcinoma. After completion of preoperative tests, laparoscopic right nephrectomy and right ureterectomy was performed. The postoperative pathological diagnosis was CRCC of the right side and low-grade UUC of the right side, and the patient did not show any significant abnormality at the postoperative follow-up. By discussing this case and reviewing the relevant literature, the present study provides clinicians with more insight.

The critical role of the Hippo signaling pathway in kidney diseases

The Hippo signaling pathway is involved in cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis, and it plays a key role in regulating organ size, tissue regeneration, and tumor development. The Hippo signaling pathway also participates in the occurrence and development of various human diseases. Recently, many studies have shown that the Hippo pathway is closely related to renal diseases, including renal cancer, cystic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy, and renal fibrosis, and it promotes the transformation of acute kidney disease to chronic kidney disease (CKD). The present paper summarizes and analyzes the research status of the Hippo signaling pathway in different kidney diseases, and it also summarizes the expression of Hippo signaling pathway components in pathological tissues of kidney diseases. In addition, the present paper discusses the positive therapeutic significance of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in regulating the Hippo signaling pathway for treating kidney diseases. This article introduces new targets and ideas for drug development, clinical diagnosis, and treatment of kidney diseases.

Identification of key genes of the ccRCC subtype with poor prognosis

Clear cell renal carcinoma has been reported in many research studies as a rather heterogeneous disease. Identification of different subtypes and their molecular characteristics can help in choosing a more effective treatment and predicting a response to it. In this study, using multi-omics clustering of RNA-Seq data of patients with clear cell renal carcinoma from TCGA. Specific genes were identified for the most aggressive ccRCC subtype associated with metastasis and a subtype associated with a more favorable course of the disease. Among them were genes associated with blood clotting (FGA, FGG) and genes associated with changes in the immune characteristics of a tumor (ENAM, IGFBP1, IL6). In addition, an association of hub genes of poor survival ccRCC subtype with the levels of infiltration of endothelial cells, hematopoietic stem cells, T cells NK and mast cells was revealed. It was shown that MFI2, CP, FGA, and FGG expression can predict the response to sunitinib, while the APOB, ENAM, IGFBP1, and MFI2 expression predict the response to nivolumab. The results obtained provide insight into the genetic characteristics underlying the aggressive subtype of ccRCC and may help develop new approaches to the treatment of this disease.

Pan-Cancer Analysis of B4GALNT1 as a Potential Prognostic and Immunological Biomarker

Background. Gangliosides act as important roles in tumor progression. B4GALNT1 is a key enzyme in ganglioside biosynthesis. B4GALNT1 expression is linked to tumorigenesis and the prognosis of tumor patients. Nevertheless, the role of B4GALNT1 in pan-cancer remains unclear. Methods. Several databases, including TCGA, GEO, GTEx, NCI-60, and TIMER, were searched. Methods including correlation analysis, Cox regression analysis, and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to explore the expression pattern, prognosis, tumor infiltration pattern, genetics and epigenetics, and drug sensitivity of B4GALNT1 in pan-cancer patients from the above datasets. Results. B4GALNT1 was found to be aberrantly expressed in multiple types of tumors. The survival status of tumor patients was significantly related to B4GALNT1 expression, but the correlations were tumor-specific. Moreover, the expression of B4GALNT1 was associated with ImmuneScore and StromalScore in 21 and 27 tumor types, respectively. Also, B4GALNT1 was significantly associated with TMB, MSI, MMR, and DNA methylation. Additionally, the sensitivity of 9 drugs was correlated with the expression of B4GALNT1. Conclusion. A correlation of B4GALNT1 expression with prognosis exists in multiple types of cancers. In addition, B4GALNT1 expression may play a role in TME and tumor immunity regulation. Further investigation of the biological mechanisms of its different roles in tumorigenesis and clinical application as a biomarker is still required.

LncRNA MAGI2-AS3 inhibits tumor progression and angiogenesis by regulating ACY1 via interacting with transcription factor HEY1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) represents the most common type of RCC in adults, characterized by hyper-vascularization and metastatic relapse. Surgical resection is the main treatment due to poor response of ccRCC to radio-and chemotherapy. However, the high complexity of tumor vasculature in ccRCC has thwarted effects to develop new therapeutic strategies for ccRCC. In this study, we identify the anti-angiogenic activity of MAGI2-AS3 in ccRCC. 86 paired samples of tumor tissues and adjacent no-tumor tissues were collected from ccRCC patients. Dual-luciferase reporter assay, RIP, and ChIP assays were employed to confirm interactions between MAGI2-AS3, transcription factor HEY1, and the ACY1 gene. In other studies, we assayed human ccRCC cells RLC-310 for their viability, migration and invasion using CCK-8 detection and transwell chamber systems. Angiogenesis was evaluated in the Matrigel-based human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC)-RLC-310 coculture model and immunohistochemical staining for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD31 in tumor tissues collected from a xenograft ccRCC mouse model. MAGI2-AS3 and ACY1 expression was downregulated in ccRCC tissues, and low expression of MAGI2-AS3 was associated with poor patient survival. Overexpression of MAGI2-AS3 could reduce ccRCC cell viability and migration, inhibit vessel-like tube formation of HUVECs in vitro, and repress tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo. MAGI2-AS3 bound with HEY1 and reduced the HEY1 enrichment at the ACY1 promoter region, thus increasing ACY1 gene transcription. HEY1 knockdown or ACY1 overexpression that resisted MAGI2-AS3 knockdown was found in the in vivo and in vitro settings. The present study demonstrates that MAGI2-AS3 exerts tumor-suppressive, anti-angiogenic activities in ccRCC by modulating the HEY1/ACY1 pathway, thus lending support for conducting further investigations of anti-angiogenesis therapy for ccRCC.

Identification of a Novel Glycosyltransferase Prognostic Signature in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on LASSO Algorithm

Although many prognostic models have been developed to help determine personalized prognoses and treatments, the predictive efficiency of these prognostic models in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is a highly heterogeneous malignancy, is less than ideal. Recently, aberrant glycosylation has been demonstrated to universally participate in tumour initiation and progression, suggesting that dysregulation of glycosyltransferases can serve as novel cancer biomarkers. In this study, a total of 568 RNA-sequencing datasets of HCC from the TCGA database and ICGC database were analysed and integrated via bioinformatic methods. LASSO regression analysis was applied to construct a prognostic signature. Kaplan-Meier survival, ROC curve, nomogram, and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to assess the predictive efficiency of the prognostic signature. GSEA and the "CIBERSORT" R package were utilized to further discover the potential biological mechanism of the prognostic signature. Meanwhile, the differential expression of the prognostic signature was verified by western blot, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining derived from the HPA. Ultimately, we constructed a prognostic signature in HCC based on a combination of six glycosyltransferases, whose prognostic value was evaluated and validated successfully in the testing cohort and the validation cohort. The prognostic signature was identified as an independent unfavourable prognostic factor for OS, and a nomogram including the risk score was established and showed the good performance in predicting OS. Further analysis of the underlying mechanism revealed that the prognostic signature may be potentially associated with metabolic disorders and tumour-infiltrating immune cells.

Diagnostic and prognostic value of ABC transporter family member ABCG1 gene in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

As the most common histologic subtype of renal cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) poses a serious threat to public health. However, there are no specific molecular-targeted drugs for ccRCC at present. Human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family plays an important role in homeostasis maintenance. This study aimed to evaluate the potential diagnostic value of ABC genes in ccRCC. A total of 952 samples of ccRCC patients (707) and controls (245) from three different datasets were included for analysis. Receiver operating characteristic analysis and t-test were used to analyze the differential expression of ABC genes in ccRCC patients and control samples at mRNA level during screening and validations. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA-ccRCC) dataset was utilized to investigate the correlation between ABC genes expression and prognostic value in ccRCC. We then investigated the interactions between ABCG1 and proteins in the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD). Finally, we found that ATP-binding cassette transporter G member 1 (ABCG1) was over-expressed in ccRCC patients compared with healthy samples at mRNA level. Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that ccRCC patients with high ABCG1 expression had better overall survival (OS) than those patients with low expression (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.662, p = 0.007). This study demonstrated that ABCG1 is a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in ccRCC and discussed the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between ccRCC and ABCG1, which might provide guidance for better management and treatment of ccRCC in the future.

A novel bioavailable curcumin-galactomannan complex modulates the genes responsible for the development of chronic diseases in mice: A RNA sequence analysis

BACKGROUND

Chronic diseases or non-communicable diseases are a major burden worldwide due to the lack of highly efficacious treatment modalities and the serious side effects associated with the available therapies.

PURPOSE/STUDY DESIGN

A novel self-emulsifying formulation of curcumin with fenugreek galactomannan hydrogel scaffold as a water-dispersible non-covalent curcumin-galactomannan molecular complex (curcumagalactomannosides, CGM) has shown better bioavailability than curcumin and can be used for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. However, the exact potential of this formulation has not been studied, which would pave the way for its use for the prevention and treatment of multiple chronic diseases.

METHODS

The whole transcriptome analysis (RNAseq) was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the liver tissues of mice treated with LPS to investigate the potential of CGM on the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Expression analysis using DESeq2 package, GO, and pathway analysis of the differentially expressed transcripts was performed using UniProtKB and KEGG-KAAS server.

RESULTS

The results showed that 559 genes differentially expressed between the liver tissue of control mice and CGM treated mice (100 mg/kg b.wt. for 14 days), with adjusted p-value below 0.05, of which 318 genes were significantly upregulated and 241 were downregulated. Further analysis showed that 33 genes which were upregulated (log2FC > 8) in the disease conditions were significantly downregulated, and 32 genes which were downregulated (log2FC < -8) in the disease conditions were significantly upregulated after the treatment with CGM.

CONCLUSION

Overall, our study showed CGM has high potential in the prevention and treatment of multiple chronic diseases.

Transgelin Contributes to a Poor Response of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma to Sunitinib Treatment

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents about 2-3% of all cancers with over 400,000 new cases per year. Sunitinib, a vascular endothelial growth factor tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor, has been used mainly for first-line treatment of metastatic clear-cell RCC with good or intermediate prognosis. However, about one-third of metastatic RCC patients do not respond to sunitinib, leading to disease progression. Here, we aim to find and characterize proteins associated with poor sunitinib response in a pilot proteomics study. Sixteen RCC tumors from patients responding (8) vs. non-responding (8) to sunitinib 3 months after treatment initiation were analyzed using data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry, together with their adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Proteomics analysis quantified 1996 protein groups (FDR = 0.01) and revealed 27 proteins deregulated between tumors non-responding vs. responding to sunitinib, representing a pattern of deregulated proteins potentially contributing to sunitinib resistance. Gene set enrichment analysis showed an up-regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition with transgelin as one of the most significantly abundant proteins. Transgelin expression was silenced by CRISPR/Cas9 and RNA interference, and the cells with reduced transgelin level exhibited significantly slower proliferation. Our data indicate that transgelin is an essential protein supporting RCC cell proliferation, which could contribute to intrinsic sunitinib resistance.

Bioinformatics analysis and verification of gene targets for renal clear cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

It is estimated that there are 338,000 new renal-cell carcinoma releases every year in the world. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a heterogeneous tumor, of which more than 70% is clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). It is estimated that about 30% of new renal-cell carcinoma patients have metastases at the time of diagnosis. However, the pathogenesis of renal clear cell carcinoma has not been elucidated. Therefore, it is necessary to further study the pathogenesis of ccRCC.

METHODS

Two expression profiling datasets (GSE68417, GSE71963) were downloaded from the GEO database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between ccRCC and normal tissue samples were identified by GEO2R. Functional enrichment analysis was made by the DAVID tool. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed. The hub genes were excavated. The clustering analysis of expression level of hub genes was performed by UCSC (University of California Santa Cruz) Xena database. The hub gene on overall survival rate (OS) in patients with ccRCC was performed by Kaplan-Meier Plotter. Finally, we used the ccRCC renal tissue samples to verify the hub genes.

RESULTS

1182 common DEGs between the two datasets were identified. The results of GO and KEGG analysis revealed that variations in were predominantly enriched in intracellular signaling cascade, oxidation reduction, intrinsic to membrane, integral to membrane, nucleoside binding, purine nucleoside binding, pathways in cancer, focal adhesion, cell adhesion molecules. 10 hub genes ITGAX, CD86, LY86, TLR2, TYROBP, FCGR2A, FCGR2B, PTPRC, ITGB2, ITGAM were identified. FCGR2B and TYROBP were negatively correlated with the overall survival rate in patients with ccRCC (P < 0.05). RT-qPCR analysis showed that the relative expression levels of CD86, FCGR2A, FCGR2B, TYROBP, LY86, and TLR2 were significantly higher in ccRCC samples, compared with the adjacent renal tissue groups.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, bioinformatics technology could be a useful tool to predict the progression of ccRCC. In addition, there are DEGs between ccRCC tumor tissue and normal renal tissue, and these DEGs might be considered as biomarkers for ccRCC.

Long Non-coding RNA LINC01094 Promotes the Development of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma by Upregulating SLC2A3 via MicroRNA-184

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of RCC. Compelling evidence has highlighted the crucial role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in ccRCC. Our current study aims to explore the regulatory mechanism of LINC01094 in the development of ccRCC. Dual-luciferase reporter experiment verified the targeting relationship among miR-184, LINC01094, and SLC2A3. Furthermore, the interaction between LINC01094 and miR-184 was confirmed by RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and RNA pull-down. Biological behaviors of ccRCC cells were investigated through cell counting kit-8 (CCK8), scratch test, Transwell, and flow cytometry. The effect of SLC2A3 on the tumorigenicity of nude mice was evaluated in vivo. In ccRCC cells and clinical tissues, LINC01094 and SLC2A3 were highly expressed while miR-184 was lowly expressed. Besides, miR-184 was verified to be a direct target of LINC01094. Silencing LINC01094, up-regulating miR-184, or reducing SLC2A3 inhibited the growth, migration, and invasion of ccRCC cells. Tumor growth was suppressed by silenced LINC01215 via reducing the expression of SLC2A3 via miR-184. Taken together, silencing LINC01094 inhibited SLC2A3 expression by up-regulating miR-184, thereby inhibiting the development of ccRCC.

Progressive and Prognostic Performance of an Extracellular Matrix-Receptor Interaction Signature in Gastric Cancer

The role of an extracellular matrix- (ECM-) receptor interaction signature has not been fully clarified in gastric cancer. This study performed comprehensive analyses on the differentially expressed ECM-related genes, clinicopathologic features, and prognostic application in gastric cancer. The differentially expressed genes between tumorous and matched normal tissues in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and validation cohorts were identified by a paired t-test. Consensus clusters were built to find the correlation between clinicopathologic features and subclusters. Then, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso) method was used to construct a risk score model. Correlation analyses were made to reveal the relation between risk score-stratified subgroups and clinicopathologic features or significant signatures. In TCGA (26 pairs) and validation cohort (134 pairs), 25 ECM-related genes were significantly highly expressed and 11 genes were downexpressed in gastric cancer. ECM-based subclusters were slightly related to clinicopathologic features. We constructed a risk score model = 0.081∗log₂ (CD36) + 0.043∗log₂ (COL5A2) + 0.001∗log₂ (ITGB5) + 0.039∗log₂ (SDC2) + 0.135∗log₂ (SV2B) + 0.012∗log₂ (THBS1) + 0.068∗log₂ (VTN) + 0.023∗log₂ (VWF). The risk score model could well predict the outcome of patients with gastric cancer in both training (n = 351, HR: 1.807, 95% CI: 1.292-2.528, P = 0.00046) and validation (n = 300, HR: 1.866, 95% CI: 1.347-2.584, P = 0.00014) cohorts. Besides, risk score-based subgroups were associated with angiogenesis, cell adhesion molecules, complement and coagulation cascades, TGF-beta signaling, and mismatch repair-relevant signatures (P < 0.0001). By univariate (1.845, 95% CI: 1.382-2.462, P < 0.001) and multivariate (1.756, 95% CI: 1.284-2.402, P < 0.001) analyses, we regarded the risk score as an independent risk factor in gastric cancer. Our findings revealed that ECM compositions became accomplices in the tumorigenesis, progression, and poor survival of gastric cancer.

Modulation of Calcium Homeostasis May Be Associated with Susceptibility to Renal Cell Carcinoma in Diabetic Nephropathy Rats

Introduction

Clinical studies have indicated a relationship between diabetic nephropathy (DN) and the incidence and prevalence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the mechanism linking diabetic nephropathy and renal cell carcinoma has not yet to be identified.

Methods

In this study, a total of 42 male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned to a DN group (n=35) and a control group (n=7). All animals in the DN group were unilaterally nephrectomized and treated with streptozotocin with the development of blood glucose levels >16.7mmol/L and dominant proteinuria and were compared to controls without such changes. Histopathologic alterations in the kidneys were examined by HE staining and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry. Differentially expressed genes were identified and validated by RNA-seq and PCR.

Results

As the results, except for two rats that failed to develop the DN model and were excluded from the analysis, 33 rats in the DN group with overt signs of DN demonstrated significantly higher food and water intake, urine production, and urine protein and urinary protein/creatinine ratio than controls. Overall, 15.2% (n=5/33) of DN animals developed RCC while none tumors were observed in the control group (n=0/7). RNA-seq analysis in these animals indicated different TRPV5 gene expression and calcium pathway expression in DN animals with developing tumors, when compared with animals with no obvious tumors. In addition, DN animals diagnosed with RCC showed increased expression of GLUT2 and c-met, when compared to controls and DN animals without tumors.

Discussion

In conclusion, the disordered calcium metabolism, especially disturbed TRPV5 mediated Ca²⁺ signal, may have been related to the development of RCC in DN rats. Further studies related to the detailed mechanism are still needed.

Transcriptome analysis of differential gene expression in the longissimus dorsi muscle from Debao and landrace pigs based on RNA-sequencing

RNA-seq analysis was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the genetic level in the longissimus dorsi muscle from two pigs to investigate the genetic mechanisms underlying the difference in meat quality between Debao pigs and Landrace pigs. Then, these DEGs underwent functional annotation, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, and protein–protein interaction (PPI) analyses. Finally, the expression levels of specific DEGs were assessed using qRT-PCR. The reference genome showed gene dosage detection of all samples which showed that the total reference genome comprised 22342 coding genes, including 14743 known and 190 unknown genes. For detection of the Debao pig genome, we obtained 14168 genes, including 13994 known and 174 unknown genes. For detection of the Landrace pig genome, we obtained 14404 genes, including 14223 known and 181 unknown genes. GO analysis and KEGG signaling pathway analysis show that DEGs are significantly related to metabolic regulation, amino acid metabolism, muscular tissue, muscle structure development etc. We identified key genes in these processes, such as FOS, EGR2, and IL6, by PPI network analysis. qRT-PCR confirmed the differential expression of six selected DEGs in both pig breeds. In conclusion, the present study revealed key genes and related signaling pathways that influence the difference in pork quality between these breeds and could provide a theoretical basis for improving pork quality in future genetic thremmatology.

Identification of potential key genes and key pathways related to clear cell renal cell carcinoma through bioinformatics analysis

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a common malignancy of the genitourinary system and is associated with high mortality rates. However, the molecular mechanism of ccRCC pathogenesis is still unclear, which translates to few effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. In this study, we conducted a bioinformatics analysis on three Gene Expression Omnibus datasets and identified 437 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to ccRCC development and prognosis, of which 311 and 126 genes are respectively down-regulated and up-regulated. The protein-protein interaction network of these DEGs consists of 395 nodes and 1872 interactions and 2 prominent modules. The Staphylococcus aureus infection and complement and coagulation cascades are significantly enriched in module 1 and are likely involved in ccRCC progression. Forty-two hub genes were screened, of which von Willebrand factor, TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1, plasminogen, formimidoyltransferase cyclodeaminase, solute carrier family 34 member 1, hydroxyacid oxidase 2, alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 are possibly related to the prognosis of ccRCC. The differential expression of all nine genes was confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of the ccRCC and normal renal tissues. These key genes are potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of ccRCC and warrant further investigation.

Integrated Analysis of Three Publicly Available Gene Expression Profiles Identified Genes and Pathways Associated with Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

BACKGROUND Although advances have been achieved in the therapy of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the pathogenesis of ccRCC is not yet fully understood. This study aimed to explore the critical genes and pathways associated with ccRCC by meta-analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed an integrated analysis of 3 publicly available microarray datasets developed from ccRCC tumor samples and normal tissues. A list of overlapped differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with the consistent expression trend in ccRCC tumor samples were identified, for which the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed, followed by topology structure and module analysis. The microRNA (miRNA) regulatory network and ccRCC associated pathway network were reconstructed. RESULTS A total of 504 genes were found to be consistently and differentially regulated based on 3 microarray datasets. The overrepresented pathways for DEGs included citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway and cell cycle. The PPI network was clustered into 6 modules that were closely related with the M phase, desmosome assembly, and response to hormone stimulus. The hsa04110: cell cycle and hsa04510: focal adhesion were the significant pathways associated with ccRCC overlapped with enrichment analysis. KDR and ITGB4 were focal-adhesion-associated genes, which were regulated by has-miR-424 and has-miR-204, respectively. CCND2 and CCNA2 were cell-cycle-associated genes, which were regulated by hsa-miR-324-3p, hsa-miR-146a and hsa-miR-145. CONCLUSIONS Cell cycle and focal adhesion were dysregulated in ccRCC, which were associated with the expression of CCND2, ITGB4, KDR, and CCNA2 genes. The deregulation of pathways and associated genes may provide insights to ccRCC research and therapy.

Pro-Angiogenic and Pro-Inflammatory Regulation by lncRNA MCM3AP-AS1-Mediated Upregulation of DPP4 in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) represents the most common type of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in adults, in addition to the worst prognosis among the common epithelial kidney tumors. Inflammation and angiogenesis seem to potentiate tumor growth and metastasis of the malignancy. The current study explored the contributions of the lncRNA MCM3AP-AS1 in tumor-associated inflammation and angiogenesis in ccRCC with a specific focus on its transcriptional regulation and its interactions with transcription factor E2F1 and DPP4. Tumor tissues and matched adjacent non-tumor tissues were collected from 78 ccRCC patients. Methylation-specific PCR and ChIP assays were applied to detect the methylation at the promoter region of MCM3AP-AS1. Dual-luciferase reporter assay, RIP, RNA pull-down, and ChIP assays were employed to confirm the interactions between MCM3AP-AS1, E2F1, and DPP4. Nude mice were subcutaneously xenografted with human ccRCC cells. Cell proliferation was evaluated by CCK-8 assays and EDU staining in ccRCC cells in vitro and by immunohistochemical staining of Ki67 in vivo. Inflammation was examined by detecting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6). Pro-angiogenic ability of ccRCC cells was assessed by the co-culture with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro and by microvessel density (MVD) measurements and angiogenesis in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane. MCM3AP-AS1 was highly-expressed in ccRCC and associated with poor patient survival. Demethylation of MCM3AP-AS1 was noted in ccRCC tissues and cells. Over-expression of MCM3AP-AS1 enhanced cell proliferation, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the tube formation of HUVECs in cultured human Caki-1 and 786-O cells. MCM3AP-AS1 was shown to enhance the E2F1 enrichment at the DPP4 promoter, to further increase the expression of DPP4. Knockdown of DPP4 could abate pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory abilities of MCM3AP-AS1 in ccRCC cells. Pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory abilities of MCM3AP-AS1 in vivo were confirmed in mice subcutaneously xenografted with human ccRCC cells. Our findings demonstrate a novel mechanism by which lncRNA MCM3AP-AS1 exerts pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory effects, highlighting the potential of MCM3AP-AS1 as a promising target for treating ccRCC.