Effectiveness of the PROMUFRA program in pre-frail, community-dwelling older people: A randomized controlled trial

Exercise prescription prescriptions for frailty improvement in older adults: An evidence-based approach based on the 2024 older adult compendium

OBJECTIVE

This study explored the dose-response relationship of exercise prescriptions for improving frailty in older adults, based on the 2024 Older Adult Compendium. It aims to provide evidence-based support for developing frailty intervention programs and their clinical application.

METHODS

A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, OVID, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception to November 5th, 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to exercise interventions in older adults were included. Relevant studies meeting the inclusion criteria were selected, and data were extracted for further analysis. The quality of the included studies was assessed. Meta-analysis was performed using R, and the standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) was used to quantify effect sizes.

RESULTS

A total of 16 eligible RCTs comprising 2,716 older adults were included. The meta-analysis revealed that exercise significantly improved frailty among older adults [SMD = -0.81, 95 % CI (-1.25, -0.38), P < 0.001]. However, high-intensity exercise did not demonstrate a significant effect on frailty improvement [SMD = -0.45, 95 % CI (-0.96, 0.06), P = 0.3]. The analysis indicated a nonlinear dose-response relationship between exercise and frailty improvement. The predicted values for frailty improvement at the minimum and maximum exercise doses recommended by the World Health Organization (600 MET-minutes/week and 1200 MET-minutes/week, respectively) were -0.79 (95 % CI [-1.17, -0.41]) and -1.39 (95 % CI [-2.62, -0.15]), respectively.

CONCLUSION

Low- to moderate-intensity exercise significantly improves frailty among older adults, while high-intensity exercise programs are not recommended.

Impact of multicomponent exercise and nutritional supplement interventions for improving physical frailty in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the efficacy of both multicomponent exercise and nutritional interventions on frailty by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine changes in frailty incidence.

DESIGN

A systematic review and meta-analysis.

ELIGIBLE CRITERIA

The included studies were limited to original controlled trials focused on frailty interventions in older adults aged 65 years and over. The studies involved only participants with specific diseases, and those recovering from surgery or being hospitalized were excluded.

INFORMATION SOURCES

A systematic search was performed on three databases: PUBMED, EMBASE, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, with the latest search in October 2024. Three authors independently extracted the data using a standardized data collection form. Relative risks were used as a summary measure. Pooled-effect estimates of each outcome were calculated by the random-effects meta-analysis.

RESULTS

After searching three databases, 5327 records were identified. After removing duplicates and screening the titles and abstracts, 19 multicomponent exercise studies and 7 nutritional intervention studies were eligible. In a pooled analysis of 18 multicomponent exercise RCTs, including a total of 3457 older adults, the multicomponent exercises showed a clinically significant reduction in frailty risk by relative change 55% times (95% CI 45% to 67%, p value < 0.001). The subgroup analysis of combinations of macronutrients and micronutrients also demonstrated statistically significant decrease in frailty risk by relative change 28% times (95% CI 11% to 72%, p value = 0.008).

CONCLUSION

Multicomponent exercises can effectively improve physical frailty, regardless of the duration and types of the activities, whereas the efficacy of nutritional supplements remains unclear. Personalized multicomponent approaches that incorporate both exercises and nutritional supplements have promised to enhance effectiveness in reducing frailty, thus warranting further investigation.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The study was registered on 12 September 2022, under PROSPERO registration number CRD42022357357.

Effects of multicomponent exercise on frailty status and physical function in frail older adults: A meta-analysis and systematic review

OBJECTIVES

The study aimed to carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the effects of multicomponent exercise on frailty status and physical function in frail older adults.

DESIGN

A systematic review and meta-analysis.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

Older adults aged ≥60 years diagnosed with frailty using the Frailty Assessment Tool.

METHODS

PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CNKI, and Wanfang were searched from inception to March 10, 2024. Two reviewers independently screened and selected the publications, extracted the data, and assessed risk of bias. This study included randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental designs. Review Manager 5.4 was used for data analysis.

RESULTS

Twenty-eight randomized controlled trials with 4857 older adults were included. Multicomponent exercise significantly improved frailty status (SMD = -1.40, 95 % CI:-2.05 to -0.75, P < .05) and had a significant impact on physical function (muscle strength: SMD = 0.31, 95 % CI: 0.01-0.61, P < .05; gait speed: SMD = 0.27, 95 % CI: 0.02-0.52, P < .001; balance: SMD = 0.27, 95 % CI: 0.05-0.49, P = .02; Short Physical Performance Battery [SPPB]: SMD = 1.03, 95 % CI: 0.65-1.42, P < .001; and Timed Up and Go [TUG]: SMD = -3.05, 95 % CI: -3.90 to -2.19, P < .001). Subgroup analysis suggested that a 12-week duration is optimal for multicomponent exercise interventions, demonstrating significantly greater effectiveness in hospital compared with out-of-hospital.

CONCLUSIONS

Multicomponent exercise intervention can improve frailty status in older adults and promote enhancement of physical functional abilities (muscle strength, gait speed, balance, SPPB, and TUG). Therefore, a possible protective effect of multicomponent exercise in frailty older adults is suggested.

Combining motivational and exercise intervention components to reverse pre-frailty and promote self-efficacy among community-dwelling pre-frail older adults: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Exercise is effective in preventing frailty status in older adults, but the effect of an exercise program based on Wellness Motivation Theory (WMT) on the frailty status, self-efficacy for exercise, and quality of life for older adults with pre-frailty remains unclear. Our objective was to examine the efficacy of a multicomponent exercise program based on WMT on frailty status, self-efficacy, and quality of life among pre-frail older adults.

METHODS

This was a randomized controlled trial of pre-frail older adults aged from 60 years to 85 years. Participants in the intervention group performed exercise three times a week for 24 weeks, once at a community health service station instructed by two researchers and two times at home. Participants in the control group were given one-time advice on physical activity. The assessor was the only one blinded. The primary outcome was the reversal rate of pre-frailty. The secondary outcomes included self-efficacy and quality of life.

RESULTS

One hundred and forty-four participants were randomized into two groups (n = 72 in the intervention group and n = 72 in the control group) and analyzed. After 24 weeks, the proportion of pre-frailty was significantly lower in the intervention group than in control (31.8% versus 74.6%, P < 0.001). The absolute risk reduction was 42.8% [95% CI, 25.1-57.1]. In the 8th week and the 24th week, the frailty score of the intervention group was significantly lower than that of the control group. There were significant improvements in self-efficacy at week 2, week 8, and week 24. In weeks 8 and 24, participants in the intervention group reported a higher quality of life than the control group. There were no exercise-related injuries or falls among the participants.

CONCLUSIONS

The exercise intervention based on WMT for pre-frail older adults could reverse pre-frailty, increase self-efficacy for exercise, and improve the quality of life in older Chinese.

STUDY REGISTRATION DETAILS

This study was registered in www.

CLINICALTRIALS

gov on the 25th of July, 2024, with the identifier NCT06519695.

REPORTING METHOD

The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) checklist was used in this study for properly reporting how the randomized trial was conducted.

Effects of multicomponent exercise nursing intervention in elderly stroke patients with frailty: a randomized controlled trial

This study examines how multicomponent exercise nursing interventions affect the state of frailty, daily activities, and quality of life in elderly stroke patients with frailty. A total of 125 elderly stroke patients with frailty were randomly assigned to either a control group (n = 62) or an intervention group (n = 63). The control group received standard nursing care, while the intervention group received a multicomponent exercise nursing intervention in addition to standard care. Patients were assessed using the FRAIL Frailty Scale, Modified Barthel Index (MBI), and Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) before the intervention, 4 weeks after the intervention, and 12 weeks after the intervention. Significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of frailty status, activities of daily living, and quality of life (p < 0.05). The intervention group had lower scores on the FRAIL Frailty Scale and higher scores on the MBI and SF-36 compared to the control group at both 4 and 12 weeks after the intervention (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that multicomponent exercise nursing interventions can effectively reduce frailty and improve activities of daily living and quality of life in elderly stroke patients with frailty.

Interventions to prevent the onset of frailty in adults aged 60 and older (PRAE-Frail): a systematic review and network meta-analysis

PURPOSE

Frailty in older adults is associated with multiple adverse health outcomes, while evidence on its successful prevention has been scarce. Therefore, we analyzed the effectiveness of different interventions for the prevention of frailty onset.

METHODS

In this systematic review, eight databases were searched for randomized controlled trials of interventions in non-frail (i.e., robust or pre-frail) adults aged ≥ 60 years that assessed frailty incidence at follow-up. Additive component network meta-analysis (CNMA) was conducted to isolate the effect of different intervention types on the main outcome of frailty incidence, reporting relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The effect on gait speed was analyzed as an additional outcome using a classic network meta-analysis and the standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% CI.

RESULTS

We screened 24,263 records and identified 11 eligible trials. Nine trials (842 participants, all categorized according to the physical phenotype) in pre-frail (seven RCTs) and robust/pre-frail (two RCTs) older adults were included in the CNMA. Physical exercise significantly reduced frailty incidence at follow-up (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.08; 0.83), while this was not found for nutritional interventions (RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.33; 4.10). Interventions based on physical exercise also improved gait speed (SMD 1.55, 95% CI 1.16; 1.95). In addition, 22 eligible trial protocols without published results were identified.

CONCLUSION

Interventions based on physical exercise appear to be effective in preventing the onset of frailty in older adults. Although the available data are still limited, results from ongoing trials may add to the body of evidence in the foreseeable future.

Community-based exercises improve health status in pre-frail older adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Pre-frailty is associated with increased healthcare utilization. Over the past decade, public health interventions such as community-based exercises to target pre-frailty have been increasingly studied. However, the effects of community-based exercises on clinical outcome measures amongst community-dwelling older adults with pre-frailty remain unclear. This review aims to better understand the effects of community-based exercise on physical function, cognition, quality of life and frailty status in community-dwelling pre-frail older adults. A secondary objective was to investigate the optimal exercise parameters on clinical outcomes.

METHODS

Searches of MEDLINE, CINAHL, Google Scholar and Web of Science databases were conducted. Articles were included if they were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and excluded if the participants consist of less than 50% pre-frail community-dwelling older adults. Meta-analyses (where possible) with either a fixed- or random- effect(s) model, standardized mean difference (SMD), odds ratio (OR) and tests of heterogeneity were performed. Multivariable meta-regression was performed to identify predictors of statistically significant outcome measures. The risk of bias was assessed using the modified Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool.

RESULTS

Twenty-two RCTs with 900 participants in the experimental group and 1015 participants in the control group were included. When compared to minimal intervention, community-based exercises significantly improved lower limb strength (10 RCTs, 384 participants in the experimental group and 482 participants in the control group) with SMD 0.67 (95% CI 0.29 to 1.04), and lower limb function (5 RCTs, 120 participants in the experimental group and 219 participants in the control group) with SMD 0.27 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.51). Those who have received community-based exercises were more likely to reverse from pre-frailty to healthy state (OR = 2.74, 95% CI 1.36 to 5.51) (6 RCTs, 263 participants in the experimental group and 281 participants in the control group). The frequency of exercise sessions was a significant predictor of the effect size for gait speed (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Community-based exercise intervention is superior to minimal intervention for improving health status in pre-frail older adults. This has implications on the implementation of community-based exercise intervention by healthcare providers and policymakers.

OTHER

Nil funding for this review. PROSPERO registration number CRD42022348556.

Effects of Exercise on Frailty in Older People Based on ACSM Recommendations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Objectives: The objective of the study was to carry out an analysis of the methodological quality of clinical trials (effects of exercise on frailty in older people) based on ACSM recommendations. Methods: The search scope included PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, and literature that cannot be retrieved from the database. The topic was the impact of exercise on frailty in elderly people. Changes in five outcome measures (FP, BI, SPPB, GS, and BMI) were assessed using mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). A random effects model (RE) was used to conduct a meta-analysis and compare the results between subgroups. Results: The intervention effects of exercise on the five outcome indicators of frailty in elderly people were all significant (p < 0.05). The effect of a high-consistency subgroup on outcome indicators FP and GS was more significant than that of the low- or uncertain-consistency subgroup (MD: -1.09 < -0.11, MD: 2.39 >1.1). There was no significant difference in the intervention effect as reflected in the outcome measures SPPB and BMI in the high-consistency subgroup (p = 0.07, p = 0.34). There was no significant difference in the impact of the intervention on the outcome measure BI between the two subgroups (p = 0.06, p = 0.14). Conclusions: Exercise prescriptions with high consistency with ACSM recommendations may be more effective in both FP and GS interventions than those with uncertain or low consistency. However, it is essential to note that the data derived from the meta-analysis is still subject to the small number of studies, the unknown degree of consistency of participants in individual studies, and the different mix of cases in the studies.

A Mixed Methods Feasibility Study of Machine-Based Resistance Training With Prefrail Older Adults in Residential Care: The Keeping Active in Residential Elderly Trial II

Physical activity is an effective, proactive intervention to reduce or reverse frailty and functional decline. However, uncertainty exists about the feasibility and impact of resistance training on multidimensional health in prefrail older adults in residential care. This mixed methods feasibility study assessed practicability with limited efficacy testing on health and functional outcomes. Eleven prefrail older adults participated in a 6-week progressive resistance training protocol three times per week. The intervention and measures were found to be appropriate and acceptable by those who completed the trial, with participants self-reporting improved well-being, mood, and function. Analysis identified several barriers to recruitment, including prior commitments, seasonal impact, and session timing, and offered potential solutions with further recommendations for program refinement prior to a definitive randomized controlled trial. These findings add to our understanding of prefrail older adults' preferences regarding participation in physical activity research and the perceived benefits of resistance training. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03141879.

Functional mobility and physical fitness are improved through a multicomponent training program in institutionalized older adults

Physical exercise has demonstrated its effectiveness in the management of the deleterious process of aging. However, it is less studied in institutionalized elderly people. This investigation aims to clarify the benefits of a multicomponent training program in institutionalized older adults. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with institutionalized older adults (≥ 70 years old). Intervention group (IG; N = 18) were submitted to a multicomponent training program based on muscle power training and interval endurance exercise, 2 times/week for 12 weeks. Control group (CG; N = 16) continued their usual mobility exercises. Independence was estimated with the Barthel index, and physical fitness and functional mobility were evaluated by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, the 6-min Walking Test (6'WT), the 10-Meter Walking Test (10MWT), hand grip strength dynamometry, and lower limb muscle strength and power. The IG improved, compared with the CG, in TUG scores in -7.43 s (95% IC: 3.28, 11.59; p < 0.001); in 10MWT scores in -5.19 s (95% IC: 1.41, 8.97; p = 0.004) and -4.43 s (95% IC: 1.14, 7.73; p = 0.002), 6'WT scores in + 54.54 m (95% IC: 30.24, 78.84; p < 0.001); and SPPB in + 2.74 points (95% IC: 2.10, 3.37; p < 0.001). Maximum muscle power and maximum strength did not show statistically significant differences. The multicomponent training program based on muscle power and interval endurance exercise was shown to be safe, well tolerated and effective for the improvement of functional mobility and physical fitness, but not for independence in institutionalized older adults.

Utility of Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) in evaluating a multicomponent exercise programme for community-dwelling pre-frail older adults

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) in assessing an intervention for pre-frail senior citizens. Additionally, the study aimed to explain how the GAS goals were established based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) categories, including body function, activity and participation and environmental factors.

METHODS

In this study, 220 pre-frail older adults were randomly selected to participate in a controlled trial. The intervention group engaged in multicomponent exercise three times a week, once at a community health service location and twice at home. The control group received advice on physical activity but did not have supervised exercise. Participants in both groups selected individualised GAS goals from 23 goals developed based on ICF by focus group discussion. The study used generalised estimating equations to analyse the differences between the groups.

RESULTS

The study included 144 participants, 72 in the exercise group and 72 in the control group. The top three individualised goals for all participants were vestibular functions (53.5%), pain management (43.1%) and lifting and carrying objects (31.9%). Both groups saw a significant increase in GAS scores at week 8 and week 24 of the intervention (p<0.05), but the exercise group showed a more significant improvement (p<0.05). The participants living alone were associated with lower postintervention improvements in the GAS scores. In contrast, the participants who were using a smartphone were likely to get higher postintervention improvements in the GAS scores.

CONCLUSIONS

GAS can be a valuable tool for setting and evaluating individualised and meaningful goals in body functions, activity and participation and environmental factors. The multicomponent exercise interventions can help pre-frail older adults achieve their expected goals as measured by the GAS.

Effects of Physical Activity on Body Composition, Muscle Strength, and Physical Function in Old Age: Bibliometric and Meta-Analyses

OBJECTIVES

Accumulating evidence suggests that physical activity (PA) is an efficient intervention to maintain functional capabilities and mitigate physiological changes in the older population. However, an attempt has yet to be made to comprehensively investigate the published landscape on the subject.

METHODS

This study had two aims. The first aim was to perform a bibliometric analysis for two keywords, "aging" and "PA", to analyze the research trend. Since "frailty" was the most noticeable co-occurring keyword with the two keywords, the second aim was to investigate the effects of PA, particularly, resistance training (RT), on frailty using a meta-analysis to provide a summary of the current evidence base.

RESULTS

The bibliometric analysis revealed that the number of publications on this research topic has gradually increased, highlighting the importance of understanding the role of PA in aging. The meta-analysis found that RT had significant beneficial effects on physical frailty factors, including handgrip strength, lower limb strength, balance, gait speed, and stair-climbing ability.

CONCLUSION

These findings demonstrate that RT is an effective intervention for improving physical function in frail populations; thus, it has important implications for the development of PA programs for older adults with frailty. Future research is warranted to explore the optimal dose, frequency, and duration of RT programs for older adults, as well as the potential benefits of combining RT with other forms of PA, such as aerobic or balance exercises.

Resistance training of peripheral muscles benefits respiratory parameters in older women with sarcopenia: Randomized controlled trial

PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH

Ageing entails a decrease in muscle mass and strength, known as sarcopenia, which also affects respiratory function. Physical exercise is an appropriate intervention to treat both conditions. This study aims to assess the efficacy of high-intensity resistance training (HIRT) on clinical parameters of respiratory function and health-related quality of life (QoL) in community-dwelling older women with sarcopenia.

METHODS

Fifty-one sarcopenic community-dwelling women aged 70 years and older were randomized to either six months of HIRT (n = 24) or control (n = 27). At baseline and post-intervention, participants were assessed for skeletal-muscle sarcopenia; respiratory sarcopenia status; respiratory function: spirometry (FEV₁, FVC, FEV₁/FVC, and FEF_25-75) and expiratory (MEP) and inspiratory (MIP) respiratory muscle strength parameters; and health-related QoL (EURO-QOL 5D-3 L).

RESULTS

A group-by-time interaction effect for MEP (p = 0.044, Ƞ²=0.108) was observed. CG showed a significant decrease in FEV₁ (mean difference [MD] -0.12 L; 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.20, -0.05; p = 0.002); and FVC (MD -0.18 L; 95% CI -0.33, -0.03; p = 0.024) after six months, whereas the HIRT maintained respiratory function without change. Post-intervention, mean EQ-VAS increased in the HIRT and decreased in CG, resulting in a significant between-group difference (mean 73.0 standard deviation [SD] 16.99 vs 61.1 SD 18.2 points, respectively; p = 0.044). Respiratory sarcopenia status was reverted in the HIRT.

CONCLUSIONS

HIRT increased muscle strength and halted age-related respiratory function decline in sarcopenic old women. A strength intervention could benefit health-related QoL and physical well-being. REGISTERED IN CLINICALTRIALS.GOV: NCT03834558.

Exercise and Nutritional Intervention for Physical Function of the Prefrail: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVES

The aim is to inspect the effects of exercise and nutritional intervention on prefrail older adults' physical function.

DESIGN

Systematic review and meta-analysis registered with PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42021261197).

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

Randomized controlled trials involving prefrail older adults who received exercise and/or nutritional interventions.

METHODS

Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science, Clinical Trials, and PubMed were searched from inception to September 1, 2021. Primary outcomes were physical function, including physical performance, mobility, and grip strength. The short physical performance battery score and chair sit-to-stand test were used to assess the physical performance. Timed up and go and gait speed were applied to assess the mobility. Secondary outcomes were frailty status, weight, body mass index, Barthel index, and quality of life (Euro quality of life 5 dimension index values).

RESULTS

We included 16 randomized controlled trials comprising 1199 prefrail older adults (intervention group, n = 593; control group, n = 606). Exercise and nutritional interventions significantly improved the short physical performance battery score [n = 5, mean difference 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.21‒1.42, I² = 62%], handgrip strength (n = 7, mean difference 1.52, 95% CI 0.70‒2.34, I² = 6%), and gait speed (n = 4, standard weighted mean difference -1.06, 95% CI -1.87 to -0.25, I² = 89%). There were no significant differences among the chair sit-to-stand test, timed up and go, weight, body mass index, and Barthel index.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Our systematic review and meta-analysis shows that the receipt of exercise and nutritional intervention significantly improved physical function in prefrail older adults.

Frailty Status Improvement after 5-Month Multicomponent Program PROMUFRA in Community-Dwelling Older People: A Randomized Controlled Trial

A study was made of the effect of the PROMUFRA multicomponent frailty program upon physical frailty, kinanthropometry, pain and muscle function parameters in frail and pre-frail community-dwelling older people. Eighty-one participants were randomly allocated to the intervention group (IG) or control group (CG). The IG performed PROMUFRA for 20 weeks, using six strength exercises with three series of 8–12 repetitions until muscular failure, and seven myofascial exercises, with one set of 10 repetitions. The CG continued their routine. The frailty criteria number (FCN), kinanthropometric parameters and muscle function were measured at baseline and after the program. Between-group differences were found in the interaction for FCN, muscle mass, fat mass, skeletal muscle mass index, knee flexion range of motion (ROM), hip flexion with knee straight ROM, maximum isometric knee extension, maximum isotonic knee extension, maximum leg press and hand grip strength., and also on post-intervention frailty status. The IG showed a statistical trend towards decreased pain. In conclusion, the PROMUFRA program is a potential training approach that can bring benefits in physical frailty status, body composition, ROM and muscle function among frail or pre-frail community-dwelling older people.

The Dose-Response Efficacy of Physical Training on Frailty Status and Physical Performance in Community-Dwelling Elderly: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Purpose: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to explore the effect of physical training on frailty status and physical performance in the community dwelling elderly. Methods: We set keywords and used the Boolean operator to search the CEPS, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases from inception to 10 August 2021. The search was limited to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted within a five-year period. The Cochrane Collaboration bias assessment tool was used to assess article quality, and RevMan 5.4.1. software (Cochrane Training site based in London, UK) was used to conduct the meta-analysis. Results: Physical training was found to improve frailty status, physical performance, lower limb strength and balance. The best dose-response for physical training was 60 min per time, 2–3 times per week, for 3 months. Conclusion: Designing an appropriate physical training program can decrease the frailty score and increase physical performance in frail elderly in the community.