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胡 大, 李 梦, 王 鹏. [Frontier progress in complex wound repair: from microenvironment regulation to precision medical practice]. ZHONGHUA SHAO SHANG YU CHUANG MIAN XIU FU ZA ZHI 2025; 41:417-425. [PMID: 40419354 PMCID: PMC12123594 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20250407-00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2025] [Indexed: 05/28/2025]
Abstract
Complex wounds, with high incidence rate, high disability rate, and high medical costs, have brought huge burdens to patients and medical systems. Traditional treatment methods of complex wounds have limitations, therefore it is necessary to further improve and develop innovative strategies of diagnosis and treatment to address this clinical challenge. This article reviews and discusses important advances in the field of complex wound repair, as well as new concepts in the construction of modern wound management systems. The aim is to provide a reference for clinical medical staff, researchers, and related industry personnel, promote the sustainable development of complex wound repair field, and ultimately achieve comprehensive recovery of function and aesthetics of patients with complex wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- 大海 胡
- />空军军医大学第一附属医院全军烧伤中心,烧伤与皮肤外科,西安 710032Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Burn Center of PLA, the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - 梦洋 李
- />空军军医大学第一附属医院全军烧伤中心,烧伤与皮肤外科,西安 710032Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Burn Center of PLA, the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - 鹏 王
- />空军军医大学第一附属医院全军烧伤中心,烧伤与皮肤外科,西安 710032Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Burn Center of PLA, the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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Touaitia R, Mairi A, Ibrahim NA, Basher NS, Idres T, Touati A. Staphylococcus aureus: A Review of the Pathogenesis and Virulence Mechanisms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2025; 14:470. [PMID: 40426537 PMCID: PMC12108373 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics14050470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2025] [Revised: 04/01/2025] [Accepted: 04/26/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a formidable human pathogen responsible for infections ranging from superficial skin lesions to life-threatening systemic diseases. This review synthesizes current knowledge on its pathogenesis, emphasizing colonization dynamics, virulence mechanisms, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance. By analyzing studies from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, we highlight the pathogen's adaptability, driven by surface adhesins (e.g., ClfB, SasG), secreted toxins (e.g., PVL, TSST-1), and metabolic flexibility in iron acquisition and amino acid utilization. Nasal, skin, and oropharyngeal colonization are reservoirs for invasive infections, with biofilm persistence and horizontal gene transfer exacerbating antimicrobial resistance, particularly in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The review underscores the clinical challenges of multidrug-resistant strains, including vancomycin resistance and decolonization strategies' failure to target single anatomical sites. Key discussions address host-microbiome interactions, immune evasion tactics, and the limitations of current therapies. Future directions advocate for novel anti-virulence therapies, multi-epitope vaccines, and AI-driven diagnostics to combat evolving resistance. Strengthening global surveillance and interdisciplinary collaboration is critical to mitigating the public health burden of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahima Touaitia
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences, University of Tebessa, Tebessa 12002, Algeria;
| | - Assia Mairi
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Microbienne, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie (FSNV), Université de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria; (A.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Nasir Adam Ibrahim
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nosiba S. Basher
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Takfarinas Idres
- Research Laboratory for Management of Local Animal Resources, Rabie Bouchama National Veterinary School of Algiers, Issad ABBAS Street, BP 161 Oued Semar, Algiers 16059, Algeria;
| | - Abdelaziz Touati
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Microbienne, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie (FSNV), Université de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria; (A.M.); (A.T.)
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Ma B, Li Y, Wang T, Li D, Jia S. Advances in CRISPR/Cas9-Based Gene Editing in Filamentous Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2025; 11:350. [PMID: 40422684 DOI: 10.3390/jof11050350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2025] [Revised: 04/24/2025] [Accepted: 04/28/2025] [Indexed: 05/28/2025] Open
Abstract
As an important class of microorganisms, filamentous fungi have crucial roles in protein secretion, secondary metabolite production and environmental pollution control. However, characteristics such as apical growth, heterokaryon, low homologous recombination (HR) efficiency and the scarcity of genetic markers mean that the application of traditional gene editing technology in filamentous fungi faces great challenges. The introduction of the RNA-mediated CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRlSPR-associated protein) system in filamentous fungi in recent years has revolutionized gene editing in filamentous fungi. In addition, the continuously expressed CRISPR system has significantly improved the editing efficiency, while the optimized sgRNA design and reduced cas9 concentration have effectively reduced the off-target effect, further enhancing the safety and reliability of the technology. In this review, we systematically analyze the molecular mechanism and regulatory factors of CRISPR/Cas9, focus on the optimization of its expression system and the improvement of the transformation efficiency in filamentous fungi, and reveal the core regulatory roles of HR and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathways in gene editing. Based on the analysis of various filamentous fungi applications, this review reveals the outstanding advantages of CRISPR/Cas9 in the enhancement of protein secretion, addresses the reconstruction of secondary metabolic pathways and pollutant degradation in the past decade, and provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the optimization of the technology and engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Yimiao Li
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Tinghui Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Dongming Li
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Shuang Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
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Okesanya OJ, Ahmed MM, Ogaya JB, Amisu BO, Ukoaka BM, Adigun OA, Manirambona E, Adebusuyi O, Othman ZK, Oluwakemi OG, Ayando OD, Tan MIRS, Idris NB, Kayode HH, Oso TA, Ahmed M, Kouwenhoven MBN, Ibrahim AM, Lucero-Prisno DE. Reinvigorating AMR resilience: leveraging CRISPR-Cas technology potentials to combat the 2024 WHO bacterial priority pathogens for enhanced global health security-a systematic review. Trop Med Health 2025; 53:43. [PMID: 40176174 PMCID: PMC11963374 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-025-00728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2025] [Accepted: 03/19/2025] [Indexed: 04/04/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a global health threat, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas system technology offers a promising tool to combat AMR by targeting and disabling resistance genes in WHO bacterial priority pathogens. Thus, we systematically reviewed the potential of CRISPR-Cas technology to address AMR. METHODS This systematic review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the Scopus and PubMed databases, focusing on publications from 2014 to June 2024. Keywords included "CRISPR/Cas," "antimicrobial resistance," and "pathogen." The eligibility criteria required original studies involving CRISPR/Cas systems that targeted AMR. Data were extracted from eligible studies, qualitatively synthesized, and assessed for bias using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI)-standardized tool. RESULTS Data from 48 eligible studies revealed diverse CRISPR-Cas systems, including CRISPR-Cas9, CRISPR-Cas12a, and CRISPR-Cas3, targeting various AMR genes, such as blaOXA-232, blaNDM, blaCTX-M, ermB, vanA, mecA, fosA3, blaKPC, and mcr-1, which are responsible for carbapenem, cephalosporin, methicillin, macrolide, vancomycin, colistin, and fosfomycin resistance. Some studies have explored the role of CRISPR in virulence gene suppression, including enterotoxin genes, tsst1, and iutA in Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Delivery mechanisms include bacteriophages, nanoparticles, electro-transformation, and conjugative plasmids, which demonstrate high efficiency in vitro and in vivo. CRISPR-based diagnostic applications have demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity, with detection limits as low as 2.7 × 102 CFU/mL, significantly outperforming conventional methods. Experimental studies have reported significant reductions in resistant bacterial populations and complete suppression of the targeted strains. Engineered phagemid particles and plasmid-curing systems have been shown to eliminate IncF plasmids, cured plasmids carrying vanA, mcr-1, and blaNDM with 94% efficiency, and restore antibiotic susceptibility. Gene re-sensitization strategies have been used to restore fosfomycin susceptibility in E. coli and eliminate blaKPC-2-mediated carbapenem resistance in MDR bacteria. Whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics tools have provided deeper insights into CRISPR-mediated defense mechanisms. Optimization strategies have significantly enhanced gene-editing efficiencies, offering a promising approach for tackling AMR in high-priority WHO pathogens. CONCLUSIONS CRISPR-Cas technology has the potential to address AMR across priority WHO pathogens. While promising, challenges in optimizing in vivo delivery, mitigating potential resistance, and navigating ethical-regulatory barriers must be addressed to facilitate clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalekan John Okesanya
- Department of Public Health and Maritime Transport, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Aro, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Chrisland University, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | | | - Jerico Bautista Ogaya
- Department of Medical Technology, Institute of Health Sciences and Nursing, Far Eastern University, Manila, Philippines
- Center for University Research, University of Makati, Makati, Philippines
| | | | | | | | - Emery Manirambona
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Zhinya Kawa Othman
- Department of Pharmacy, Kurdistan Technical Institute, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | | | | | - Maria Ivy Rochelle S Tan
- Department of Nursing, University of the Philippines School of Health Sciences, Manila, Philippines
| | - Nimat Bola Idris
- Department of Public Health, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Hassan Hakeem Kayode
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Oyo State Hospital Management Board, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Tolutope Adebimpe Oso
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Aro, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Musa Ahmed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - M B N Kouwenhoven
- Department of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Adamu Muhammad Ibrahim
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Research and Development Office, Biliran Province State University, Naval, Leyte, Philippines
- Research and Innovation Office, Southern Leyte State University, Sogod, Southern Leyte, Philippines
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Sadanov AK, Baimakhanova BB, Orasymbet SE, Ratnikova IA, Turlybaeva ZZ, Baimakhanova GB, Amitova AA, Omirbekova AA, Aitkaliyeva GS, Kossalbayev BD, Belkozhayev AM. Engineering Useful Microbial Species for Pharmaceutical Applications. Microorganisms 2025; 13:599. [PMID: 40142492 PMCID: PMC11944651 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13030599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2025] [Revised: 03/01/2025] [Accepted: 03/03/2025] [Indexed: 03/28/2025] Open
Abstract
Microbial engineering has made a significant breakthrough in pharmaceutical biotechnology, greatly expanding the production of biologically active compounds, therapeutic proteins, and novel drug candidates. Recent advancements in genetic engineering, synthetic biology, and adaptive evolution have contributed to the optimization of microbial strains for pharmaceutical applications, playing a crucial role in enhancing their productivity and stability. The CRISPR-Cas system is widely utilized as a precise genome modification tool, enabling the enhancement of metabolite biosynthesis and the activation of synthetic biological pathways. Additionally, synthetic biology approaches allow for the targeted design of microorganisms with improved metabolic efficiency and therapeutic potential, thereby accelerating the development of new pharmaceutical products. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) plays a vital role in further advancing microbial engineering by predicting metabolic network interactions, optimizing bioprocesses, and accelerating the drug discovery process. However, challenges such as the efficient optimization of metabolic pathways, ensuring sustainable industrial-scale production, and meeting international regulatory requirements remain critical barriers in the field. Furthermore, to mitigate potential risks, it is essential to develop stringent biocontainment strategies and implement appropriate regulatory oversight. This review comprehensively examines recent innovations in microbial engineering, analyzing key technological advancements, regulatory challenges, and future development perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amankeldi K. Sadanov
- LLP “Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology”, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan; (A.K.S.); (B.B.B.); (S.E.O.); (I.A.R.); (Z.Z.T.)
| | - Baiken B. Baimakhanova
- LLP “Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology”, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan; (A.K.S.); (B.B.B.); (S.E.O.); (I.A.R.); (Z.Z.T.)
| | - Saltanat E. Orasymbet
- LLP “Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology”, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan; (A.K.S.); (B.B.B.); (S.E.O.); (I.A.R.); (Z.Z.T.)
| | - Irina A. Ratnikova
- LLP “Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology”, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan; (A.K.S.); (B.B.B.); (S.E.O.); (I.A.R.); (Z.Z.T.)
| | - Zere Z. Turlybaeva
- LLP “Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology”, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan; (A.K.S.); (B.B.B.); (S.E.O.); (I.A.R.); (Z.Z.T.)
| | - Gul B. Baimakhanova
- LLP “Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology”, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan; (A.K.S.); (B.B.B.); (S.E.O.); (I.A.R.); (Z.Z.T.)
| | - Aigul A. Amitova
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Geology and Oil-Gas Business Institute Named After K. Turyssov, Satbayev University, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan; (G.S.A.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Anel A. Omirbekova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
| | - Gulzat S. Aitkaliyeva
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Geology and Oil-Gas Business Institute Named After K. Turyssov, Satbayev University, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan; (G.S.A.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Bekzhan D. Kossalbayev
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Geology and Oil-Gas Business Institute Named After K. Turyssov, Satbayev University, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan; (G.S.A.); (A.M.B.)
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
- Ecology Research Institute, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan 161200, Kazakhstan
| | - Ayaz M. Belkozhayev
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Geology and Oil-Gas Business Institute Named After K. Turyssov, Satbayev University, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan; (G.S.A.); (A.M.B.)
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
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