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Joshi SS, Kadavath S, Mandoli GE, Gimelli A, Gulati M, Thamman R, Lundberg G, Mehran R, Mulvagh SL, Sade LE, Shivalkar B, Shaw LJ, Hristova K, Dweck MR, Almeida AG, Grapsa J. Women in cardiovascular imaging: a call for action to address ongoing challenges. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2023; 24:1444-1449. [PMID: 37409644 PMCID: PMC10610741 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jead158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The EACVI Scientific Initiatives Committee and the EACVI women's taskforce conducted a global survey to evaluate the barriers faced by women in cardiovascular imaging (WICVi). METHODS AND RESULTS In a prospective international survey, we assessed the barriers faced at work by WICVi. Three hundred fourteen participants from 53 countries responded. The majority were married (77%) and had children (68%), but most reported no flexibility in their work schedule during their pregnancy or after their maternity leave. More than half of the women reported experiencing unconscious bias (68%), verbal harassment (59%), conscious bias (51%), anxiety (70%), lack of motivation (60%), imposter syndrome (54%), and burnout (61%) at work. Furthermore, one in five respondents had experienced sexual harassment, although this was rarely reported formally. The majority reported availability of mentorship (73%), which was mostly rated as 'good' or 'very good'. While more than two-thirds of respondents (69%) now reported being well trained and qualified to take on leadership roles in their departments, only one-third had been afforded that opportunity. Despite the issues highlighted by this survey, >80% of the participating WICVi would still choose cardiovascular imaging if they could restart their career. CONCLUSION The survey has highlighted important issues faced by WICVi. While progress has been made in areas such as mentorship and training, other issues including bullying, bias, and sexual harassment are still widely prevalent requiring urgent action by the global cardiovascular imaging community to collectively address and resolve these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti S Joshi
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s building, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Sabeeda Kadavath
- Department of Cardiology, St Bernards Heart and Vascular, Jonesboro, USA
| | | | - Alessia Gimelli
- Department of Imaging, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Martha Gulati
- Department of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ritu Thamman
- Department of Cardiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Gina Lundberg
- Department of Cardiology, Emory Women’s Heart Center, Atlanta, USA
| | - Roxana Mehran
- Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Sharon L Mulvagh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Leyla Elif Sade
- Department of Cardiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Bharati Shivalkar
- Department of Cardiology, Delta Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
- Pfizer, Luxembourg, Belgium
| | - Leslee J Shaw
- Department of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Krasimira Hristova
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Disease, SofiaBulgaria
| | - Marc R Dweck
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s building, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Ana G Almeida
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital Santa Maria, Faculty of Medicine of Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Julia Grapsa
- Department of Cardiology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Jamali HR, Abbasi A. Gender gaps in Australian research publishing, citation and co-authorship. Scientometrics 2023; 128:2879-2893. [PMID: 37101972 PMCID: PMC10028753 DOI: 10.1007/s11192-023-04685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite improvement in gender inequality in Australian science, the problem has not been fully addressed yet. To better understand the nature of gender inequality in Australian science, all gendered Australian first authored articles published between 2010 and 2020 and indexed in the Dimensions database were analysed. Field of Research (FoR) was used as the subject classification of articles and Field Citation Ratio (FCR) was used for citation comparison. Overall, the ratio of female to male first authored articles increased over the years, and this was true for all FoRs except for information and computing sciences. The ratio of single-authored articles by females was also improved over the study period. Females appeared to have a citation advantage, using Field Citation Ratio, over males in a few FoRs including mathematical sciences, chemical sciences, technology, built environment and design, studies in human society, law and legal studies, and studies in creative arts and writing. The average FCR for female first authored articles was greater than the average FCR for male first authored articles, including in a few fields such mathematical sciences where male authors outperformed females in terms of the number of articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid R. Jamali
- School of Information and Communication Studies, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678 Australia
| | - Alireza Abbasi
- School of Engineering and IT, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Canberra, Australia
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Zafar MDB, Jamil Y, Bilal M, Rathi S, Anwer A. Impact of racial, ethnic and gender disparities in Cardiology. Curr Probl Cardiol 2023; 48:101725. [PMID: 36990187 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Literature shows evidence of racial and gender biases in many sub-specialties of medicine including cardiology. Racial, ethnic, and gender disparities exist along the path to cardiology residency, beginning as early as medical school admissions. Approximately 65.62% White, 4.71% Black, 18.06% Asian, and 8.86% Hispanic are cardiologists, while there are a total of 60.1% White, 12.2% Black, 5.6% Asian, and 18.5% Hispanic people in the US in 2019, showing evident underrepresentation. Gender disparities have an inevitable role in the lack of a diverse cardiovascular workforce. According to a recent study, only 13% of practicing cardiologists in the US are women, even though the female population in the US is 50.52% as compared to 49.48%- of men. These disparities led to underrepresented physicians earning less than their similarly qualified counterparts, decreased equity, increased workplace harassment, and also results in patients facing unconscious bias from their physicians leading to deteriorated clinical outcomes. Implications in the field of research include the underrepresentation of minorities and the female population despite the increased burden of cardiovascular disease they face. However, efforts are underway to eradicate the disparities that exist in cardiology. This paper aims to increase awareness regarding the issue and inform future policies with the goal of encouraging underrepresented communities to join the cardiology workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yumna Jamil
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Maham Bilal
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sushma Rathi
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Anusha Anwer
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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Sierra-Galan LM, Aggarwal NR, Stojanovska J, Raman SV, Han Y, Ferreira VM, Thomas K, Seiberlich N, Parwani P, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Baldassarre LA, Mavrogeni S, Ordovas K, Schulz-Menger J, Bandettini WP. Women physicians in cardiovascular magnetic resonance: Past, present, and future. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:984326. [PMID: 36684587 PMCID: PMC9848434 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.984326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Women's engagement in medicine, and more specifically cardiovascular imaging and cardiovascular MRI (CMR), has undergone a slow evolution over the past several decades. As a result, an increasing number of women have joined the cardiovascular imaging community to contribute their expertise. This collaborative work summarizes the barriers that women in cardiovascular imaging have overcome over the past several years, the positive interventions that have been implemented to better support women in the field of CMR, and the challenges that still remain, with a special emphasis on women physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia M. Sierra-Galan
- Cardiology Department of the Cardiovascular Division at the American British Cowdray Medical Center, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Niti R. Aggarwal
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Subha V. Raman
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Yuchi Han
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Vanessa M. Ferreira
- University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Oxford British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre at the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine Thomas
- University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Oxford British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre at the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Seiberlich
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Purvi Parwani
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | | | - Lauren A. Baldassarre
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Karen Ordovas
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jeanette Schulz-Menger
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, ECRC Cardiology, Helios-Clinics Berlin-Buch, Clinic of Cardiology and Nephrology, DZHK Partnersite Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - W. Patricia Bandettini
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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5
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Hurwitz JL. When WILL we ever learn? Heart Rhythm 2022; 19:630-631. [PMID: 34999276 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Linda Hurwitz
- Director of EP/Chief of Cardiology Medical City Heart and Spine Hospital, Dallas, Texas; North Texas Heart Center, Dallas, Texas
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Vlachadis Castles A, Burgess S, Robledo K, Beale AL, Biswas S, Segan L, Gutman S, Mukherjee S, Leet A, Zaman S. Work-life balance: a comparison of women in cardiology and other specialties. Open Heart 2021; 8:e001678. [PMID: 34290044 PMCID: PMC8296777 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2021-001678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Significant gender disparities exist in some medical specialties, particularly cardiology. We assessed work, personal life and work-life balance in women in cardiology in Australia and New Zealand (NZ), compared with other specialties, to determine factors that may contribute to the lack of women in the specialty. METHODS This study is a prospective survey-based cohort study comparing cardiology and non-cardiology specialties. An online survey was completed by female doctors in Australia and NZ, recruited via email lists and relevant social media groups. The survey included demographics, specialty, stage of training, work hours/setting, children and relationships, career satisfaction, income and perceptions of specialty. RESULTS 452 participants completed the survey (median age 36 years), of which 57 (13%) worked in cardiology. Of all respondents, 84% were partnered and 75% had children, with no difference between cardiology and non-cardiology specialties. Compared with non-cardiology specialties, women in cardiology worked more hours per week (median 50 hours vs 40 hours, p<0.001), were more likely to be on call more than once per week (33% vs 12%, p<0.001) and were more likely to earn an annual income >$3 00 000 (35% vs 10%, p<0.001). Women in cardiology were less likely to agree that they led a balanced life (33% vs 51%, p=0.03) or that their specialty was female friendly (19% vs 75%, p<0.001) or family friendly (20% vs 63%, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Compared with other specialties, women in cardiology reported poorer work-life balance, greater hours worked and on-call commitments and were less likely to perceive their specialty as female friendly or family friendly. Addressing work-life balance may attract and retain more women in cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Vlachadis Castles
- Department of Cardiology, Northern Health, Epping, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sonya Burgess
- Department of Cardiology, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristy Robledo
- Biostatistics, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anna L Beale
- Department of Cardiology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sinjini Biswas
- Department of Cardiology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise Segan
- Department of Cardiology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Gutman
- Department of Cardiology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Swati Mukherjee
- Department of Cardiology, Cabrini Health, Malvern, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angeline Leet
- Department of Cardiology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Zaman
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Jaijee SK, Kamau-Mitchell C, Mikhail GW, Hendry C. Sexism experienced by consultant cardiologists in the United Kingdom. Heart 2021; 107:895-901. [PMID: 33722825 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims were to compare the frequency with which male and female cardiologists experience sexism and to explore the types of sexism experienced in cardiology. METHODS A validated questionnaire measuring experiences of sexism and sexual harassment was distributed online to 890 UK consultant cardiologists between March and May 2018. χ2 tests and pairwise comparisons with a Bonferroni correction for multiple analyses compared the experiences of male and female cardiologists. RESULTS 174 cardiologists completed the survey (24% female; 76% male). The survey showed that 61.9% of female cardiologists have experienced discrimination of any kind, mostly related to gender and parenting, compared with 19.7% of male cardiologists. 35.7% of female cardiologists experienced unwanted sexual comments, attention or advances from a superior or colleague, compared with 6.1% of male cardiologists. Sexual harassment affected the professional confidence of female cardiologists more than it affected the confidence of male cardiologists (42.9% vs 3.0%), including confidence with colleagues (38% vs 10.6%) and patients (23.9% vs 4.6%). 33.3% of female cardiologists felt that sexism hampered opportunities for professional advancement, compared with 2.3% of male cardiologists. CONCLUSION Female cardiologists in the UK experience more sexism and sexual harassment than male cardiologists. Sexism impacts the career progression and professional confidence of female cardiologists more, including their confidence when working with patients and colleagues. Future research is urgently needed to test interventions against sexism in cardiology and to protect the welfare of female cardiologists at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareen Kaur Jaijee
- Cardiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK .,MRC, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ghada W Mikhail
- Cardiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.,Cardiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cara Hendry
- Cardiology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
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8
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Burgos LM, Farina J, Sauce Perez AL, Ortiz Lopez HIA, Gupta SD, Baranchuk A, Saldarriaga Giraldo CI. Gender Equity Imbalance in Cardiology Scientific Sessions in the Americas. Curr Probl Cardiol 2021; 46:100785. [PMID: 33516090 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Women remain largely under-represented in cardiology worldwide. This is especially reflected in scientific sessions where panelists have a male preponderant representation. The amount of gender equity in cardiology during scientific activities in the American continent is unknown. The objective was to compare gender distribution of invited panelists in cardiology scientific sessions across the Americas during the period 2019-2020. A retrospective analysis of the cardiology scientific sessions held in North, Central, and South America was conducted. Sessions published on the official site and social networks of the national cardiology societies from January 1, 2019 to August 10, 2020 were included. Gender distribution and all-male panels were compared according to geographic regions, year, roles in the panel, and the main topics of the session. Seven hundred fifty-two scientific sessions were analyzed, with 3786 participants. The median participation of women was 20% (IQR 0%-37.5%). Specifically, the statistics reflected a female participation of 25% (IQR 0%-43.6%) in North America, 12.5% (IQR 0%-43%) in Central America and 10% (IQR 0%-33.3%) in South America (P < 0.0001). Women participation in the panels was different according to the main topic of the session (P < 0.0001), with higher proportions in topics such as cardiovascular diseases in women, congenital heart disease and cardio oncology. The frequency of all-male panels was 36.8% (CI95% 33.3-40.1), and it increased over time (2019: 30.9% vs 2020: 40.3%; P = 0.012). There is gender inequity in cardiology scientific sessions held in different regions of the Americas, with low participation of women especially in interventionist panels and leadership roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrecia María Burgos
- Department of heart failure, pulmonary hypertension and heart transplant, Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires city, Argentina.
| | - Juan Farina
- Division of Cardiology, Clínica Olivos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Shyla Devi Gupta
- Division of Cardiology, Kingston Health Science Center, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrián Baranchuk
- Division of Cardiology, Kingston Health Science Center, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clara Inés Saldarriaga Giraldo
- Department of Cardiology and Heart Failure Clinic, Clinica Cardiovascular Santa María, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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McBride KF, Rolleston A, Grey C, Howard NJ, Paquet C, Brown A. Māori, Pacific, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women's Cardiovascular Health: Where Are the Opportunities to Make a Real Difference? Heart Lung Circ 2020; 30:52-58. [PMID: 33162366 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Māori and Pacific women in New Zealand and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women in Australia are recognised as nurturers and leaders within their families and communities. However, women's wellbeing, and that of their communities, are affected by a high burden of cardiovascular disease experienced at a younger age than women from other ethnic groups. There has been little focus on the cardiovascular outcomes and strategies to address heart health inequities among Māori, Pacific, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women. The factors contributing to these inequities are complex and interrelated but include differences in exposure to risk and protective factors, rates of multi-morbidity, and substantial gaps within the health system, which include barriers to culturally responsive, timely and appropriate cardiovascular care. Evidence demonstrates critical treatment gaps across the continuum of risk and disease, including assessment and management of cardiovascular risk in young women and time-critical access to and receipt of acute services. Cardiovascular disease in women impacts not only the individual, but their family and community, and the burden of living with disease limits women's capacity to fulfil their roles and responsibilities which support and sustain families and communities. Our response must draw on the strengths of Māori, Pacific, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women, acknowledge health and wellbeing holistically, address the health and social needs of individuals, families and communities, and recognise that Indigenous women in New Zealand, Australia and across the Pacific must be involved in the design, development and implementation of solutions affecting their own health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine F McBride
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Australian Centre for Precision Health, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Wardliparingga Aboriginal Health Equity Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Corina Grey
- Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natasha J Howard
- Wardliparingga Aboriginal Health Equity Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Catherine Paquet
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Australian Centre for Precision Health, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alex Brown
- Wardliparingga Aboriginal Health Equity Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Rampersad PP, Capdeville M. Who Decided Cardiology Was a Man's Job? The Future of Cardiovascular Medicine and Why Women Are Key. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2020; 34:575-581. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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