|
1
|
Gutierrez-Sandoval R, Gutiérrez-Castro F, Muñoz-Godoy N, Rivadeneira I, Sobarzo A, Iturra J, Krakowiak F, Alarcón L, Dorado W, Lagos A, Montenegro D, Muñoz I, Aguilera R, Toledo A. Beyond Exosomes: An Ultrapurified Phospholipoproteic Complex (PLPC) as a Scalable Immunomodulatory Platform for Reprogramming Immune Suppression in Metastatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2025; 17:1658. [PMID: 40427155 PMCID: PMC12110133 DOI: 10.3390/cancers17101658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2025] [Revised: 05/06/2025] [Accepted: 05/12/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Dendritic-cell-derived exosomes (DEXs) have demonstrated immunostimulatory potential in cancer immunotherapy, yet their clinical application remains constrained by their cryodependence, compositional heterogeneity, and limited scalability. To address these limitations, we developed an ultrapurified phospholipoproteic complex (PLPC), a dendritic-secretome-derived formulation stabilized through ultracentrifugation and lyophilization that has been engineered to preserve its immunological function and structural integrity. Methods: Secretomes were processed under four conditions (fresh, concentrated, cryopreserved, and lyophilized PLPC) and compared through proteomic and functional profiling. Mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed that the PLPC retained a significantly enriched set of immunoregulatory proteins-including QSOX1, CCL22, and SDCBP-and exhibited superior preservation of post-translational modifications. Results: Ex vivo co-culture assays with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) demonstrated that the PLPC induced robust secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6 while concurrently suppressing IL-10, achieving an IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio exceeding 3.5. Flow cytometry confirmed the substantial activation of both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, while apoptosis assays showed selective tumor cytotoxicity (>55% tumor apoptosis) with minimal impact on non-malignant cells (>92% viability). Conclusions: These findings establish the PLPC as a reproducible, Th1-polarizing immunomodulator with selective antitumor activity, ambient-temperature stability, and compatibility with non-invasive administration. Overall, the PLPC emerges as a scalable, cell-free immunotherapeutic platform with translational potential to reprogram immune suppression in metastatic therapy-resistant cancer settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Gutiérrez-Castro
- Department of Cancer Research, Flowinmunocell-Bioexocell Group, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (F.G.-C.); (N.M.-G.)
| | - Natalia Muñoz-Godoy
- Department of Cancer Research, Flowinmunocell-Bioexocell Group, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (F.G.-C.); (N.M.-G.)
| | - Ider Rivadeneira
- Department of Outreach and Engagement Programs, OGRD Consortium, Charlestown KN0802, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (I.R.); (J.I.); (F.K.); (L.A.); (W.D.); (A.L.); (D.M.); (I.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Adolay Sobarzo
- Department of Biological and Chemistry Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Science, San Sebastian University, Concepción 4080871, Chile;
| | - Jordan Iturra
- Department of Outreach and Engagement Programs, OGRD Consortium, Charlestown KN0802, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (I.R.); (J.I.); (F.K.); (L.A.); (W.D.); (A.L.); (D.M.); (I.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Francisco Krakowiak
- Department of Outreach and Engagement Programs, OGRD Consortium, Charlestown KN0802, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (I.R.); (J.I.); (F.K.); (L.A.); (W.D.); (A.L.); (D.M.); (I.M.); (R.A.)
- Department of Molecular Oncopathology, Bioclas, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Luis Alarcón
- Department of Outreach and Engagement Programs, OGRD Consortium, Charlestown KN0802, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (I.R.); (J.I.); (F.K.); (L.A.); (W.D.); (A.L.); (D.M.); (I.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Wilson Dorado
- Department of Outreach and Engagement Programs, OGRD Consortium, Charlestown KN0802, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (I.R.); (J.I.); (F.K.); (L.A.); (W.D.); (A.L.); (D.M.); (I.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Andy Lagos
- Department of Outreach and Engagement Programs, OGRD Consortium, Charlestown KN0802, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (I.R.); (J.I.); (F.K.); (L.A.); (W.D.); (A.L.); (D.M.); (I.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Diego Montenegro
- Department of Outreach and Engagement Programs, OGRD Consortium, Charlestown KN0802, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (I.R.); (J.I.); (F.K.); (L.A.); (W.D.); (A.L.); (D.M.); (I.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Ignacio Muñoz
- Department of Outreach and Engagement Programs, OGRD Consortium, Charlestown KN0802, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (I.R.); (J.I.); (F.K.); (L.A.); (W.D.); (A.L.); (D.M.); (I.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Rodrigo Aguilera
- Department of Outreach and Engagement Programs, OGRD Consortium, Charlestown KN0802, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (I.R.); (J.I.); (F.K.); (L.A.); (W.D.); (A.L.); (D.M.); (I.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Andres Toledo
- Department of Oncopathology, OGRD Alliance, Lewes, DE 19958, USA;
| |
Collapse
|