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Wang X, Xuan S, Ding K, Jin P, Zheng Y, Wu Z. Photothermal controlled antibacterial Ta 4C 3T x-AgNPs/nanocellulose bioplastic food packaging. Food Chem 2024; 448:139126. [PMID: 38555693 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Uncontrolled antibacterial, insufficient barrier and low strength are the bottlenecks of food packaging applications. Herein, Ta4C3Tx nanosheet as a template was used to prepare Ta4C3Tx immobilized silver nanoparticles (Ta4C3Tx-AgNPs), which was compounded with nanocellulose to obtain high-strength and high barrier controllable bactericidal nanocellulose-based bioplastic packaging (CTa-Ag). The results indicated that due to the hydrogen bonding between nanocellulose and Ta4C3Tx, the bridging effect of QCS (quaternized chitosan) and the filling of Ta4C3Tx-AgNPs, the CTa-Ag had tightly stacked microstructure, which endowed them with excellent mechanical properties (4.0 GPa), ultra-low oxygen permeability (0.009 cm3/m2·d·atm) and stable photothermal conversion efficiency. Importantly, the packaging exhibits the ability to control the release of antibacterial active ingredients. Moreover, the synergistic effects of controllable release of nano active factors, photothermal and photocatalysis in CTa-Ag gave it long-lasting antibacterial properties. This study brings new insights into the design and manufacture of multifunctional, controllable and long-lasting antibacterial bioplastic food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Simin Xuan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Keying Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peng Jin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yonghua Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zhengguo Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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2
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Ren L, Xu Y, Chen W, Zhang C. Production of Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Co-Hydropyrolysis of Biomass Components and HDPE with Application of Modified HZSM-5 Catalyst. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400150. [PMID: 38548660 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Experiments were conducted in this study on the co-hydropyrolysis of three components of biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) and HDPE by using SR-Pd/Trap-HZ-5 as catalyst. To control the variable, we use the same experiment conditions in co-hydropyrolysis: Si/Al ratio of 50, Pd load 1 %, catalyst to reactant ratio of 1 : 10, 1 MPa, 400 °C, reaction time 1 h. Use XRD, TEM, BET, and NH3-TPD to confirm catalyst successful synthesis; use pine sawdust (PW) co-hydropyrolysis with HDPE to analyse catalytic activity; and use GC/MS to characterize the chemical composition of the bio-oil from the co-hydropyrolysis of biomass components and HDPE. The results show that cellulose has a significant synergistic effect with aromatic hydrocarbon production, whose selectivity was 93.3 %; hemicellulose has a synergistic effect; aromatic selectivity can reach 75.1 %; and a negative synergistic effect between lignin and HDPE was shown as the selectivity of aromatic hydrocarbons decreased from 62.1 % to 15.6 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ren
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yupu Xu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Changsen Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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3
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Ma C, Zhang Y, Wang X, Li C. Combined biomass network design: A new integrated approach based on ArcGIS. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29661. [PMID: 38707347 PMCID: PMC11066133 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In light of contemporary energy and environmental objectives, a pivotal transformation of the energy system, encompassing biomass energy, is imperative. A notable challenge in biomass energy facility layout planning is the trade-off between high-efficiency production and the associated investment costs. To harmonize energy efficiency with economy viability, a hybrid layout with the simultaneous construction of centralized and decentralized biomass energy facilities has emerged as a crucial strategic solution. However, the delineation methods for these two layouts lack explicit data support. This study established a population density threshold (PDT) suitable for selecting the distributed layout and employed population density as the criterion for delineating the two layouts. Taking Fuxin City as an example, hybrid layout planning schemes were generated under different PDTs, and a cost and energy benefit analysis framework was developed for these schemes. The results indicated that the scheme with a PDT of 145 person/km2 exhibited the highest energy and economic comprehensive benefits. Compared to a single layout, the planning strategy proposed in this study could achieve nearly the same energy surplus level while saving an investment cost ranging from 2403.9 million CNY to 25,000.23 million CNY. The findings are applicable to other regions with similar conditions, and the analysis framework proposed in this study can be utilized in formulating biomass development strategies for other countries and regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenshuo Ma
- School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Xueqiang Wang
- Architecture and Design College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Chanyun Li
- School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
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4
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Musa AA, Onwualu AP. Potential of lignocellulosic fiber reinforced polymer composites for automobile parts production: Current knowledge, research needs, and future direction. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24683. [PMID: 38314269 PMCID: PMC10837508 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a notable surge in research focusing on the use of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites (NFRPCs) in the automobile industry. These materials offer several advantages over their synthetic counterparts, including lightweight properties, renewability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. This increasing research interest in NFRPCs within the automotive sector is primarily aimed at overcoming the challenges that have thus far limited their industrial applications when compared to conventional synthetic composites. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the potential applications and sustainability of lignocellulosic-based NFRPCs in the automobile industry. It examines the current state of knowledge, identifies research needs and existing limitations, and provides insights into future perspectives. This review shows that, while lignocellulosic fibers hold great promise as sustainable, high-performance, and cost-effective alternatives to traditional reinforcing fibers, continuous research is needed to further address issues such as fiber-matrix compatibility, processing techniques, long-term durability concerns, and general property improvement. These advancements are essential to meet the increasing performance demand for eco-friendly, renewable, and energy-efficient materials in automotive design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Adeiza Musa
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria-Nigeria
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Azikiwe Peter Onwualu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, Abuja, Nigeria
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The Durability of Concrete Made Up of Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) as a Partial Replacement of Cement: A Review. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-023-07698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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6
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Borovkova VS, Malyar YN, Vasilieva NY, Skripnikov AM, Ionin VA, Sychev VV, Golubkov VA, Taran OP. New Azo Derivatives of Ethanol Lignin: Synthesis, Structure, and Photosensitive Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1525. [PMID: 36837154 PMCID: PMC9966859 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble azo derivatives of lignin were synthesized by the azo coupling reaction using organosolv ethanol lignin and diazonium salts based on sulfanilic acid and p-nitroaniline. The structure of azo derivatives of lignin were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. It was found that the azobenzene bonds formed in the azo coupling reaction of macromolecules impart the photosensitive properties to the synthesized polymers via cis-trans photoisomerization of the diazobenzene group. It was shown experimentally that the synthesized polymers exhibited good solubility both in the aqueous media in a wide (2-12) pH range and in DMSO and THF organic solvents, which opens up new prospects for their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina S. Borovkova
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50/24, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- School of Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials Science, Siberian Federal University, pr. Svobodny 79, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Yuriy N. Malyar
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50/24, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- School of Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials Science, Siberian Federal University, pr. Svobodny 79, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Natalia Yu. Vasilieva
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50/24, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- School of Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials Science, Siberian Federal University, pr. Svobodny 79, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Andrey M. Skripnikov
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50/24, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- School of Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials Science, Siberian Federal University, pr. Svobodny 79, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Vladislav A. Ionin
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50/24, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- School of Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials Science, Siberian Federal University, pr. Svobodny 79, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Valentin V. Sychev
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50/24, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- School of Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials Science, Siberian Federal University, pr. Svobodny 79, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Viktor A. Golubkov
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50/24, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Oxana P. Taran
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50/24, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- School of Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials Science, Siberian Federal University, pr. Svobodny 79, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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Liu J, Zhang K, Wang H, Lin L, Zhang J, Li P, Zhang Q, Shi J, Cui H. Advances in Micro-/Mesopore Regulation Methods for Plant-Derived Carbon Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204261. [PMID: 36297839 PMCID: PMC9611847 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, renewable and clean energy has become increasingly important due to energy shortage and environmental pollution. Selecting plants as the carbon precursors to replace costly non-renewable energy sources causing severe pollution is a good choice. In addition, owing to their diverse microstructure and the rich chemical composition, plant-based carbon materials are widely used in many fields. However, some of the plant-based carbon materials have the disadvantage of possessing a large percentage of macroporosity, limiting their functionality. In this paper, we first introduce two characteristics of plant-derived carbon materials: diverse microstructure and rich chemical composition. Then, we propose improvement measures to cope with a high proportion of macropores of plant-derived carbon materials. Emphatically, size regulation methods are summarized for micropores (KOH activation, foam activation, physical activation, freezing treatment, and fungal treatment) and mesopores (H3PO4 activation, enzymolysis, molten salt activation, and template method). Their advantages and disadvantages are also compared and analyzed. Finally, the paper makes suggestions on the pore structure improvement of plant-derived carbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Materials Science and Engineering of Jilin Province, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Materials Science and Engineering of Jilin Province, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Huiyan Wang
- Beijing Spacecraft Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Beijing 100094, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Materials Science and Engineering of Jilin Province, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Materials Science and Engineering of Jilin Province, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Materials Science and Engineering of Jilin Province, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Junyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Materials Science and Engineering of Jilin Province, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Hang Cui
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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8
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A Review of Composite Phase Change Materials Based on Biomass Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194089. [PMID: 36236035 PMCID: PMC9572804 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase change materials (PCMs) can store/release heat from/to the external environment through their own phase change, which can reduce the imbalance between energy supply and demand and improve the effective utilization of energy. Biomass materials are abundant in reserves, from a wide range of sources, and most of them have a natural pore structure, which is a good carrier of phase change materials. Biomass-based composite phase change materials and their derived ones are superior to traditional phase change materials due to their ability to overcome the leakage of phase change materials during solid–liquid change. This paper reviews the basic properties, phase change characteristics, and binding methods of several phase change materials (polyethylene glycols, paraffins, and fatty acids) that are commonly compounded with biomass materials. On this basis, it summarizes the preparation methods of biomass-based composite phase change materials, including porous adsorption, microencapsulation based on biomass shell, and grafting by copolymerization and also analyzes the characteristics of each method. Finally, the paper introduces the latest research progress of multifunctional biomass-based composite phase change materials capable of energy storage and outlines the challenges and future research and development priorities in this field.
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9
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Life Cycle Based Climate Emissions of Charcoal Conditioning Routes for the Use in the Ferro-Alloy Production. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15113933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Renewable reductants are intended to significantly reduce CO2 emissions from ferro-alloy production, e.g., by up to 80% in 2050 in Norway. However, charcoals provide inferior properties compared to fossil fuel-based reductants, which can hamper large replacement ratios. Therefore, conditioning routes from coal beneficiation was investigated to improve the inferior properties of charcoal, such as mechanical strength, volatile matter, CO2 reactivity and mineral matter content. To evaluate the global warming potential of renewable reductants, the CO2 emissions of upgraded charcoal were estimated by using a simplified life cycle assessment, focusing on the additional emissions by the energy demand, required chemicals and mass loss for each process stage. The combination of ash removal, briquetting and high-temperature treatment can provide a renewable coke with superior properties compared to charcoal, but concomitantly decrease the available biomass potential by up to 40%, increasing the CO2-based global warming potential of industrial produced charcoal to ≈500 kg CO2-eq. t−1 FC. Based on our assumptions, CO2 emissions from fossil fuel-based reductants can be reduced by up to 85%. A key to minimizing energy or material losses is to combine the pyrolysis and post-treatment processes of renewable reductants to upgrade industrial charcoal on-site at the metallurgical plant. Briquetting showed the largest additional global warming potential from the investigated process routes, whereas the high temperature treatment requires a renewable energy source to be sustainable.
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Adeleke AA, Odusote JK, Ikubanni PP, Olabisi AS, Nzerem P. Briquetting of subbituminous coal and torrefied biomass using bentonite as inorganic binder. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8716. [PMID: 35610357 PMCID: PMC9130203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12685-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of inorganic binder for briquetting of subbituminous coal and torrefied biomass for energy generation is scarce. The present study focuses on the physicomechanical durability and energy content of briquettes produced from subbituminous coal (SubC) and torrefied biomass (TM) using bentonite as binder. Briquettes were produced using 95% SubC and 5% TM. Bentonite was varied at 2-10% of the total SubC and TM weight. The briquettes were produced with a constant pressure (28 MPa) in a hydraulic press. The briquettes were primarily cured at room temperature and then at 300 [Formula: see text] in a tubular furnace under an inert condition for 60 min. The density and water resistance (WRI) of the briquettes were evaluated. Drop to fracture (DF), impact resistance index (IRI), cold crushing strength (CCS) and tumbling strength index (TSI+3 mm) of the briquette were obtained. The reactivity index (RI), proximate, ultimate and calorific values analyses were assessed based on different ASTM standards. Microstructural studies and elemental mapping were carried out using scanning electron microscope equipped with EDS and electron probe microanalyzer. The density increased with increment in bentonite content. The WRI decreased with increase in bentonite while the least (95.21%) was obtained at 10% binder content. The DF and IRI ranges from 100 to 150 and 2000-3000, respectively. The CCS were in the range of 19.71 to 40.23 MPa. The RI varies from 34 to 50%. Fixed carbon, carbon and calorific values were impaired as the bentonite content in the briquette increases. Oxygen and silica bridges with mechanical interlocking were observed on the micrographs of the briquettes. The briquettes produced with 2% bentonite content have better physicomechanical durability with equivalent energy content. It is recommended as feedstock for thermal and metallurgical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Adeleke
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - J K Odusote
- Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - P P Ikubanni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria.
| | - A S Olabisi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, William Tubman University, Harper, Liberia
| | - P Nzerem
- Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
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Šantek Bajto J, Štirmer N, Cerković S, Carević I, Kostanić Jurić K. Pilot Scale Production of Precast Concrete Elements with Wood Biomass Ash. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216578. [PMID: 34772104 PMCID: PMC8585414 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Downsizing fossil fuel dependence and greenhouse gas emissions is at the forefront of a sustainable future. The expansion of renewable energy while striving to minimize dependence on fossil fuels has led to biomass taking the lead among renewable energy sources, with wood having the broadest application. Along with the growing trend of using biomass as a renewable energy source, the combustion of wood biomass results in wood biomass ash (WBA), leading to compelling amounts of waste. In this study, the technical feasibility of fly WBA from different Croatian power plants was analyzed to evaluate its potential use in precast concrete drainage elements and curb units. By implementing a performance-based design, the influence of various factors in thermal processing of wood biomass was investigated, together with a detailed characterization of WBA in order to assess the feasibility of using WBA as a secondary raw material in a large-scale industrial batching plant. The compressive strength and durability properties (water absorption, permeability, and freeze–thaw resistance) of concrete mixtures with WBA as a replacement for 15 wt% cement were evaluated and compared with the precast concrete manufacturer’s technical requirements. The main concerns identified were compositional inconsistency of WBA, workability downturn, delay in initial reactivity rate, and increased water absorption. Concrete with WBA based on a circular design has been found to be a viable solution to cement depletion, stepping up from recycling to reuse of industrial waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Šantek Bajto
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Fra Andrije Kačića Miošića 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.Š.); (S.C.); (I.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-4639-415
| | - Nina Štirmer
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Fra Andrije Kačića Miošića 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.Š.); (S.C.); (I.C.)
| | - Sonja Cerković
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Fra Andrije Kačića Miošića 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.Š.); (S.C.); (I.C.)
| | - Ivana Carević
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Fra Andrije Kačića Miošića 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.Š.); (S.C.); (I.C.)
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