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Tan XL, Deng Y, Lan WF, Dai P, Hu J, Lan J. Right ventricular dyssynchrony for the prediction of prognosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus-aaociated pulmonary arterial hypertension: a study with two-dimensional speckle tracking. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING 2024:10.1007/s10554-024-03047-5. [PMID: 38461202 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-024-03047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a common complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and PAH can cause right ventricle (RV) remodel and dyssynchrony. The aim of this study was to explore the value of RV dyssynchrony in predicting adverse clinical events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus-aaociated pulmonary arterial hypertension (SLE-PAH) using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE). A total of 53 patients with SLE-PAH were enrolled in this study. The dyssynchrony of the RV (RV-SD6) was evaluated by 2D-STE. The clinical data of all participants were collected, and routine cardiac function parameters were measured by two-dimensional echocardiography, and analyzed for their correlation with RV-SD6. The predictive value of RV-SD6 in clinical adverse event was evaluated. RV-SD6 was negatively correlated with RV-FLS, RV-FAC, and TAPSE (r = - 0.788, r = - 0.363 and r = - 0.325, respectively, all P < 0.01), while the correlation with RV-FLS was the strongest. linear regression analysis showed that RV-FLS was an independent risk factor for RV-SD6 (β = - 1.40, 95% CI - 1.65 ~ - 1.14, P < 0.001). Cox regression analysis showed that RV-SD6 was a predictor with clinical adverse events (HR = 1.03, 95% CI 1 ~ 1.06, P < 0.05). RV-SD6 was highly discriminative in predicting clinical adverse events (AUC = 0.764), at a cutoff of 51.10 ms with a sensitivity of 83.3% and specificity of 68.3%. RV-FLS was negatively correlated with RV-SD6 and was an independent risk factor for it. RV-SD6 can serve as an indicator for predicting the occurrence of adverse clinical events in SLE-PAH patients, with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Tan
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yan Deng
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
- Department of Echocardiography of Cardiovascular Disease Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuang Yong Road, Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Wei-Fang Lan
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ping Dai
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jing Lan
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Berg-Hansen K, Gopalasingam N, Clemmensen TS, Andersen MJ, Mellemkjaer S, Poulsen SH, Jensen JK, Nielsen R. Myocardial work across different etiologies of right ventricular dysfunction and healthy controls. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2024; 40:675-684. [PMID: 38305942 PMCID: PMC10950966 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-023-03038-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Evaluating right ventricular (RV) function remains a challenge. Recently, novel echocardiographic assessment of RV myocardial work (RVMW) by non-invasive pressure-strain loops was proposed. This enables evaluation of right ventriculoarterial coupling and quantifies RV dyssynchrony and post-systolic shortening. We aimed to assess RVMW in patients with different etiologies of RV dysfunction and healthy controls. We investigated healthy controls (n=17), patients with severe functional tricuspid regurgitation (FTR; n=22), and patients with precapillary pulmonary hypertension (PCPH; n=20). Echocardiography and right heart catheterization were performed to assess 1) RV global constructive work (RVGCW; work needed for systolic myocardial shortening and isovolumic relaxation), 2) RV global wasted work (RVGWW; myocardial shortening following pulmonic valve closure), and 3) RV global work efficiency (RVGWE; describes the relation between RV constructive and wasted work). RVGCW correlated with invasive RV stroke work index (r=0.66, P<0.001) and increased in tandem with higher afterload, i.e., was low in healthy controls (454±73 mmHg%), moderate in patients with FTR (687±203 mmHg%), and highest among patients with PCPH (881±255 mmHg%). RVGWE was lower and RVGWW was higher in patients with FTR (86±8% and 91 mmHg% [53-140]) or PCPH (86±10% and 110 mmHg% [66-159]) as compared with healthy controls (96±3% and 10 mmHg%). RVMW by echocardiography provides a promising index of RV function to discriminate between patients with RV volume or pressure overload. The prognostic value of this measure needs to be settled in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Berg-Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, DK-8200, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Nigopan Gopalasingam
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, DK-8200, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tor Skibsted Clemmensen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Mads Jønsson Andersen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Søren Mellemkjaer
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Steen Hvitfeldt Poulsen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Jesper Khedri Jensen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Roni Nielsen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, DK-8200, Denmark
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Pawar SG, Khan N, Salam A, Joshi M, Saravanan PB, Pandey S. The association of Pulmonary Hypertension and right ventricular systolic function - updates in diagnosis and treatment. Dis Mon 2024; 70:101635. [PMID: 37734967 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2023.101635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) systolic function is an essential but neglected component in cardiac evaluation, and its importance to the contribution to overall cardiac function is undermined. It is not only sensitive to the effect of left heart valve disease but is also more sensitive to changes in pressure overload than the left ventricle. Pulmonary Hypertension is the common and well-recognized complication of RV systolic dysfunction. It is also the leading cause of pulmonary valve disease and right ventricular dysfunction. Patients with a high pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and a low RV ejection fraction have a seven-fold higher risk of death than heart failure patients with a normal PAP and RV ejection fraction. Furthermore, it is an independent predictor of survival in these patients. In this review, we examine the association of right ventricular systolic function with Pulmonary Hypertension by focusing on various pathological and clinical manifestations while assessing their impact. We also explore new 2022 ESC/ERS guidelines for diagnosing and treating right ventricular dysfunction in Pulmonary Hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nida Khan
- Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Pakistan
| | - Ajal Salam
- Government Medical College Kottayam, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Muskan Joshi
- Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Li W, Zhang XC, Qian YL, Chen XX, Quan RL, Yang T, Xiong CM, Gu Q, He JG. Biventricular intraventricular mechanical and electrical dyssynchrony in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23352. [PMID: 38163214 PMCID: PMC10755332 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) leads to myocardial remodeling, manifesting as mechanical dyssynchrony (M-dys) and electrical dyssynchrony (E-dys), in both right (RV) and left ventricles (LV). However, the impacts of layer-specific intraventricular M-dys on biventricular functions and its association with E-dys in PAH remain unclear. Methods Seventy-nine newly diagnosed patients with PAH undergoing cardiac magnetic resonance scanning were consecutively recruited between January 2011 and December 2017. The biventricular volumetric and layer-specific intraventricular M-dys were analyzed. The QRS duration z-scores were calculated after adjusting for age and sex. Results 77.22 % of patients were female (mean age 30.30 ± 9.79 years; median follow-up 5.53 years). Further, 29 (36.71 %) patients succumbed to all-cause mortality by the end of the study. At the baseline, LV layer-specific intraventricular M-dys had apparent transmural gradients compared with RV in the radial and circumferential directions. However, deceased patients lost the transmural gradients. The LV longitudinal strain rate time to late diastolic peak in the myocardial region (LVmyoLSRTTLDPintra) predicted long-term survival. The Kaplan-Meier curve revealed that patients with PAH with LVmyoLSRTTLDPintra <20.01 milliseconds had a worse prognosis. Larger right ventricle (RV) intraventricular M-dys resulted in worse RV ejection fraction. However, larger LV intraventricular M-dys in the late diastolic phase indicated remarkable exercise capacity and higher LV stroke volume index. E-dys and intraventricular M-dys had no direct correlations. Conclusions The layer-specific intraventricular M-dys had varying impacts on biventricular functions in PAH. PAH patients with LVmyoLSRTTLDPintra <20.01 milliseconds had a worse prognosis. LV intraventricular M-dys in the late diastolic phase needs more attention to precisely evaluate LV function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yu-ling Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-lin Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Center of Pulmonary Vascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-ming Xiong
- Center of Pulmonary Vascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Gu
- Emergency Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-guo He
- Center of Pulmonary Vascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Ali AA, Habib SA, AbdElaziz OH, Mohammad SA. Right ventricular systolic function and mechanical dyssynchrony in ischemic or non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: A speckle-tracking study. Echocardiography 2023; 40:1166-1176. [PMID: 37676474 DOI: 10.1111/echo.15676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study assessed RV dyssynchrony (irrespective to QRS duration) and RV systolic function in non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM) versus ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM) patients by using different echo-Doppler modalities. METHODS Eighty-five cases (48 patients with DCM [whether ischemic or non-ischemic] and 37 age-matched healthy controls) were studied. Conventional echo-Doppler study, tissue Doppler (TDI), and speckle tracking (STE) were carried out to measure LV and RV systolic function. Time-to-peak negative longitudinal strain at the four RV sites were assessed by TDI derived strain and 2D speckle tracking. RESULTS Patients with DCM (whether ischemic or non-ischemic) had significantly lower fractional area change, RV tricuspid annular systolic velocity (p < .001 for both), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (p = .01), RV-GLS whether TDI or 2D derived (p < .001). Twenty-nine patients (60%) showed right intraventricular delay (RV4SD > 60 ms). The RV-dyssynchrony index was negatively correlated to %FAC (r = -.362, p = .01), RV Sm (r = -.312, p = .04), and 2D-RV GLS (r = -.305, p = .05). Insignificant higher RV-dysynchrony index was detected in NIDCM compared to IDCM group; however, the basal septal segment was significantly delayed in dilated group. More impaired RV systolic function was detected in ischemic group. 2D STE and TDI showed a significant correlation in the assessment of the right-intraventricular delay (p = .001). CONCLUSION Right-intraventricular dyssynchrony are detectable in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (whether ischemic or non-ischemic) with a higher statistically insignificant value in non-ischemic group by using tissue Doppler imaging and 2D speckle tracking. More impairment of the RV systolic function was noticed in the ischemic group. Impaired RV systolic function was associated with right intraventricular delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Ahmed Ali
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine (for girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa Ahmed Habib
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine (for girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ola Hassan AbdElaziz
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine (for girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Wu J, Huang X, Chen W, Tang Y, Chen X, Wang X, Jing B, Sun Y, Huang K, Gao Q, Liu X, Su M. Noninvasive right ventricular work in patients with atrial septal defects: a proof-of-concept study. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2023; 21:10. [PMID: 37210542 DOI: 10.1186/s12947-023-00306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive right ventricular (RV) myocardial work (RVMW) determined by echocardiography is a novel indicator used to estimate RV systolic function. To date, the feasibility of using RVMW has not been verified in assessing RV function in patients with atrial septal defect (ASD). METHODS Noninvasive RVMW was analysed in 29 ASD patients (median age, 49 years; 21% male) and 29 age- and sex-matched individuals without cardiovascular disease. The ASD patients underwent echocardiography and right heart catheterization (RHC) within 24 h. RESULTS The RV global work index (RVGWI), RV global constructive work (RVGCW), and RV global wasted work (RVGWW) were significantly higher in the ASD patients than in the controls, while there was no significant difference in RV global work efficiency (RVGWE). RV global longitudinal strain (RV GLS), RVGWI, RVGCW, and RVGWW demonstrated significant correlations with RHC-derived stroke volume (SV) and SV index. The RVGWI (area under receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] = 0.895), RVGCW (AUC = 0.922), and RVGWW (AUC = 0.870) could be considered good predictors of ASD and were superior to RV GLS (AUC = 0.656). CONCLUSION The RVGWI, RVGCW, and RVGWW could be used to assess RV systolic function and are correlated with RHC-derived SV and SV index in patients with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Department of Ultrasonography, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinyi Huang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Weibin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yiruo Tang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Ultrasonography, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Department of Ultrasonography, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Department of Ultrasonography, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kunhui Huang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiumei Gao
- Department of Ultrasonography, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xueming Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Maolong Su
- Department of Ultrasonography, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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Bousseau S, Sobrano Fais R, Gu S, Frump A, Lahm T. Pathophysiology and new advances in pulmonary hypertension. BMJ MEDICINE 2023; 2:e000137. [PMID: 37051026 PMCID: PMC10083754 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a progressive and often fatal cardiopulmonary condition characterised by increased pulmonary arterial pressure, structural changes in the pulmonary circulation, and the formation of vaso-occlusive lesions. These changes lead to increased right ventricular afterload, which often progresses to maladaptive right ventricular remodelling and eventually death. Pulmonary arterial hypertension represents one of the most severe and best studied types of pulmonary hypertension and is consistently targeted by drug treatments. The underlying molecular pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension is a complex and multifactorial process, but can be characterised by several hallmarks: inflammation, impaired angiogenesis, metabolic alterations, genetic or epigenetic abnormalities, influence of sex and sex hormones, and abnormalities in the right ventricle. Current treatments for pulmonary arterial hypertension and some other types of pulmonary hypertension target pathways involved in the control of pulmonary vascular tone and proliferation; however, these treatments have limited efficacy on patient outcomes. This review describes key features of pulmonary hypertension, discusses current and emerging therapeutic interventions, and points to future directions for research and patient care. Because most progress in the specialty has been made in pulmonary arterial hypertension, this review focuses on this type of pulmonary hypertension. The review highlights key pathophysiological concepts and emerging therapeutic directions, targeting inflammation, cellular metabolism, genetics and epigenetics, sex hormone signalling, bone morphogenetic protein signalling, and inhibition of tyrosine kinase receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bousseau
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Rafael Sobrano Fais
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Sue Gu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andrea Frump
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tim Lahm
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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Manzi G, Vizza CD, Badagliacca R. Comment on Topyła-Putowska et al. Echocardiography in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Comprehensive Evaluation and Technical Considerations. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 3229. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11123337. [PMID: 35743408 PMCID: PMC9224639 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive PAH echocardiographic examination of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) should include a set of parameters resembling the pathophysiological changes occurring in the course of the disease. This approach could help clinicians build a complete picture of the patient, test the effects of targeted therapies and identify patients who need a more aggressive therapeutic approach to achieve a low risk-status.
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Yamagata Y, Ikeda S, Kojima S, Ueno Y, Nakata T, Koga S, Ohno C, Yonekura T, Yoshimuta T, Minami T, Kawano H, Maemura K. Right Ventricular Dyssynchrony in Patients With Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Circ J 2022; 86:936-944. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-21-0849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yamagata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Satoshi Ikeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Sanae Kojima
- Ultrasound Diagnostic Center, Nagasaki University Hospital
| | - Yuki Ueno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Tomoo Nakata
- Department of Cardiology, Saiseikai Nagasaki Hospital
| | - Seiji Koga
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Chikara Ohno
- Ultrasound Diagnostic Center, Nagasaki University Hospital
| | - Tsuyoshi Yonekura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Tsuyoshi Yoshimuta
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Takako Minami
- Ultrasound Diagnostic Center, Nagasaki University Hospital
| | - Hiroaki Kawano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Koji Maemura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
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Mamazhakypov A, Sartmyrzaeva M, Kushubakova N, Duishobaev M, Maripov A, Sydykov A, Sarybaev A. Right Ventricular Response to Acute Hypoxia Exposure: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2022; 12:786954. [PMID: 35095556 PMCID: PMC8791628 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.786954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute hypoxia exposure is associated with an elevation of pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), resulting in an increased hemodynamic load on the right ventricle (RV). In addition, hypoxia may exert direct effects on the RV. However, the RV responses to such challenges are not fully characterized. The aim of this systematic review was to describe the effects of acute hypoxia on the RV in healthy lowland adults. Methods: We systematically reviewed PubMed and Web of Science and article references from 2005 until May 2021 for prospective studies evaluating echocardiographic RV function and morphology in healthy lowland adults at sea level and upon exposure to simulated altitude or high-altitude. Results: We included 37 studies in this systematic review, 12 of which used simulated altitude and 25 were conducted in high-altitude field conditions. Eligible studies reported at least one of the RV variables, which were all based on transthoracic echocardiography assessing RV systolic and diastolic function and RV morphology. The design of these studies significantly differed in terms of mode of ascent to high-altitude, altitude level, duration of high-altitude stay, and timing of measurements. In the majority of the studies, echocardiographic examinations were performed within the first 10 days of high-altitude induction. Studies also differed widely by selectively reporting only a part of multiple RV parameters. Despite consistent increase in PAP documented in all studies, reports on the changes of RV function and morphology greatly differed between studies. Conclusion: This systematic review revealed that the study reports on the effects of acute hypoxia on the RV are controversial and inconclusive. This may be the result of significantly different study designs, non-compliance with international guidelines on RV function assessment and limited statistical power due to small sample sizes. Moreover, the potential impact of other factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, physical activity, mode of ascent and environmental factors such as temperature and humidity on RV responses to hypoxia remained unexplored. Thus, this comprehensive overview will promote reproducible research with improved study designs and methods for the future large-scale prospective studies, which eventually may provide important insights into the RV response to acute hypoxia exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argen Mamazhakypov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Meerim Sartmyrzaeva
- Department of Mountain and Sleep Medicine and Pulmonary Hypertension, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Kyrgyz Indian Mountain Biomedical Research Center, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Nadira Kushubakova
- Department of Mountain and Sleep Medicine and Pulmonary Hypertension, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Kyrgyz Indian Mountain Biomedical Research Center, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Melis Duishobaev
- Department of Mountain and Sleep Medicine and Pulmonary Hypertension, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Kyrgyz Indian Mountain Biomedical Research Center, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Abdirashit Maripov
- Department of Mountain and Sleep Medicine and Pulmonary Hypertension, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Kyrgyz Indian Mountain Biomedical Research Center, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Akylbek Sydykov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Mountain and Sleep Medicine and Pulmonary Hypertension, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Akpay Sarybaev
- Department of Mountain and Sleep Medicine and Pulmonary Hypertension, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Kyrgyz Indian Mountain Biomedical Research Center, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- *Correspondence: Akpay Sarybaev
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Patel N, Massolo AC, Kraemer US, Kipfmueller F. The heart in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Knowns, unknowns, and future priorities. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:890422. [PMID: 36052357 PMCID: PMC9424541 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.890422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing recognition that the heart is a key contributor to the pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), in conjunction with developmental abnormalities of the lung and pulmonary vasculature. Investigations to date have demonstrated altered fetal cardiac morphology, notably relative hypoplasia of the fetal left heart, as well as early postnatal right and left ventricular dysfunction which appears to be independently associated with adverse outcomes. However, many more unknowns remain, not least an understanding of the genetic and cellular basis for cardiac dysplasia and dysfunction in CDH, the relationship between fetal, postnatal and long-term cardiac function, and the impact on other parts of the body especially the developing brain. Consensus on how to measure and classify cardiac function and pulmonary hypertension in CDH is also required, potentially using both non-invasive imaging and biomarkers. This may allow routine assessment of the relative contribution of cardiac dysfunction to individual patient pathophysiological phenotype and enable better, individualized therapeutic strategies incorporating targeted use of fetal therapies, cardiac pharmacotherapies, and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Collaborative, multi-model approaches are now required to explore these unknowns and fully appreciate the role of the heart in CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Patel
- Department of Neonatology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ulrike S Kraemer
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Florian Kipfmueller
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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12
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Demirci M, Ozben B, Sunbul M, Cincin A, Gurel YE, Bayram Guctekin T, Dogan Z, Sahinkaya Y, Direskeneli H, Tigen K, Sayar N. The evaluation of right ventricle dyssynchrony by speckle tracking echocardiography in systemic sclerosis patients. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2021; 49:895-902. [PMID: 34259351 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.23041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is associated with right ventricle (RV) remodeling and dysfunction. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate RV dyssynchrony (RV-Dys) in SSc patients using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE). METHODS Fifty-five SSc patients with functional class I-II and 45 healthy controls were consecutively included and underwent 2D-STE. RV-Dys was defined as the standard deviation of time to peak strain of mid and basal segments of RV free wall and interventricular septum. SSc group was further classified according to the presence of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Patients with tricuspid regurgitant velocity >2.8 m/s with additional echocardiographic PAH signs were defined as SSc PAH (+). RESULTS SSc patients had lower RV longitudinal strain (RV-LS) (-17.6 ± 4.6% vs. -20.8 ± 2.8%, p < 0.001) and greater RV-Dys (49.9 ± 25.4 ms vs 24.3 ± 11.8 ms, p = 0.006) than controls despite no significant difference in conventional echocardiographic variables regarding RV function. Although SSc PAH(+) patients had lower RV-LS and higher RV-Dys than SSc PAH(-) patients, the differences were not statistically significant. The only independent predictor of RV-Dys was RV-LS (β:-0.324 [-3.89- -0.45]; p = 0.014). CONCLUSION SSc patients had not only reduced RV-LS but also impaired RV synchronicity even as conventional echocardiographic variables were preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Demirci
- Department of Cardiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beste Ozben
- Department of Cardiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Sunbul
- Department of Cardiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Altug Cincin
- Department of Cardiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Emre Gurel
- Department of Cardiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuba Bayram Guctekin
- Department of Cardiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zekeriya Dogan
- Department of Cardiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Sahinkaya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Haner Direskeneli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kursat Tigen
- Department of Cardiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurten Sayar
- Department of Cardiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Clinical Significance of Right Ventricular Function in Pulmonary Hypertension. Keio J Med 2021; 70:60-67. [PMID: 33456013 DOI: 10.2302/kjm.2020-0015-ir] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive disease characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance that leads to right ventricular (RV) failure, a condition that determines its prognosis. This review focuses on the clinical value of the evaluation of RV function in PH. First, the pathophysiology of PH, including hemodynamics, RV function, and their interaction (known as ventriculoarterial coupling), are summarized. Next, non-invasive imaging modalities and the parameters of RV function, mainly assessed by echocardiography, are reviewed. Finally, the clinical impacts of RV function in PH are described. This review will compare the techniques that yield comprehensive information on RV function and their roles in the assessment of PH.
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14
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Butcher SC, Fortuni F, Montero-Cabezas JM, Abou R, El Mahdiui M, van der Bijl P, van der Velde ET, Ajmone Marsan N, Bax JJ, Delgado V. Right ventricular myocardial work: proof-of-concept for non-invasive assessment of right ventricular function. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 22:142-152. [PMID: 33184656 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeaa261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Right ventricular myocardial work (RVMW) is a novel method for non-invasive assessment of right ventricular (RV) function utilizing RV pressure-strain loops. This study aimed to explore the relationship between RVMW and invasive indices of right heart catheterization (RHC) in a cohort of patients with heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF), and to compare values of RVMW with those of a group of patients without cardiovascular disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Non-invasive analysis of RVMW was performed in 22 HFrEF patients [median age 63 (59-67) years] who underwent echocardiography and invasive RHC within 48 h. Conventional RV functional measurements, RV global constructive work (RVGCW), RV global work index (RVGWI), RV global wasted work (RVGWW), and RV global work efficiency (RVGWE) were analysed and compared with invasively measured stroke volume and stroke volume index. Non-invasive analysis of RVMW was also performed in 22 patients without cardiovascular disease to allow for comparison between groups. None of the conventional echocardiographic parameters of RV systolic function were significantly correlated with stroke volume or stroke volume index. In contrast, one of the novel indices derived non-invasively by pressure-strain loops, RVGCW, demonstrated a moderate correlation with invasively measured stroke volume and stroke volume index (r = 0.63, P = 0.002 and r = 0.59, P = 0.004, respectively). RVGWI, RVGCW, and RVGWE were significantly lower in patients with HFrEF compared to a healthy cohort, while values of RVGWW were significantly higher. CONCLUSION RVGCW is a novel parameter that provides an integrative analysis of RV systolic function and correlates more closely with invasively measured stroke volume and stroke volume index than other standard echocardiographic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steele C Butcher
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington St, Perth WA 6000, Australia
| | - Federico Fortuni
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, via Forlanini, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Jose M Montero-Cabezas
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rachid Abou
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammed El Mahdiui
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter van der Bijl
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Enno T van der Velde
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nina Ajmone Marsan
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J Bax
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Victoria Delgado
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Echocardiography in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Is It Time to Reconsider Its Prognostic Utility? J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10132826. [PMID: 34206876 PMCID: PMC8268493 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by an insult in the pulmonary vasculature, with subsequent right ventricular (RV) adaptation to the increased afterload that ultimately leads to RV failure. The awareness of the importance of RV function in PAH has increased considerably because right heart failure is the predominant cause of death in PAH patients. Given its wide availability and reduced cost, echocardiography is of paramount importance in the evaluation of the right heart in PAH. Several echocardiographic parameters have been shown to have prognostic implications in PAH; however, the role of echocardiography in the risk assessment of the PAH patient is limited under the current guidelines. This review discusses the echocardiographic evaluation of the RV in PAH and during therapy, and its prognostic implications, as well as the potential significant role of repeated echocardiographic assessment in the follow-up of patients with PAH.
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16
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Assessment of right atrial dyssynchrony by 2D speckle-tracking in healthy young men following high altitude exposure at 4100 m. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247107. [PMID: 33600469 PMCID: PMC7891700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High altitude exposure induces overload of right-sided heart and may further predispose to supraventricular arrhythmia. It has been reported that atrial mechanical dyssynchrony is associated with atrial arrhythmia. Whether high altitude exposure causes higher right atrial (RA) dyssynchrony is still unknown. The aim of study was to investigate the effect of high altitude exposure on right atrial mechanical synchrony. Methods In this study, 98 healthy young men underwent clinical examination and echocardiography at sea level (400 m) and high altitude (4100 m) after an ascent within 7 days. RA dyssynchrony was defined as inhomogeneous timing to peak strain and strain rate using 2D speckle-tracking echocardiography. Results Following high altitude exposure, standard deviation of the time to peak strain (SD-TPS) [36.2 (24.5, 48.6) ms vs. 21.7 (12.9, 32.1) ms, p<0.001] and SD-TPS as percentage of R–R’ interval (4.6 ± 2.1% vs. 2.5 ± 1.8%, p<0.001) significantly increased. Additionally, subjects with higher SD-TPS (%) at high altitude presented decreased right ventricular global longitudinal strain and RA active emptying fraction, but increased RA minimal volume index, which were not observed in lower group. Multivariable analysis showed that mean pulmonary arterial pressure and tricuspid E/A were independently associated with SD-TPS (%) at high altitude. Conclusion Our data for the first time demonstrated that high altitude exposure causes RA dyssynchrony in healthy young men, which may be secondary to increased pulmonary arterial pressure. In addition, subjects with higher RA dyssynchrony presented worse RA contractile function and right ventricular performance.
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17
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Ewalts M, Dawkins T, Boulet LM, Thijssen D, Stembridge M. The influence of increased venous return on right ventricular dyssynchrony during acute and sustained hypoxaemia. Exp Physiol 2020; 106:925-937. [PMID: 33369788 DOI: 10.1113/ep088657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Right ventricular dyssynchrony is a marker of function that is elevated in healthy individuals exposed to acute hypoxia, but does it remain elevated during sustained exposure to high altitude hypoxia, and can it be normalised by augmenting venous return? What is the main finding and its importance? For the first time it is demonstrated that (i) increasing venous return in acute hypoxia restores the synchrony of right ventricular contraction and (ii) dyssynchrony is evident after acclimatisation to high altitude, and remains sensitive to changes in venous return. Therefore, the interpretation of right ventricular dyssynchrony requires consideration the prevailing haemodynamic state. ABSTRACT Regional heterogeneity in timing of right ventricular (RV) contraction (RV dyssynchrony; RVD) occurs when pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) is increased during acute hypoxia. Interestingly, RVD is not observed during exercise, a stimulus that increases both PASP and venous return. Therefore, we hypothesised that RVD in healthy humans is sensitive to changes in venous return, and examined whether (i) increasing venous return in acute hypoxia lowers RVD and (ii) if RVD is further exaggerated in sustained hypoxia, given increased PASP is accompanied by decreased ventricular filling at high altitude. RVD, PASP and right ventricular end-diastolic area (RVEDA) were assessed using transthoracic two-dimensional and speckle-tracking echocardiography during acute normobaric hypoxia ( F i O 2 = 0.12) and sustained exposure (5-10 days) to hypobaric hypoxia (3800 m). Venous return was augmented with lower body positive pressure at sea level (LBPP; +10 mmHg) and saline infusion at high altitude. PASP was increased in acute hypoxia (20 ± 6 vs. 28 ± 7, P < 0.001) concomitant to an increase in RVD (18 ± 7 vs. 38 ± 10, P < 0.001); however, the addition of LBPP during hypoxia decreased RVD (38 ± 0 vs. 26 ± 10, P < 0.001). Sustained hypoxia increased PASP (20 ± 4 vs. 26 ± 5, P = 0.008) and decreased RVEDA (24 ± 4 vs. 21 ± 2, P = 0.042), with RVD augmented (14 ± 5 vs. 31 ± 12, P = 0.001). Saline infusion increased RVEDA (21 ± 2 vs. 23 ± 3, P = 0.008) and reduced RVD (31 ± 12 vs. 20 ± 9, P = 0.001). In summary, an increase in PASP secondary to acute and sustained exposure to hypoxia augments RVD, which can be at least partly reduced via increased venous return.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Ewalts
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK.,Department of Physiology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tony Dawkins
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lindsey M Boulet
- Centre for Heart Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dick Thijssen
- Department of Physiology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mike Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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18
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Muraru D, Badano L. Disease Staging and Outcome in Pulmonary Hypertension: Deciphering the Right Pattern. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 14:173-175. [PMID: 33221206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Muraru
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Department of Cardiology, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, San Luca Hospital, Milan, Italy.
| | - Luigi Badano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Department of Cardiology, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, San Luca Hospital, Milan, Italy
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19
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Tsugu T, Kawakami T, Kataoka M, Endo J, Kohno T, Itabashi Y, Fukuda K, Murata M. Preoperative right ventricular strain predicts sustained right ventricular dysfunction after balloon pulmonary angioplasty in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Echocardiography 2020; 37:2040-2047. [PMID: 33107156 DOI: 10.1111/echo.14887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) improves hemodynamics and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). However, its diagnostic and predictive values remain unclear. We investigated the diagnostic and predictive values of BPA by assessing the mechanism of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS Hemodynamic improvement was maintained over 6 months in 99 patients with CTEPH who underwent BPA. Notably, 57 of 99 patients showed normalization of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) after BPA. The RV mid free wall longitudinal strain (RVMFS) was inversely correlated with the 6-min walk distance (r = -.35, P = .01) and serum levels of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTNT) (r = -.39, P = .004) 6 months post-BPA in the PVR-normalized group. Among all variables analyzed, only the pre-BPA RVMFS was correlated with the post-BPA RVMFS (r = .40, P = .001), and the pre-BPA RVMFS (<-15.8%) was the strongest predictor of post-BPA normalization of RVMFS (area under the curve 0.80, P = .01, sensitivity 89%, and specificity 63%). The immediate post-BPA RVMFS showed worsening over 6 months after the procedure (-25.8% to -21.1%) in patients with high serum hs-cTNT levels (>0.0014 ng/mL). In contrast, we observed an improvement in these values in those with low serum hs-cTNT levels (-23.6% to -24.4%). CONCLUSION RVMFS of -15.8% may be a useful cutoff value to categorize the refractory and non-refractory stages of disease. Sustained serum hs-cTNT elevation post-BPA indicates subclinical RV myocardial injury, with resultant RVMFS deterioration and poor exercise tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimitsu Tsugu
- Department of Cardiology School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kawakami
- Department of Cardiology School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaharu Kataoka
- Department of Cardiology School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin Endo
- Department of Cardiology School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kohno
- Department of Cardiology School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Itabashi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsushige Murata
- Department of Laboratory Medicine School of Medicine, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Badagliacca R, Pezzuto B, Papa S, Poscia R, Manzi G, Pascaretta A, Miotti C, Luongo F, Scoccia G, Ciciarello F, Casu G, Sciomer S, Fedele F, Naeije R, Vizza CD. Right Ventricular Strain Curve Morphology and Outcome in Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 14:162-172. [PMID: 33129726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to explore speckle tracking echocardiographic right ventricular (RV) post-systolic strain patterns and their clinical relevance in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). BACKGROUND The imaging of RV diastolic function in PAH remains incompletely understood. METHODS Speckle tracking echocardiography of RV post-systolic strain recordings were examined in 108 consecutive idiopathic patients with PAH. Each of them underwent baseline clinical, hemodynamic, and complete echocardiographic evaluation and follow-up. RESULTS In total, 3 post-systolic strain patterns derived from the mid-basal RV free wall segments were identified. Pattern 1 was characterized by prompt return of strain-time curves to baseline after peak systolic negativity, like in normal control subjects. Pattern 2 was characterized by persisting negativity of strain-time curves well into diastole, before an end-diastolic returning to baseline. Pattern 3 was characterized by a slow return of strain-time curves to baseline during diastole. The 3 patterns corresponded respectively to mild PH, more advanced PH but with still preserved RV function, and PH with obvious end-stage right heart failure. Patterns were characterized by optimal reproducibility when complementary to quantitative measurement of right ventricular longitudinal early diastolic strain rate (RVLSR-E), and right ventricular longitudinal late diastolic strain rate (RVLSR-A) (Cohen's κ = 0.88; p = 0.0001). Multivariable models for clinical worsening prediction demonstrated that the addition of RV post-systolic patterns to clinical and hemodynamic variables significantly increased their prognostic power (0.78 vs. 0.66; p < 0.001). Freedom from clinical worsening rates at 1 and 2 years from baseline were, respectively, 100% and 93% for Pattern 1; 80% and 55% for Pattern 2; and 60% and 33% for Pattern 3. CONCLUSIONS Speckle tracking echocardiography allows for the identification of 3 phenotypically distinct, reproducible, and clinically meaningful RV strain-derived post-systolic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Badagliacca
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Pezzuto
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Papa
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Poscia
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Manzi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Pascaretta
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiano Miotti
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Luongo
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Scoccia
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Ciciarello
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Gavino Casu
- ATS Sardegna-ASSL Nuoro, San Francesco Hospital Nuoro, Nuoro, Italy
| | - Susanna Sciomer
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Fedele
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Robert Naeije
- Department of Pathophysiology, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carmine Dario Vizza
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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21
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Inampudi C, Tedford RJ, Hemnes AR, Hansmann G, Bogaard HJ, Koestenberger M, Lang IM, Brittain EL. Treatment of right ventricular dysfunction and heart failure in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2020; 10:1659-1674. [PMID: 33224779 PMCID: PMC7666956 DOI: 10.21037/cdt-20-348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Right heart dysfunction and failure is the principal determinant of adverse outcomes in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). In addition to right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, systemic congestion, increased afterload and impaired myocardial contractility play an important role in the pathophysiology of RV failure. The behavior of the RV in response to the hemodynamic overload is primarily modulated by the ventricular interaction and its coupling to the pulmonary circulation. The presentation can be acute with hemodynamic instability and shock or chronic producing symptoms of systemic venous congestion and low cardiac output. The prognostic factors associated with poor outcomes in hospitalized patients include systemic hypotension, hyponatremia, severe tricuspid insufficiency, inotropic support use and the presence of pericardial effusion. Effective therapeutic management strategies involve identification and effective treatment of the triggering factors, improving cardiopulmonary hemodynamics by optimization of volume to improve diastolic ventricular interactions, improving contractility by use of inotropes, and reducing afterload by use of drugs targeting pulmonary circulation. The medical therapies approved for PAH act primarily on the pulmonary vasculature with secondary effects on the right ventricle. Mechanical circulatory support as a bridge to transplantation has also gained traction in medically refractory cases. The current review was undertaken to summarize recent insights into the evaluation and treatment of RV dysfunction and failure attributable to PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakradhari Inampudi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ryan J. Tedford
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Anna R. Hemnes
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Georg Hansmann
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Critical Care, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Harm-Jan Bogaard
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Koestenberger
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Irene Marthe Lang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna
| | - Evan L. Brittain
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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22
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Bernardo RJ, Haddad F, Couture EJ, Hansmann G, de Jesus Perez VA, Denault AY, de Man FS, Amsallem M. Mechanics of right ventricular dysfunction in pulmonary arterial hypertension and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2020; 10:1580-1603. [PMID: 33224775 PMCID: PMC7666917 DOI: 10.21037/cdt-20-479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is the most important determinant of survival in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). The manifestations of RV dysfunction not only include changes in global RV systolic function but also abnormalities in the pattern of contraction and synchrony. The effects of PH on the right ventricle have been mainly studied in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, with the demographic shift towards an aging population, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) has become an important etiology of PH in recent years. There are significant differences in RV mechanics, function and adaptation between patients with PAH and HFpEF (with or without PH), which are related to different patterns of remodeling and dysfunction. Due to the unique features of the RV chamber, its connection with the main pulmonary artery and the pulmonary circulation, an understanding of the mechanics of RV function and its clinical significance is mandatory for both entities. In this review, we describe the mechanics of the pressure overloaded right ventricle. We review the different mechanical components of RV dysfunction and ventricular dyssynchrony, followed by insights via analysis of pressure-volume loop, energetics and novel blood flow patterns, such as vortex imaging. We conduct an in-depth comparison of prevalence and characteristics of RV dysfunction in HFpEF and PAH, and summarize key outcome studies. Finally, we provide a perspective on needed and expected future work in the field of RV mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto J. Bernardo
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Francois Haddad
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Etienne J. Couture
- Department of Anesthesiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Canada
- Intensive Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Canada
- Research Center, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Canada
| | - Georg Hansmann
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Critical Care, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vinicio A. de Jesus Perez
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - André Y. Denault
- Department of Anesthesiology and Division of Critical Care, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Frances S. de Man
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, PHEniX laboratory, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Myriam Amsallem
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
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Lin GM, Lu HHS. A 12-Lead ECG-Based System With Physiological Parameters and Machine Learning to Identify Right Ventricular Hypertrophy in Young Adults. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE-JTEHM 2020; 8:1900510. [PMID: 32509473 PMCID: PMC7269457 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2020.2996370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The presence of right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) accounts for approximately 5-10% in young adults. The sensitivity estimated by commonly used 12-lead electrocardiographic (ECG) criteria for identifying the presence of RVH is under 20% in the general population. The aim of this study is to develop a 12-lead ECG system with the related information of age, body height and body weight via machine learning to increase the sensitivity and the precision for detecting RVH. METHOD In a sample of 1,701 males, aged 17-45 years, support vector machine is used for the training of 31 parameters including age, body height and body weight in addition to 28 ECG data such as axes, intervals and wave voltages as the inputs to link the output RVH. The RVH is defined on the echocardiographic finding for young males as right ventricular anterior wall thickness > 5.5 mm. RESULTS On the system goal for increasing sensitivity, the specificity is controlled around 70-75% and all data tested in the proposed method show competent sensitivity up to 70.3%. The values of area under curve of receiver operating characteristic curve and precision-recall curve using the proposed method are 0.780 and 0.285, respectively, which are better than 0.518 and 0.112 using the Sokolow-Lyon voltage criterion, respectively, for detecting unspecific RVH. CONCLUSION We present a method using simple physiological parameters with ECG data to effectively identify more than 70% of the RVH among young adults. Clinical Impact: This system provides a fast, precise and feasible diagnosis tool to screen RVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen-Min Lin
- Department of Preventive MedicineFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIL60611USA.,Department of MedicineHualien Armed Forces General HospitalHualien97144Taiwan.,Department of MedicineTri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical CenterTaipei11490Taiwan
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Richter MJ, Badagliacca R, Wan J, Vanderpool R, Dalmer A, Ghofrani HA, Harth S, Seeger W, Gall H, Naeije R, Tello K. Right ventricular dyssynchrony: from load-independent right ventricular function to wall stress in severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2020; 10:2045894020925759. [PMID: 32523688 PMCID: PMC7235672 DOI: 10.1177/2045894020925759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) dyssynchrony has been related to outcome in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Prospectively, we performed echocardiography with measurement of right ventricular dyssynchrony and pressure-volume loop catheterization in 27 pulmonary arterial hypertension patients. Afterload and diastolic function emerged as determinates of wall stress, which results in dyssynchrony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel J Richter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Roberto Badagliacca
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Pulmonary Embolism & Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Research Group, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rebecca Vanderpool
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Antonia Dalmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Hossein A Ghofrani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.,Department of Pneumology, Kerckhoff Heart, Rheuma and Thoracic Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Harth
- Department of Radiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Henning Gall
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Robert Naeije
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Khodr Tello
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
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Surkova E, Muraru D, Genovese D, Aruta P, Palermo C, Badano LP. Relative Prognostic Importance of Left and Right Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Patients With Cardiac Diseases. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2019; 32:1407-1415.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Cheng XL, Liu BY, Wu WC, Li W, Huang L, Yang T, Liu ZH, Wang H, He JG, Xiong CM. Impact of right ventricular dyssynchrony on prognosis of patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2019; 9:2045894019883609. [PMID: 31692686 PMCID: PMC6811764 DOI: 10.1177/2045894019883609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension is a progressive disease with high mortality with an increasing burden of right ventricular. Right ventricular dyssynchrony was observed in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, but the association with mortality is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impact of right ventricular dyssynchrony on the survival of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. A total of 116 patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension were enrolled in this study. All these patients underwent comprehensive clinical evaluation. Right ventricular dyssynchrony was assessed by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. The time to peak strain (Tpeak) of right ventricular segments were obtained. Right ventricular dyssynchrony was quantified by the standard deviation of the heart rate-corrected Tpeak of right ventricular four segments. All patients were followed up and the primary endpoint was all cause of death. Results found patients with significant right ventricular dyssynchrony present with advanced World Health Organization functional class, worse hemodynamic status and right ventricular function. Right ventricular dyssynchrony was an independent predictive factor for the survival of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed patients with right ventricular dyssynchrony had worse prognosis. In conclusion, right ventricular dyssynchrony analyzed by speckle-tracking echocardiography provided added value to hemodynamic and echocardiographic parameters in evaluating the survival of patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine (General Medicine), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Chun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Guo He
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Ming Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Lahm T, Douglas IS, Archer SL, Bogaard HJ, Chesler NC, Haddad F, Hemnes AR, Kawut SM, Kline JA, Kolb TM, Mathai SC, Mercier O, Michelakis ED, Naeije R, Tuder RM, Ventetuolo CE, Vieillard-Baron A, Voelkel NF, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Hassoun PM. Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in the Research Setting: Knowledge Gaps and Pathways Forward. An Official American Thoracic Society Research Statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 198:e15-e43. [PMID: 30109950 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201806-1160st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Right ventricular (RV) adaptation to acute and chronic pulmonary hypertensive syndromes is a significant determinant of short- and long-term outcomes. Although remarkable progress has been made in the understanding of RV function and failure since the meeting of the NIH Working Group on Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Right Heart Failure in 2005, significant gaps remain at many levels in the understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms of RV responses to pressure and volume overload, in the validation of diagnostic modalities, and in the development of evidence-based therapies. METHODS A multidisciplinary working group of 20 international experts from the American Thoracic Society Assemblies on Pulmonary Circulation and Critical Care, as well as external content experts, reviewed the literature, identified important knowledge gaps, and provided recommendations. RESULTS This document reviews the knowledge in the field of RV failure, identifies and prioritizes the most pertinent research gaps, and provides a prioritized pathway for addressing these preclinical and clinical questions. The group identified knowledge gaps and research opportunities in three major topic areas: 1) optimizing the methodology to assess RV function in acute and chronic conditions in preclinical models, human studies, and clinical trials; 2) analyzing advanced RV hemodynamic parameters at rest and in response to exercise; and 3) deciphering the underlying molecular and pathogenic mechanisms of RV function and failure in diverse pulmonary hypertension syndromes. CONCLUSIONS This statement provides a roadmap to further advance the state of knowledge, with the ultimate goal of developing RV-targeted therapies for patients with RV failure of any etiology.
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Right ventricular systolic to diastolic duration ratio: A novel predictor of outcome in adult idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Int J Cardiol 2019; 293:218-222. [PMID: 31126734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The systolic to diastolic (SD) duration ratio reflects global RV performance in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) yet limited data exists on its application to adult non-congenital PAH. We measured SD ratios on echocardiogram in idiopathic PAH (IPAH) to establish its response to pulmonary vasodilator therapy and prognostic value at diagnosis and follow up. METHODS Incident patients with IPAH undergoing echocardiogram, haemodynamic and exercise assessments were identified within our centre between 2005 and 2018. SD ratios were adjusted for heart rate at diagnosis and follow up. RESULTS In 98 patients at diagnosis, the mean SD ratio was 1.03 ± 0.37 decreasing to 0.85 ± 0.25, p < 0.001 at follow-up echocardiogram performed at a median interval of 9.0 months. The SD ratio at diagnosis correlated weakly with RV basal diameter (r = 0.24, p = 0.04) and 6MWD (r = 0.23, p = 0.04). At follow up, the mean SD ratio was lower in those receiving combination vs monotherapy pulmonary vasodilator treatment (71 ± 25 vs 92 ± 22% baseline respectively, p < 0.001). After a median follow-up of 4.8 years, 3 patients were transplanted and 23 patients died. The SD ratio at diagnosis and follow up predicted an increased risk of death/transplantation (HR 2.41 (1.09-5.29), p = 0.03; HR 5.02 (1.27-19.77), p = 0.02 respectively), retaining its predictive value at diagnosis in bivariate models with 6MWD (HR 2.18 (1.06-4.08)), WHO Functional Class (HR 2.33 (1.04-5.21)) and TAPSE (HR 2.36 (1.07-5.19)), all p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS The SD ratio carries prognostic value at diagnosis and follow up in IPAH. Its further evaluation alongside current PAH risk stratification parameters should be considered.
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Right ventricular function and dyssynchrony measured by echocardiography in dogs with precapillary pulmonary hypertension. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 23:1-14. [PMID: 31174719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Assessment of the right ventricular (RV) function by echocardiography is important in dogs with pulmonary hypertension (PH). Few reports are available on RV function and dyssynchrony in dogs, especially in the context of precapillary PH. ANIMALS The study included 79 client-owned dogs: 25 dogs with precapillary PH and 54 control dogs. METHODS Dogs with precapillary PH were prospectively enrolled between December 2013 and February 2017. The echocardiographic indices of RV function, including RV strain and the dyssynchrony index by speckle-tracking echocardiography, were measured. Multivariate analysis was used to determine independent predictors of the RV dyssynchrony index. RESULTS Dogs with precapillary PH showed RV dilation, hypertrophy and right atrial dilation. Impaired echocardiographic indices of RV function, including RV strain, were observed. In addition, RV dyssynchrony occurred in dogs with precapillary PH. Multivariate analysis revealed that tricuspid regurgitation velocity and RV dilation were independent predictors of the RV dyssynchrony index. CONCLUSIONS Echocardiographic RV function indices are impaired in dogs with precapillary PH. In addition, RV dilation and elevated systolic pulmonary arterial pressure estimated by echocardiography are associated with RV dyssynchrony.
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Morita T, Nakamura K, Osuga T, Yokoyama N, Morishita K, Sasaki N, Ohta H, Takiguchi M. Effect of acute volume overload on echocardiographic indices of right ventricular function and dyssynchrony assessed by use of speckle tracking echocardiography in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:51-60. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Driessen MMP, Leiner T, Sieswerda GT, van Dijk APJ, Post MC, Friedberg MK, Mertens L, Doevendans PA, Snijder RJ, Hulzebos EH, Meijboom FJ. RV adaptation to increased afterload in congenital heart disease and pulmonary hypertension. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205196. [PMID: 30356250 PMCID: PMC6200212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The various conditions causing a chronic increase of RV pressure greatly differ in the occurrence of RV failure, and in clinical outcome. To get a better understanding of the differences in outcome, RV remodeling, longitudinal function, and transverse function are compared between patients with pulmonary stenosis (PS), those with a systemic RV and those with pulmonary hypertension (PH). Materials and methods This cross-sectional study prospectively enrolled subjects for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), functional echocardiography and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. The study included: controls (n = 37), patients with PS (n = 15), systemic RV (n = 19) and PH (n = 20). Statistical analysis was performed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with posthoc Bonferroni. Results PS patients had smaller RV volumes with higher RV ejection fraction (61.1±9.6%; p<0.05) compared to controls (53.8±4.8%). PH and systemic RV patients exhibited dilated RVs with lower RV ejection fraction (36.9±9.6% and 46.3±10.1%; p<0.01 versus controls). PH patients had lower RV stroke volume (p = 0.02), RV ejection fractions (p<0.01) and VO2 peak/kg% (p<0.001) compared to systemic RV patients. Mean apical transverse RV free wall motion was lower and RV free wall shortening (p<0.001) was prolonged in PH patients–resulting in post-systolic shortening and intra-ventricular dyssynchrony. Apical transverse shortening and global longitudinal RV deformation showed the best correlation to RV ejection fraction (respectively r = 0.853, p<0.001 and r = 0.812, p<0.001). Conclusions RV remodeling and function differed depending on the etiology of RV pressure overload. In contrast to the RV of patients with PS or a systemic RV, in whom sufficient stroke volumes are maintained, the RV of patients with PH seems unable to compensate for its increase in afterload completely. Key mediators of RV dysfunction observed in PH patients, were: prolonged RV free wall shortening, resulting in post-systolic shortening and intra-ventricular dyssynchrony, and decreased transverse function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke M. P. Driessen
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- ΙCΙN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Leiner
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Gertjan Tj Sieswerda
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arie P. J. van Dijk
- Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marco C. Post
- Department of Cardiology, Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Mark K. Friedberg
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Labatt Family Heart Center, Toronto, Canada
| | - Luc Mertens
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Labatt Family Heart Center, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pieter A. Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Repke J. Snijder
- Department of Pulmonology, Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Hulzebos
- Department of Paediatric Physical Therapy and Exercise Physiology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Folkert J. Meijboom
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Badagliacca R, Papa S, Poscia R, Pezzuto B, Manzi G, Torre R, Fedele F, Vizza CD. The importance of right ventricular function in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Expert Rev Respir Med 2018; 12:809-815. [PMID: 30142003 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2018.1515629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive, life-threatening, and incurable disease. Its prognosis is based on right ventricular (RV) function. Therefore, adequate assessment of RV function is mandatory. Areas covered: This article presents the case of a patient with PAH in which the traditional diagnostic approach did not provide a complete assessment of RV function. The authors show how the analysis of other parameters yielded additional information that improved the management of this patient. Expert commentary: Despite current treatments, PAH often worsens due to progressive RV dysfunction. Appropriate assessment of RV function may facilitate the early identification of patients at risk of RV function impairment. More aggressive treatment of PAH might delay progression of the disease. Traditional risk stratification, which is based on New York Heart Association/World Health Organization (NYHA/WHO) functional class evaluation, the 6-minute walk test, and right heart catheterization, proves insufficient in many PAH patients, as it does not provide complete information about RV function. Thus, further parameters are required. Analysis of RV function, in addition to echocardiography and cardiopulmonary exercise testing, may add relevant prognostic information and improve therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Badagliacca
- a Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Silvia Papa
- a Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Roberto Poscia
- a Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Beatrice Pezzuto
- a Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Giovanna Manzi
- a Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Roberto Torre
- a Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Francesco Fedele
- a Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Carmine Dario Vizza
- a Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
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Pezzuto B, Forton K, Badagliacca R, Motoji Y, Faoro V, Naeije R. Right ventricular dyssynchrony during hypoxic breathing but not during exercise in healthy subjects: a speckle tracking echocardiography study. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:1338-1346. [PMID: 30055062 DOI: 10.1113/ep087027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Right ventricular dyssynchrony in severe pulmonary hypertension is associated with a poor prognosis. However, it has recently been observed in patients with lung or connective tissue disease and pulmonary artery pressure at the upper limits of normal. The mechanisms of right ventricular dyssynchrony in pulmonary hypertension remain uncertain. What is the main finding and its importance? Acute hypoxic breathing, but not normoxic exercise, induces an increase in right ventricular dyssynchrony detected by speckle tracking echocardiography in healthy subjects. These results add new insights into the determinants of right ventricular dyssynchrony, suggesting a role for systemic factors added to afterload in the pathophysiology of right ventricular inhomogeneity of contraction. ABSTRACT Pulmonary hypertension (PH) has been shown to be associated with regional inhomogeneity (or dyssynchrony) of right ventricular (RV) contraction. Right ventricular dyssynchrony is an independent predictor of decreased survival in advanced PH, but has also been reported in patients with only mildly elevated pulmonary artery pressure (PAP). The mechanisms of RV dyssynchrony in PH remain uncertain. Our aim was to evaluate RV regional function in healthy subjects during acute hypoxia and during exercise. Seventeen healthy subjects (24 ± 6 years) underwent a speckle tracking echocardiography of the RV at rest in normoxia and every 15 min during a 60 min exposure to hypoxic breathing ( F I O 2 12%). Ten of the subjects also underwent an incremental cycle ergometry in normoxia to 100 W, with the same echocardiographic measurements. Dyssynchrony was measured as the SD of the times to peak systolic strain of the four basal and mid RV segments corrected for the heart rate (RV-SD4). RV-SD4 increased during hypoxia from 12 ± 7 to 22 ± 11 ms in spite of mild increases in mean PAP (mPAP) from 15 ± 2 to 20 ± 2 mmHg and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) from 1.18 ± 0.15 to 1.4 ± 0.15 Wood units (WU). During exercise RV-SD4 did not significantly change (from 12 ± 6 ms to 14 ± 6 ms), while mPAP increased to 25 ± 2 mmHg and PVR was unchanged. These data show that in healthy subjects, RV contraction is inhomogeneous in hypoxia but not during exercise. Since PAP increases more during exercise, RV dyssynchrony in hypoxia may be explained by a combination of mechanical (RV afterload) and systemic (hypoxia) factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Pezzuto
- Department of Exercise Physiology; Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Route de Lennik 808 Bruxelles Belgium
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Kevin Forton
- Department of Exercise Physiology; Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Route de Lennik 808 Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Roberto Badagliacca
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Yoshiki Motoji
- Department of Exercise Physiology; Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Route de Lennik 808 Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Vitalie Faoro
- Department of Exercise Physiology; Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Route de Lennik 808 Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Robert Naeije
- Department of Exercise Physiology; Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Route de Lennik 808 Bruxelles Belgium
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme University Hospital of Brussels; Route de Lennik 808 Bruxelles Belgium
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Strengths and weaknesses of echocardiography for the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension. Int J Cardiol 2018; 263:177-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Murata M, Tsugu T, Kawakami T, Kataoka M, Minakata Y, Endo J, Tsuruta H, Itabashi Y, Maekawa Y, Murata M, Fukuda K. Prognostic value of three-dimensional echocardiographic right ventricular ejection fraction in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Oncotarget 2018; 7:86781-86790. [PMID: 27893420 PMCID: PMC5349953 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Right ventricular (RV) function is an independent predictor of clinical outcomes in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, it remains controversial which RV parameter should be measured as an appropriate index for the treatment of PAH. The aim of this study was to identify the most useful parameter that correlates with hemodynamics and predicts clinical outcomes in PAH. Results Most of the clinical and echocardiographic RV parameters were significantly correlated with pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) as well as mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP). Among these, three dimensional right ventricular ejection fraction (3DRVEF) showed the strongest hemodynamic correlation, followed by 6-minute walk distance. Receiver operating characteristic analysis of association with cardiac events including death, hospitalization, and intervention revealed a greater area under the curve for 3DRVEF than for mPAP (0.78 vs. 0.74). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with 3DRVEF less than 38% had significantly shorter event-free survival than those with greater than 38% (P = 0.0007). Finally, the Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that 3DRVEF, but not mPAP, was an independent predictor of clinical events in PAH. Materials and Methods Eighty-six consecutive patients were enrolled in this study. RV hemodynamic parameters were measured by right heart catheterization (RHC). RV function was assessed using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography and three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3DTTE) to evaluate RV free wall global strain (RVFS) and RVEF. Conclusions RVEF measured by 3DTTE could be a useful parameter for noninvasively assessing RV hemodynamics and predicting the clinical outcomes in PAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshimitsu Tsugu
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kawakami
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaharu Kataoka
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yugo Minakata
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin Endo
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Tsuruta
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Itabashi
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Maekawa
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Murata
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Crowe T, Jayasekera G, Peacock AJ. Non-invasive imaging of global and regional cardiac function in pulmonary hypertension. Pulm Circ 2017; 8:2045893217742000. [PMID: 29064323 PMCID: PMC5753990 DOI: 10.1177/2045893217742000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive illness characterized by elevated pulmonary artery pressure; however, the main cause of mortality in PH patients is right ventricular (RV) failure. Historically, improving the hemodynamics of pulmonary circulation was the focus of treatment; however, it is now evident that cardiac response to a given level of pulmonary hemodynamic overload is variable but plays an important role in the subsequent prognosis. Non-invasive tests of RV function to determine prognosis and response to treatment in patients with PH is essential. Although the right ventricle is the focus of attention, it is clear that cardiac interaction can cause left ventricular dysfunction, thus biventricular assessment is paramount. There is also focus on the atrial chambers in their contribution to cardiac function in PH. Furthermore, there is evidence of regional dysfunction of the two ventricles in PH, so it would be useful to understand both global and regional components of dysfunction. In order to understand global and regional cardiac function in PH, the most obvious non-invasive imaging techniques are echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI). Both techniques have their advantages and disadvantages. Echocardiography is widely available, relatively inexpensive, provides information regarding RV function, and can be used to estimate RV pressures. CMRI, although expensive and less accessible, is the gold standard of biventricular functional measurements. The advent of 3D echocardiography and techniques including strain analysis and stress echocardiography have improved the usefulness of echocardiography while new CMRI technology allows the measurement of strain and measuring cardiac function during stress including exercise. In this review, we have analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of the two techniques and discuss pre-existing and novel forms of analysis where echocardiography and CMRI can be used to examine atrial, ventricular, and interventricular function in patients with PH at rest and under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Crowe
- 41444 Cardiac and Vascular Imaging Group, Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Geeshath Jayasekera
- 41444 Cardiac and Vascular Imaging Group, Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew J Peacock
- 41444 Cardiac and Vascular Imaging Group, Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, UK
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Tran DL, Lau EM, Celermajer DS, Davis GM, Cordina R. Pathophysiology of exercise intolerance in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Respirology 2017; 23:148-159. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek L. Tran
- Faculty of Health Sciences; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney NSW Australia
- Pulmonary Hypertension Service; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Edmund M.T. Lau
- Pulmonary Hypertension Service; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - David S. Celermajer
- Pulmonary Hypertension Service; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Glen M. Davis
- Faculty of Health Sciences; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Rachael Cordina
- Pulmonary Hypertension Service; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
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Naeije R, Badagliacca R. The overloaded right heart and ventricular interdependence. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113:1474-1485. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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The repeatability and characteristics of right ventricular longitudinal strain imaging by speckle-tracking echocardiography in healthy dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2017; 19:351-362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Peacock AJ. Measuring the effects of treatment in patients with PAH: should we image the right ventricle? Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/6/1700805. [PMID: 28663319 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00805-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Peacock
- Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, UK
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41
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Badagliacca R, Papa S, Valli G, Pezzuto B, Poscia R, Reali M, Manzi G, Giannetta E, Berardi D, Sciomer S, Palange P, Fedele F, Naeije R, Vizza CD. Right ventricular dyssynchrony and exercise capacity in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/6/1601419. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01419-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Survival in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is determined by right ventricular (RV) function adaptation to afterload. How altered RV function impacts on exercise capacity in PAH is not exactly known.104 idiopathic PAH (IPAH) patients aged 52±14 years underwent a diagnostic right heart catheterisation, a comprehensive echocardiography including two-dimensional speckle tracking for RV dyssynchrony evaluation and a cardiopulmonary exercise test. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of peak oxygen uptake (peakV′O2).A first multivariate analysis of only resting haemodynamic variables identified cardiac index, right atrial (RA) pressure and pulmonary arterial compliance as independent predictors, with low predictive capacity (r2=0.31; p<0.001). A second multivariate analysis model which considered only echocardiographic parameters but without RV dyssynchrony, identified RV fractional area change (FAC) and RA area as independent predictors with still low predictivity (r2=0.35; p<0.001). Adding RV dyssynchrony to the second model increased its predictivity (r2=0.48; p<0.001). Repetition of the three multivariate analyses in patients with preserved RVFAC confirmed that inclusion of RV dyssynchrony results in the highest predictive capability of peakV′O2(r2=0.53; p=0.001).A comprehensive echocardiography with speckle tracking-derived assessment of the heterogeneity of RV contraction improves the prediction of aerobic exercise capacity in IPAH.
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Morita T, Nakamura K, Osuga T, Yokoyama N, Morishita K, Sasaki N, Ohta H, Takiguchi M. Changes in right ventricular function assessed by echocardiography in dog models of mild RV pressure overload. Echocardiography 2017; 34:1040-1049. [DOI: 10.1111/echo.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Morita
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine; Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakamura
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Osuga
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine; Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Nozomu Yokoyama
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine; Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Keitaro Morishita
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Noboru Sasaki
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine; Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohta
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine; Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Takiguchi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine; Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
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Letter to the editor about the paper “Right ventricular dyssynchrony predicts clinical outcomes in patients with pulmonary hypertension” by Murata et al. Int J Cardiol 2017; 234:128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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44
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Murata M. Response to the letter to the editor: Right ventricular dyssynchrony predicts clinical outcomes in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Int J Cardiol 2017; 234:129-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.01.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lamia B, Muir JF, Molano LC, Viacroze C, Benichou J, Bonnet P, Quieffin J, Cuvelier A, Naeije R. Altered synchrony of right ventricular contraction in borderline pulmonary hypertension. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 33:1331-1339. [PMID: 28317064 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-017-1110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Imaging studies have shown that pulmonary hypertension (PH) is associated with inhomogenous right ventricular (RV) regional contraction, or dyssynchrony, and that this is of prognostic relevance. This study aimed at the identification and functional significance of RV dyssynchrony in borderline PH defined by a mean pulmonary artery pressure between (mPAP) 20 and 25 mmHg. RV dyssynchrony was measured by 2-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in 17 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), 13 patients with borderline PH and 14 controls. Dyssynchrony was defined as the R-R interval-corrected standard deviation of the times to peak-systolic strain for the basal and medium segments of the RV. All the PH patients underwent a right heart catheterization. RV dyssynchrony amounted to 69 ± 34 ms in PAH, 47 ± 23 ms in borderline PH and 8 ± 6 ms in controls, all different from each other (p < 0.05). RV dyssynchrony in borderline PH was the only parameter of RV systolic dysfunction in 11 of 13 (85%) of the patients. RV dyssynchrony was accompanied by postsystolic shortening and correlated to RV fractional area change, not to mPAP or pulmonary vascular resistance. RV dyssynchrony occurs in borderline PH and may reflect early RV-arterial uncoupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouchra Lamia
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Critical Care, Pulmonary hypertension competence center, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, EA 3830, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University Hospital, 76000, Rouen, France. .,Department of Pulmonology, Le Havre Hospital Complexe, BP 84, 76083, Le Havre Cedex, France. .,Department of Cardiology, Le Havre Hospital Complexe, BP 84, 76083, Le Havre Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-François Muir
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Critical Care, Pulmonary hypertension competence center, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, EA 3830, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University Hospital, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Luis-Carlos Molano
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Critical Care, Rouen University Hospital, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Catherine Viacroze
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Critical Care, Rouen University Hospital, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Jacques Benichou
- Department of Biostatistics, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Philippe Bonnet
- Department of Cardiology, Le Havre Hospital Complexe, BP 84, 76083, Le Havre Cedex, France
| | - Jean Quieffin
- Department of Pulmonology, Le Havre Hospital Complexe, BP 84, 76083, Le Havre Cedex, France
| | - Antoine Cuvelier
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Critical Care, Pulmonary hypertension competence center, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, EA 3830, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University Hospital, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Robert Naeije
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Free University of Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
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Wang L, Zhou W, Liang Y, Yang Y, Garcia EV, Chen J, Fang W. Right ventricular dyssynchrony in pulmonary hypertension: Phase analysis using FDG-PET imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 2017; 24:69-78. [PMID: 26715598 PMCID: PMC10959236 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-015-0341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Right ventricular (RV) performance in patients of pulmonary hypertension (PH) requires optimal assessment. The objective of this study is to develop phase analysis using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging as a feasible tool for evaluation of RV dyssynchrony in PH. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty-four PH patients with well-characterized hemodynamic parameters were enrolled. All subjects performed FDG-PET imaging for RV phase analysis and RV function evaluation. Two-dimensional echocardiography with speckle tracking analysis was conducted to obtain RV time to peak systolic strain (PSST) as a comparison. The median contraction delay difference between RV middle free wall and septum measured by PET phase analysis (RVPDPET) was 20.12° (interquartile range, 4.99°-30.10°). The median difference of PSST between RV middle free wall and middle septal wall (RVPDEcho) measured by echocardiography was 43.98° (interquartile range, 6.25°-72.00°). RVPDPET was well correlated with RVPDEcho (r = 0.685, P < .001). RV phase standard deviation (RVSD) and histogram bandwidth (RVBW) derived from PET phase histogram were significantly correlated with cardiac index, RV ejection fraction, 6-minute walking distance, and serum N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) (RVSD: r = -0.532, P < .001; r = -0.551, P < .001; r = -0.544, P < .001; r = 0.404, P < .01; respectively, RVBW: r = -0.492, P < .001; r = -0.466, P < .001; r = -0.544, P < .001; r = 0.349, P = .01, respectively), while there were no significant correlations between RVSD and RVBW with hemodynamic parameters (right atrial pressure, right ventricular systolic pressure, right ventricular end-diastolic pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and total pulmonary resistance). CONCLUSIONS Contraction delays between RV free wall and septum in PH measured by phase analysis and speckle tracking echocardiography were well correlated. RV dyssynchrony measured by phase analysis of FDG-PET was significantly related to RV dysfunction. Phase analysis of FDG-PET is feasible to evaluate RV mechanical dyssynchrony in patients of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, Beijing, 100037, China
- Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Weihua Zhou
- School of Computing, University of Southern Mississippi, 730 East Beach Blvd, Long Beach, MS, 39560, USA.
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Echocardiography, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Ernest V Garcia
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ji Chen
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, Beijing, 100037, China.
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Right ventricular dyssynchrony predicts clinical outcomes in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Int J Cardiol 2016; 228:912-918. [PMID: 27912199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RV dyssynchrony has been described in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) and is an independent predictor of clinical worsening; however, the optimal method for measuring RV dyssynchrony has not been fully established. This study aimed to investigate whether RV dyssynchrony is correlated with hemodynamics and prognosis in PH patients and to identify the best parameter for evaluating RV dyssynchrony. METHODS This study assessed 100 PH patients, measuring mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), and cardiac index (CI) by right heart catheterization (RHC). RV strain curves were obtained using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2DSTE), and time from QRS onset to maximum peak longitudinal strain (Tmax) or time to first peak (Tfirst) was measured. Difference in time between the earliest and the latest segment (TD) and standard deviation (SD) of T in 6 segments with RV apex (-SD6) and 4 segments without RV apex (-SD4) were also assessed. RESULTS Among all RV dyssynchrony parameters, Tmax-SD6 showed the strongest correlation with RV hemodynamics such as mPAP (R2=0.27, P<0.0001) and PVR (R2=0.22, P<0.0001). Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses showed that Tmax-SD6 significantly correlated with and independently predicted event-free survival in patients with PH. CONCLUSIONS RV dyssynchrony is a useful index for RV function and an independent predictor of clinical outcomes in patients with PH. In addition, the inclusion of apical motion is essential for the optimal assessment of RV dyssynchrony.
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Gabrielli L, Ocaranza MP, Sitges M, Kanacri A, Saavedra R, Sepulveda P, Sepulveda L, Rossel V, Zagolin M, Verdejo HE, Baraona F, Zalaquett R, Chiong M, Lavandero S, Castro PF. Acute effect of iloprost inhalation on right atrial function and ventricular dyssynchrony in patients with pulmonary artery hypertension. Echocardiography 2016; 34:53-60. [DOI: 10.1111/echo.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Gabrielli
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS); Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica; Santiago Chile
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases; Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica; Santiago Chile
| | - María Paz Ocaranza
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS); Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica; Santiago Chile
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases; Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica; Santiago Chile
| | - Marta Sitges
- Institute Clinic Cardiovascular; Hospital Clínic of Barcelona; IDIBAPS, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Andrés Kanacri
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS); Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica; Santiago Chile
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases; Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica; Santiago Chile
| | - Rodrigo Saavedra
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS); Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica; Santiago Chile
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases; Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica; Santiago Chile
| | - Pablo Sepulveda
- Clinic Hospital; Faculty of Medicine; University of Santiago; Santiago Chile
| | - Luis Sepulveda
- Salvador Hospital; Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Victor Rossel
- Clinic Hospital; Faculty of Medicine; University of Santiago; Santiago Chile
| | | | - Hugo E. Verdejo
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS); Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica; Santiago Chile
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases; Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica; Santiago Chile
| | - Fernando Baraona
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS); Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica; Santiago Chile
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases; Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica; Santiago Chile
| | - Ricardo Zalaquett
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS); Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica; Santiago Chile
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases; Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica; Santiago Chile
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) & Molecular Studies of the Cell (CEMC); Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago Chile
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas Texas
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) & Molecular Studies of the Cell (CEMC); Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago Chile
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas Texas
| | - Pablo F. Castro
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS); Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica; Santiago Chile
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases; Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica; Santiago Chile
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The Prognostic Value of 18F-FDG Uptake Ratio Between the Right and Left Ventricles in Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Clin Nucl Med 2015; 40:859-63. [DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000000956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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