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Ungogo MA, de Koning HP. Drug resistance in animal trypanosomiases: Epidemiology, mechanisms and control strategies. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 25:100533. [PMID: 38555795 PMCID: PMC10990905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Animal trypanosomiasis (AT) is a complex of veterinary diseases known under various names such as nagana, surra, dourine and mal de caderas, depending on the country, the infecting trypanosome species and the host. AT is caused by parasites of the genus Trypanosoma, and the main species infecting domesticated animals are T. brucei brucei, T. b. rhodesiense, T. congolense, T. simiae, T. vivax, T. evansi and T. equiperdum. AT transmission, again depending on species, is through tsetse flies or common Stomoxys and tabanid flies or through copulation. Therefore, the geographical spread of all forms of AT together is not restricted to the habitat of a single vector like the tsetse fly and currently includes almost all of Africa, and most of South America and Asia. The disease is a threat to millions of companion and farm animals in these regions, creating a financial burden in the billions of dollars to developing economies as well as serious impacts on livestock rearing and food production. Despite the scale of these impacts, control of AT is neglected and under-resourced, with diagnosis and treatments being woefully inadequate and not improving for decades. As a result, neither the incidence of the disease, nor the effectiveness of treatment is documented in most endemic countries, although it is clear that there are serious issues of resistance to the few old drugs that are available. In this review we particularly look at the drugs, their application to the various forms of AT, and their mechanisms of action and resistance. We also discuss the spread of veterinary trypanocide resistance and its drivers, and highlight current and future strategies to combat it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzuq A Ungogo
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Harry P de Koning
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Porta EOJ, Kalesh K, Steel PG. Navigating drug repurposing for Chagas disease: advances, challenges, and opportunities. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1233253. [PMID: 37576826 PMCID: PMC10416112 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1233253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a vector-borne illness caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). It poses a significant public health burden, particularly in the poorest regions of Latin America. Currently, there is no available vaccine, and chemotherapy has been the traditional treatment for Chagas disease. However, the treatment options are limited to just two outdated medicines, nifurtimox and benznidazole, which have serious side effects and low efficacy, especially during the chronic phase of the disease. Collectively, this has led the World Health Organization to classify it as a neglected disease. To address this problem, new drug regimens are urgently needed. Drug repurposing, which involves the use of existing drugs already approved for the treatment of other diseases, represents an increasingly important option. This approach offers potential cost reduction in new drug discovery processes and can address pharmaceutical bottlenecks in the development of drugs for Chagas disease. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art of drug repurposing approaches, including combination therapy with existing drugs, to overcome the formidable challenges associated with treating Chagas disease. Organized by original therapeutic area, we describe significant recent advances, as well as the challenges in this field. In particular, we identify candidates that exhibit potential for heightened efficacy and reduced toxicity profiles with the ultimate objective of accelerating the development of new, safe, and effective treatments for Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karunakaran Kalesh
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
- National Horizons Centre, Darlington, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick G. Steel
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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Sakyi PO, Broni E, Amewu RK, Miller WA, Wilson MD, Kwofie SK. Targeting Leishmania donovani sterol methyltransferase for leads using pharmacophore modeling and computational molecular mechanics studies. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2023.101162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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de Sá ÉRA, Souza JL, Costa RKM, Barros RO, de Lima CEB, Lima FDCA, Ramos RM. Computational investigation of the alkaloids of Pilocarpus microphyllus species as phytopharmaceuticals for the inhibition of sterol 14α-demethylase protease of Trypanosoma cruzi. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:2555-2573. [PMID: 35132947 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2035819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan transmitted by the insect Triatoma infestans, popularly known as kissing bug. This protozoan causes the Chagas disease, a Neglected Tropical Disease. This study aimed to investigate, through DFT method and B3LYP hybrid functional, the physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties of the alkaloids present in the leaves of the species Pilocarpus microphyllus (jaborandi) as a potential inhibitory activity on the protease sterol 14α-demethylase of T. cruzi associated with the techniques of molecular docking, molecular dynamics, MM-PBSA and ADMET predictions. The molecules of isopilosine, epiisopiloturine, epiisopilosine, and pilosine showed up the lowest binding energies by molecular docking, good human intestinal absorption, low penetration in the blood-brain barrier, antiprotozoal and anticarcinogenic activities in ADMET studies. It has been observed a better binding affinity of the sterol 14α-demethylase protease with isopilosine in molecular dynamics and MM-PBSA studies, which indicates it as a potential drug candidate for Chagas disease.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ézio R. A. de Sá
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Piauí, IFPI, Picos, Piauí, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, PPGQ/UFPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
- Research Laboratory of the Computational Quantum Chemistry and Drug Planning Group, Chemistry Department, State University of Piauí, GQQC&PF/UESPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
- Research Laboratory in Information Systems, Information Department, Environment, Health and Food Production, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Piauí, LaPeSI/IFPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Janilson L. Souza
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão, IFMA, Bacabal, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Rayla K. M. Costa
- Research Laboratory of the Computational Quantum Chemistry and Drug Planning Group, Chemistry Department, State University of Piauí, GQQC&PF/UESPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Rômulo O. Barros
- Research Laboratory in Information Systems, Information Department, Environment, Health and Food Production, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Piauí, LaPeSI/IFPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Carlos E. B. de Lima
- University Hospital, Federal University of Piauí, Discipline of Cardiology, Department of General Practice - Cardiology and Health Sciences Center, DCG/CCS/UFPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Francisco das C. A. Lima
- Research Laboratory of the Computational Quantum Chemistry and Drug Planning Group, Chemistry Department, State University of Piauí, GQQC&PF/UESPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Ricardo M. Ramos
- Research Laboratory in Information Systems, Information Department, Environment, Health and Food Production, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Piauí, LaPeSI/IFPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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Ergosterol depletion under bifonazole treatment induces cell membrane damage and triggers a ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis in Penicillium expansum. Fungal Biol 2021; 126:1-10. [PMID: 34930554 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is the causal agent of blue mold in harvested fruits and vegetables during storage and distribution, causing serious economic loss. In this study we seek the action modes of bifonazole against this pathogen. Bifonazole exhibited strong antifungal activity against P. expansum by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis. The ergosterol depletion caused damage to the cell structure and especially cell membrane integrity as observed by SEM and TEM. With increased unsaturated fatty acids contents, the cell membrane viscosity decreases and can no longer effectively maintain the cytoplasm, which ultimately decreases extracellular conductivity, changes intracellular pH and ion homeostasis. Exposure of hyphal cells to bifonazole shows that mitochondrial respiration is inhibited and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels-including H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) - are significantly increased. The functional impairment of mitochondria and cell membrane eventually cause cell death through intrinsic apoptosis and necroptosis.
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Reis IMA, Umehara E, Conceição RS, de M Oliveira L, Dos S Junior MC, Costa-Silva TA, Amaral M, Tempone AG, Branco A, Lago JHG. γ-Lactones from Persea americana and Persea fulva - in Vitro and in Silico Evaluation of Trypanosoma cruzi Activity. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100362. [PMID: 34254435 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, five known γ-lactones (majoranolide B - 1, majorenolide - 2, majorynolide - 3, lincomolide D - 4, and isolinderanolide E - 5), as well as a new one (perseanolide - 6), were isolated from Persea fulva and P. americana. All isolated compounds exhibited potential activity against trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, whereas compounds 2 (EC50 of 4.8 μM) and 6 (EC50 of 3.6 μM) displayed superior activity than the positive control benznidazole (EC50 of 16.4 μM), with selectivity index (SI) values of 17.8 and >55.6, respectively (benznidazole, SI>12.2). Molecular docking studies were performed for 1-6 against six T. cruzi molecular targets. Using this approach, we observed that, even though perseanolide (6) showed favorable docking to several studied targets, the results were especially promising for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (PDB 1TC1). As PDB 1TC1 is associated to the transference of a monophosphorylated ribose from phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) in the ribonucleotide synthesis pathway, this interaction may affect the survival of T. cruzi in mammalian cells. The data herein also indicate that possible intermolecular interactions between 6 and PDB 1TC1 derive from (i) hydrogen bonds in the α,β-unsaturated-γ-lactone unity and (ii) hydrophobic interactions in the long-chain alkyl group. Based on our results, perseanolide (6), reported for the first time in this work, can auspiciously contribute to future works regarding new trypanocidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Mary A Reis
- Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - Eric Umehara
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, 09210-580, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Conceição
- Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - Larissa de M Oliveira
- Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Thais A Costa-Silva
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, 09210-580, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Maiara Amaral
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 01246-902, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andre G Tempone
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 01246-902, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Branco
- Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - João Henrique G Lago
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, 09210-580, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
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Martinez SJ, Romano PS, Engman DM. Precision Health for Chagas Disease: Integrating Parasite and Host Factors to Predict Outcome of Infection and Response to Therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:210. [PMID: 32457849 PMCID: PMC7225773 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is clinically manifested in approximately one-third of infected people by inflammatory heart disease (cardiomyopathy) and, to a minor degree, gastrointestinal tract disorders (megaesophagus or megacolon). Chagas disease is a zoonosis transmitted among animals and people through the contact with triatomine bugs, which are found in much of the western hemisphere, including most countries of North, Central and South America, between parallels 45° north (Minneapolis, USA) and south (Chubut Province, Argentina). Despite much research on drug discovery for T. cruzi, there remain only two related agents in widespread use. Likewise, treatment is not always indicated due to the serious side effects of these drugs. On the other hand, the epidemiology and pathogenesis of Chagas disease are both highly complex, and much is known about both. However, it is still impossible to predict what will happen in an individual person infected with T. cruzi, because of the highly variability of parasite virulence and human susceptibility to infection, with no definitive molecular predictors of outcome from either side of the host-parasite equation. In this Minireview we briefly discuss the current state of T. cruzi infection and prognosis and look forward to the day when it will be possible to employ precision health to predict disease outcome and determine whether and when treatment of infection may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago J Martinez
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y la célula hospedadora-Instituto de Histología y Embriología "Dr. Mario H. Burgos," (IHEM-CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo), Mendoza, Argentina.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Patricia S Romano
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y la célula hospedadora-Instituto de Histología y Embriología "Dr. Mario H. Burgos," (IHEM-CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - David M Engman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Departments of Pathology and Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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