1
|
Angulo-Ruiz BY, Ruiz-Martínez FJ, Rodríguez-Martínez EI, Ionescu A, Saldaña D, Gómez CM. Linear and Non-linear Analyses of EEG in a Group of ASD Children During Resting State Condition. Brain Topogr 2023; 36:736-749. [PMID: 37330940 PMCID: PMC10415465 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-023-00976-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
This study analyses the spontaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) brain activity of 14 children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) compared to 18 children with normal development, aged 5-11 years. (i) Power Spectral Density (PSD), (ii) variability across trials (coefficient of variation: CV), and (iii) complexity (multiscale entropy: MSE) of the brain signal analysis were computed on the resting state EEG. PSD (0.5-45 Hz) and CV were averaged over different frequency bands (low-delta, delta, theta, alpha, low-beta, high-beta and gamma). MSE were calculated with a coarse-grained procedure on 67 time scales and divided into fine, medium and coarse scales. In addition, significant neurophysiological variables were correlated with behavioral performance data (Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (KBIT) and Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ)). Results show increased PSD fast frequency bands (high-beta and gamma), higher variability (CV) and lower complexity (MSE) in children with ASD when compared to typically developed children. These results suggest a more variable, less complex and, probably, less adaptive neural networks with less capacity to generate optimal responses in ASD children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Y. Angulo-Ruiz
- Human Psychobiology Laboratory, Experimental Psychology Department, University of Seville, C/ Camilo José Cela S/N 41018, Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Ruiz-Martínez
- Human Psychobiology Laboratory, Experimental Psychology Department, University of Seville, C/ Camilo José Cela S/N 41018, Seville, Spain
| | - Elena I. Rodríguez-Martínez
- Human Psychobiology Laboratory, Experimental Psychology Department, University of Seville, C/ Camilo José Cela S/N 41018, Seville, Spain
| | - Anca Ionescu
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - David Saldaña
- Laboratorio de Diversidad, Cognición y Lenguaje, Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, University of Seville, C/ Camilo José Cela S/N 41018, Seville, Spain
| | - Carlos M. Gómez
- Human Psychobiology Laboratory, Experimental Psychology Department, University of Seville, C/ Camilo José Cela S/N 41018, Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Witte I, Strandberg T, Gustafsson J. Social representations of gender and their influence in Supported Employment: employment specialists' experiences in Sweden. Disabil Rehabil 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37655734 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2023.2247975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gender differences have been found in the outcomes of vocational rehabilitation (VR) and in Supported Employment (SE), therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore employment specialists' (ES) social representations of gender in relation to work and VR and how these social representations influence the ES's work in the VR process according to SE. METHODS The qualitative method of focus group discussions was employed. Ten focus groups were held with 39 ESs from four categories of SE organizations in Sweden. Topic analysis was applied to the transcribed material from the focus groups. RESULTS Five themes with different social representations about gender and disability in relation to VR and working life formed in the analysis: (1) differences in personal and health factors among VR-participants, (2) gender norms in society influencing VR, (3) energy-intensive environmental issues influencing VR, (4) gender-specific interactions in VR, and (5) gendered paths in the welfare system. CONCLUSION Social representations of higher strains on women with disabilities compared to men with disabilities both in private and working life, which reflect the lived experiences of the ESs, is a possible explanation for gender differences in VR and working life for persons with disabilities.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONGender differences in the outcomes of vocational rehabilitation (VR) interventions have been noticed worldwide. In this study, pervasive social representations about gender and disability in relation to VR were found, but also unconsciousness about gender among VR professionals. Therefore, awareness of gender is necessary in VR.Individualized and person-centered approaches to VR like Supported Employment, although considered best practice, might hide structures like gender, which could lead to reproducing discriminating processes and therefore not achieving gender equality in VR. Therefore, knowledge of discrimination is important in VR.Gender-sensitivity in vocational rehabilitation models with a person-centered and individualized approach is needed and there might also be a need to systematically tailor vocational rehabilitation models to reach gender equality in the outcomes of the interventions. Therefore, gender equality indicators are needed for VR models, to evaluate model effectiveness from a gender perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Witte
- School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Disability Research, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Thomas Strandberg
- Disability Research, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- School of Behavioural, Social and Legal Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Johanna Gustafsson
- School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Disability Research, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Centre for the Study of Professions, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Angulo-Ruiz BY, Muñoz V, Rodríguez-Martínez EI, Cabello-Navarro C, Gómez CM. Multiscale entropy of ADHD children during resting state condition. Cogn Neurodyn 2023; 17:869-891. [PMID: 37522046 PMCID: PMC10374506 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-022-09869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This present study aims to investigate neural mechanisms underlying ADHD compared to healthy children through the analysis of the complexity and the variability of the EEG brain signal using multiscale entropy (MSE), EEG signal standard deviation (SDs), as well as the mean, standard deviation (SDp) and coefficient of variation (CV) of absolute spectral power (PSD). For this purpose, a sample of children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) between 6 and 17 years old were selected based on the number of trials and diagnostic agreement, 32 for the open-eyes (OE) experimental condition and 25 children for the close-eyes (CE) experimental condition. Healthy control subjects were age- and gender-matched with the ADHD group. The MSE and SDs of resting-state EEG activity were calculated on 34 time scales using a coarse-grained procedure. In addition, the PSD was averaged in delta, theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands, and its mean, SDp, and CV were calculated. The results show that the MSE changes with age during development, increases as the number of scales increases and has a higher amplitude in controls than in ADHD. The absolute PSD results show CV differences between subjects in low and beta frequency bands, with higher variability values in the ADHD group. All these results suggest an increased EEG variability and reduced complexity in ADHD compared to controls. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11571-022-09869-0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Y. Angulo-Ruiz
- Human Psychobiology Laboratory, Experimental Psychology Department, University of Seville, C/Camilo José Cela S/N, 41018 Seville, Spain
| | - Vanesa Muñoz
- Human Psychobiology Laboratory, Experimental Psychology Department, University of Seville, C/Camilo José Cela S/N, 41018 Seville, Spain
| | - Elena I. Rodríguez-Martínez
- Human Psychobiology Laboratory, Experimental Psychology Department, University of Seville, C/Camilo José Cela S/N, 41018 Seville, Spain
| | - Celia Cabello-Navarro
- Human Psychobiology Laboratory, Experimental Psychology Department, University of Seville, C/Camilo José Cela S/N, 41018 Seville, Spain
| | - Carlos M. Gómez
- Human Psychobiology Laboratory, Experimental Psychology Department, University of Seville, C/Camilo José Cela S/N, 41018 Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Latapie H, Kilic O, Thórisson KR, Wang P, Hammer P. Neurosymbolic Systems of Perception and Cognition: The Role of Attention. Front Psychol 2022; 13:806397. [PMID: 35668960 PMCID: PMC9163389 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.806397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A cognitive architecture aimed at cumulative learning must provide the necessary information and control structures to allow agents to learn incrementally and autonomously from their experience. This involves managing an agent's goals as well as continuously relating sensory information to these in its perception-cognition information processing stack. The more varied the environment of a learning agent is, the more general and flexible must be these mechanisms to handle a wider variety of relevant patterns, tasks, and goal structures. While many researchers agree that information at different levels of abstraction likely differs in its makeup and structure and processing mechanisms, agreement on the particulars of such differences is not generally shared in the research community. A dual processing architecture (often referred to as System-1 and System-2) has been proposed as a model of cognitive processing, and they are often considered as responsible for low- and high-level information, respectively. We posit that cognition is not binary in this way and that knowledge at any level of abstraction involves what we refer to as neurosymbolic information, meaning that data at both high and low levels must contain both symbolic and subsymbolic information. Further, we argue that the main differentiating factor between the processing of high and low levels of data abstraction can be largely attributed to the nature of the involved attention mechanisms. We describe the key arguments behind this view and review relevant evidence from the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Latapie
- Emerging Technologies and Incubation, Cisco Systems, San Jose, CA, United States
| | - Ozkan Kilic
- Emerging Technologies and Incubation, Cisco Systems, San Jose, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ozkan Kilic
| | - Kristinn R. Thórisson
- Icelandic Institute for Intelligent Machines and Department of Computer Science, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Patrick Hammer
- Center for Digital Futures, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Papaioannou A, Kalantzi E, Papageorgiou CC, Korombili K, Bokou A, Pehlivanidis A, Papageorgiou CC, Papaioannou G. Differences in Performance of ASD and ADHD Subjects Facing Cognitive Loads in an Innovative Reasoning Experiment. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1531. [PMID: 34827530 PMCID: PMC8615740 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to investigate whether EEG dynamics differ in adults with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorders) and ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) compared with healthy subjects during the performance of an innovative cognitive task, Aristotle's valid and invalid syllogisms, and how these differences correlate with brain regions and behavioral data for each subject. We recorded EEGs from 14 scalp electrodes (channels) in 21 adults with ADHD, 21 with ASD, and 21 healthy, normal subjects. The subjects were exposed in a set of innovative cognitive tasks (inducing varying cognitive loads), Aristotle's two types of syllogism mentioned above. A set of 39 questions were given to participants related to valid-invalid syllogisms as well as a separate set of questionnaires, in order to collect a number of demographic and behavioral data, with the aim of detecting shared information with values of a feature extracted from EEG, the multiscale entropy (MSE), in the 14 channels ('brain regions'). MSE, a nonlinear information-theoretic measure of complexity, was computed to extract a feature that quantifies the complexity of the EEG. Behavior-Partial Least Squares Correlation, PLSC, is the method to detect the correlation between two sets of data, brain, and behavioral measures. -PLSC, a variant of PLSC, was applied to build a functional connectivity of the brain regions involved in the reasoning tasks. Graph-theoretic measures were used to quantify the complexity of the functional networks. Based on the results of the analysis described in this work, a mixed 14 × 2 × 3 ANOVA showed significant main effects of group factor and brain region* syllogism factor, as well as a significant brain region* group interaction. There are significant differences between the means of MSE (complexity) values at the 14 channels of the members of the 'pathological' groups of participants, i.e., between ASD and ADHD, while the difference in means of MSE between both ASD and ADHD and that of the control group is not significant. In conclusion, the valid-invalid type of syllogism generates significantly different complexity values, MSE, between ASD and ADHD. The complexity of activated brain regions of ASD participants increased significantly when switching from a valid to an invalid syllogism, indicating the need for more resources to 'face' the task escalating difficulty in ASD subjects. This increase is not so evident in both ADHD and control. Statistically significant differences were found also in the behavioral response of ASD and ADHD, compared with those of control subjects, based on the principal brain and behavior saliences extracted by PLSC. Specifically, two behavioral measures, the emotional state and the degree of confidence of participants in answering questions in Aristotle's valid-invalid syllogisms, and one demographic variable, age, statistically and significantly discriminate the three groups' ASD. The seed-PLC generated functional connectivity networks for ASD, ADHD, and control, were 'projected' on the regions of the Default Mode Network (DMN), the 'reference' connectivity, of which the structural changes were found significant in distinguishing the three groups. The contribution of this work lies in the examination of the relationship between brain activity and behavioral responses of healthy and 'pathological' participants in the case of cognitive reasoning of the type of Aristotle's valid and invalid syllogisms, using PLSC, a machine learning approach combined with MSE, a nonlinear method of extracting a feature based on EEGs that captures a broad spectrum of EEGs linear and nonlinear characteristics. The results seem promising in adopting this type of reasoning, in the future, after further enhancements and experimental tests, as a supplementary instrument towards examining the differences in brain activity and behavioral responses of ASD and ADHD patients. The application of the combination of these two methods, after further elaboration and testing as new and complementary to the existing ones, may be considered as a tool of analysis in helping detecting more effectively such types of disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Papaioannou
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (K.K.); (A.B.); (A.P.); (C.C.P.)
- Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute “COSTAS STEFANIS” (UMHRI), University Mental Health, Papagou, 15601 Athens, Greece
| | - Eva Kalantzi
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (K.K.); (A.B.); (A.P.); (C.C.P.)
| | | | - Kalliopi Korombili
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (K.K.); (A.B.); (A.P.); (C.C.P.)
| | - Anastasia Bokou
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (K.K.); (A.B.); (A.P.); (C.C.P.)
| | - Artemios Pehlivanidis
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (K.K.); (A.B.); (A.P.); (C.C.P.)
| | - Charalabos C. Papageorgiou
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (K.K.); (A.B.); (A.P.); (C.C.P.)
- Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute “COSTAS STEFANIS” (UMHRI), University Mental Health, Papagou, 15601 Athens, Greece
| | - George Papaioannou
- Center for Research of Nonlinear Systems (CRANS), Department of Mathematics, University of Patras, 26500 Patra, Greece;
| |
Collapse
|