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Fumagalli M, Martinelli G, Paladino G, Rossini N, Ciriello U, Nicolaci V, Maranta N, Pozzoli C, El Haddad SM, Sonzogni E, Dell’Agli M, Piazza S, Sangiovanni E. Beyond Cannabidiol: The Contribution of Cannabis sativa Phytocomplex to Skin Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Human Skin Keratinocytes. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2025; 18:647. [PMID: 40430467 PMCID: PMC12114505 DOI: 10.3390/ph18050647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2025] [Revised: 04/16/2025] [Accepted: 04/24/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Background:Cannabis sativa L. (C. sativa) has a long history of medicinal use. Its inflorescences contain bioactive compounds like non-psychotropic cannabidiol (CBD), which is well known for its anti-inflammatory potential in skin conditions such as psoriasis, and psychotropic Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Keratinocytes, the main cells in the epidermis, are crucial for regulating skin inflammation by producing mediators like IL-8 when stimulated by agents like TNFα. Methods: This study explores the anti-inflammatory effects of a standardized C. sativa extract (CSE) with 5% CBD and less than 0.2% THC in human keratinocytes challenged by TNFα. The aim of this study is to analyze the specific contributions of the main constituents of CSE to inflammatory responses in human keratinocytes by fractionating the extract and examining the effects of its individual components. Results: MTT assays showed that CSE was non-toxic to HaCaT cells up to 50 μg/mL. CSE inhibited NF-κB activity and reduced IL-8 secretion in a concentration-dependent manner, with mean IC50 values of 28.94 ± 10.40 μg/mL and 20.06 ± 2.78 μg/mL (mean ± SEM), respectively. Fractionation of CSE into four subfractions revealed that the more lipophilic fractions (A and B) were the most effective in inhibiting NF-κB, indicating that cannabinoids and cannflavins are key contributors. Pure CBD is one of the most active cannabinoids in reducing NF-κB-driven transcription (together with THC and cannabigerol), and due to its abundance in CSE, it is primarily responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusions: This study highlights CBD's significant role in reducing inflammation in human keratinocytes and underscores the need to consider the synergistic interactions of several molecules within C. sativa extracts for maximum efficacy. Standardized extracts are essential for reproducible results due to the variability in responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (G.M.); (V.N.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (S.M.E.H.); (E.S.); (M.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Giulia Martinelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (G.M.); (V.N.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (S.M.E.H.); (E.S.); (M.D.); (E.S.)
| | | | - Nora Rossini
- Linnea SA, 6595 Riazzino, Switzerland; (G.P.); (N.R.); (U.C.)
| | | | - Vincenzo Nicolaci
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (G.M.); (V.N.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (S.M.E.H.); (E.S.); (M.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Nicole Maranta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (G.M.); (V.N.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (S.M.E.H.); (E.S.); (M.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Carola Pozzoli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (G.M.); (V.N.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (S.M.E.H.); (E.S.); (M.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Safwa Moheb El Haddad
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (G.M.); (V.N.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (S.M.E.H.); (E.S.); (M.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Elisa Sonzogni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (G.M.); (V.N.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (S.M.E.H.); (E.S.); (M.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Mario Dell’Agli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (G.M.); (V.N.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (S.M.E.H.); (E.S.); (M.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Stefano Piazza
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (G.M.); (V.N.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (S.M.E.H.); (E.S.); (M.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Enrico Sangiovanni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (G.M.); (V.N.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (S.M.E.H.); (E.S.); (M.D.); (E.S.)
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Giordana A, Cavazzoli C, Fraulini F, Zardi P, Zambon A, Cerrato G, Lusvardi G. Evaluation of the Properties of Bioactive Mesoporous Glasses Doped with Cerium and Loaded with Polyphenols. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 18:709. [PMID: 39942375 PMCID: PMC11821127 DOI: 10.3390/ma18030709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2025] [Revised: 01/24/2025] [Accepted: 01/27/2025] [Indexed: 02/16/2025]
Abstract
(1) Background: The onset of inflammation and oxidative stress after biomaterial implantation can lead to complications and prolonged recovery times. To address this, bioactive mesoporous glasses doped with cerium (0, 3.6 and 5.3 mol%) were loaded with three different biomolecules-3-hydroxyflavone, quercetin and morin hydrate-to enhance antioxidant properties while preserving bioactivity. (2) Methods: Elemental analysis, specific surface area determination, spectroscopic techniques, evaluation of antioxidant activity and in vitro bioactivity assessment were performed to characterize mesoporous glass loaded with biomolecules. (3) Results: Biomolecule loading gives values in the range of 0.5-2.0% and 10.3-39.6% for loading content and loading efficiency, respectively. The loading order is quercetin > morine hydrate > 3-hydroxyflavone, and a cerium percentage of 3.6 seems to be a good compromise. The antioxidant properties evaluated on both solids and solutions in contact with simulated biological fluids improve markedly over loaded glasses, and the most promising results are obtained with quercetin. In the most efficient systems, the bioactivity results were delayed and more evident at longer times (168 h) but were still retained. (4) Conclusions: We obtained new materials still bioactive with improved antioxidant properties that can be proposed for the regeneration of both hard and soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Giordana
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Chiara Cavazzoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (C.C.); (F.F.); (P.Z.); (A.Z.)
| | - Francesca Fraulini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (C.C.); (F.F.); (P.Z.); (A.Z.)
| | - Paolo Zardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (C.C.); (F.F.); (P.Z.); (A.Z.)
| | - Alfonso Zambon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (C.C.); (F.F.); (P.Z.); (A.Z.)
| | - Giuseppina Cerrato
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Gigliola Lusvardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (C.C.); (F.F.); (P.Z.); (A.Z.)
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