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Mohammad SN, Pinto AAG, Silva RAD, Suffredini IB, Tournier AL, Cartwright SJ, Yunes JS, Bonamin LV. Environmental Homeopathy: Homeopathic Potencies Regulate the Growth and Toxicity of Raphidiopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) and can be Tracked Physico-Chemically. Part 2: Physico-chemical Results. HOMEOPATHY 2025; 114:18-31. [PMID: 38710227 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1780527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The control of cyanobacterial toxicity and growth by homeopathic potencies was described in Part 1 of this two-part report. Here, a parallel approach characterized the physico-chemical features of the potencies used and the liquid media treated with them, correlating these results with their respective biological effects. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to establish if physico-chemical parameters can track homeopathic potencies in seawater or artificial seawater medium (ASM)-1 and to discover whether these parameters correlate with previously described biological effects. METHOD Artemia franciscana (brine shrimp) cysts were cultivated in seawater challenged with Raphidiopsis raciborskii extract and treated with different homeopathic potencies chosen from a screening process. Cultures of R. raciborskii maintained in ASM-1 were also treated with previously screened homeopathic potencies, and their growth was monitored as a function of time. The physico-chemical properties of the treated media (seawater or ASM-1) were evaluated by their interaction with solvatochromic dyes and changes in pH, conductivity and temperature. RESULTS Coumarin 7 was found to be a marker for Nitric acidum 6cH and Isotherapic (R. raciborskii extract) 200cH in seawater (analysis of variance [ANOVA], p = 0.0015). Nile red was found to be a marker for Nitric acidum 200cH and Mercurius solubilis 30cH in ASM-1 (ANOVA, p ≤ 0.001). An increase in pH of ASM-1 and endothermic effects were observed after these treatments (two-way ANOVA, p = 0.0001). Seawater and ASM-1 to which potencies had been added were also subjected to a constant unidirectional 2,400 Gauss static magnetic field and found to have enhanced effects on the solvatochromic dyes tested. CONCLUSION Homeopathic potencies were specifically traceable in aqueous media using solvatochromic dyes, especially when the samples were subjected to a magnetic field. Results from monitoring other physical parameters, such as pH and temperature, were less specific in relation to potency tracking. However, potency-induced endothermic effects might provide valuable thermodynamic data relating to the nature of potencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suham Nowrooz Mohammad
- Research Center-UNIP, Graduate Program on Environmental and Experimental Pathology, University Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andreia Adelaide G Pinto
- Research Center-UNIP, Graduate Program on Environmental and Experimental Pathology, University Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Augusto da Silva
- Research Center-UNIP, Graduate Program on Environmental and Experimental Pathology, University Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivana Barbosa Suffredini
- Research Center-UNIP, Graduate Program on Environmental and Experimental Pathology, University Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander L Tournier
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Steven J Cartwright
- Cherwell Laboratory for Fundamental Research in Homeopathy, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Leoni V Bonamin
- Research Center-UNIP, Graduate Program on Environmental and Experimental Pathology, University Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
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Tournier AL, Bonamin LV, Buchheim-Schmidt S, Cartwright S, Dombrowsky C, Doesburg P, Holandino C, Kokornaczyk MO, van de Kraats EB, López-Carvallo JA, Nandy P, Mazón-Suástegui JM, Mirzajani F, Poitevin B, Scherr C, Thieves K, Würtenberger S, Baumgartner S. Scientific guidelines for preclinical research on potentised preparations manufactured according to current pharmacopoeias-the PrePoP guidelines. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2024; 22:533-544. [PMID: 39013752 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pharmacopoeias regulate the manufacture of potentised pharmaceutical preparations used in different branches of complementary and integrative medicine. The physicochemical properties and biological activity of these preparations are often investigated in preclinical research, yet no guidelines for experimental research currently exist in this area. The present PrePoP guidelines aim to provide recommendations to promote high-quality, statistically sound, and reproducible preclinical research on potentised preparations. METHODS Input was gathered from researchers nominated by the relevant scientific societies using a simplified Delphi consensus approach covering the most relevant aspects of basic research methodology in the field including appropriate controls, sample preparation and handling, and statistics. After three rounds of feedback, a consensus was finally reached on the most important aspects and considerations for conducting high-quality research on potentised preparations. RESULTS We present a series of recommendations on a range of topics including experimental controls, system stability, blinding and randomisation, environmental influences, and procedures for the preparation of potentised samples and controls, and we address some specific challenges of this research field. CONCLUSION This expert consensus process resulted in a robust set of methodological guidelines for research on potentised preparations and provides a valuable framework that will inform and improve the quality of subsequent research in this emerging field. PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS Tournier AL, Bonamin LV, Buchheim-Schmidt S, Cartwright S, Dombrowsky C, Doesburg P, Holandino C, Kokornaczyk MO, van de Kraats EB, López-Carvallo JA, Nandy P, Mazón-Suástegui JM, Mirzajani F, Poitevin B, Scherr C, Thieves K, Würtenberger S, Baumgartner S. Scientific guidelines for preclinical research on potentised preparations manufactured according to current pharmacopoeias-the PrePoP guidelines. J Integr Med. 2024; 22(5): 533-544.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Tournier
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Integrative Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany; Homeopathy Research Institute, London SW7 4EF, United Kingdom.
| | - Leoni V Bonamin
- Graduate Program on Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, São Paulo 01504-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Susann Buchheim-Schmidt
- Department of Medical Science, Deutsche Homöopathie-Union DHU-Arzneimittel GmbH & Co. KG, 76227 Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Steven Cartwright
- Cherwell Laboratory for Fundamental Research in Homeopathy, Oxford OX2 8NU, Oxforeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Dombrowsky
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paul Doesburg
- Society for Cancer Research, Hiscia Research Institute, 4144 Arlesheim, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carla Holandino
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Olga Kokornaczyk
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Society for Cancer Research, Hiscia Research Institute, 4144 Arlesheim, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jesús Antonio López-Carvallo
- Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, 1790437 Coquimbo, Elqui, Chile
| | - Papiya Nandy
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, Kolkata, West Bengal 700068, West Bengal, India
| | - José Manuel Mazón-Suástegui
- Laboratorio de Homeopatía Acuícola y Semillas Marinas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, La Paz 23096, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Fateme Mirzajani
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Science, Knowledge University, 44001 Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
| | | | - Claudia Scherr
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany; Society for Cancer Research, Hiscia Research Institute, 4144 Arlesheim, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karin Thieves
- Sola Salus, Institute for Homeopathic Research, 52511 Geilenkirchen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Baumgartner
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Integrative Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
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Fontes C, Oliveira AP, Batista JVC, Martins C, Rossi A, Yapuchura ER, Furtado P, Meireles P, Capella MAM, Picciani PHS, Holandino C. Physicochemical Properties of Zinc and Lactose in Solid Mixtures: Influence of Trituration Process. HOMEOPATHY 2021; 111:164-175. [PMID: 34820794 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent experimental results supporting the dynamization process show modification in the characteristics of solid mixtures. OBJECTIVE The present work aims to evaluate the physicochemical properties of metallic zinc and lactose, evidencing the interactions between all chemical components presented in dynamized solid mixtures by analytical techniques. METHODS Mixtures of zinc and lactose (1:9 w/w) were successively triturated at the same proportion according to the Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia, receiving the designation of 10-1 - 10-6 (1dH - 6dH). All samples were submitted to the following characterization techniques: Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetry (TG), and Raman Spectroscopy (RS). RESULTS AAS results detected 97.0% of zinc in the raw material, and the triturated zinc lactose system (ZnMet) presented mean values similar to those expected for the physical mixtures: i.e., 9.94%, 1.23%, and 0.11% in the three first proportions (10-1, 10-2, 10-3), respectively. SEM images showed particle size reduction due to the trituration process. The XRD assays of ZnMet 10-3 and 10-6 indicated peak changes at 12.3° and 43.26°, probably associated with modifications of inter-atomic crystalline spacing. The thermal analysis results of dynamized samples suggest modifications in the chemical interaction between zinc and lactose induced by the physical forces applied. RS experiments showed variation in vibration frequencies due to the dynamization procedure, in which marked ZnMet 10-6 spectral modifications were detected at 357, 477, 1086 and 1142 cm-1, and in the wavelength range 860-920 cm-1. CONCLUSION These results highlight the importance of applying suitable characterization methods to improve our understanding of the properties of homeopathic solid mixtures, whereas the uses of sensitive tools evidence the influence of trituration on the crystalline properties and in the enthalpy variation of dynamized samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Fontes
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana P Oliveira
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João V C Batista
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cleo Martins
- Department of Applied Physics, Brazilian Center of Research in Physics, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Rossi
- Department of Applied Physics, Brazilian Center of Research in Physics, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Enrique R Yapuchura
- Laboratory of Carbon and Ceramic Materials, Department of Physics, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Furtado
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paloma Meireles
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Alves Marques Capella
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,LaRBio, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo H S Picciani
- Institute of Macromolecules Professora Eloisa Mano, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla Holandino
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Pinto SAG, Nagai MYO, Alvares-Saraiva A, Peres GB, Waisse S, Perez EC, Bonamin LV. Silicea terra and Zincum metallicum Modulate the Activity of Macrophages Challenged with BCG In Vitro. HOMEOPATHY 2020; 110:52-61. [PMID: 33348418 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1716367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The homeopathic medicines Silicea terra (Sil) and Zincum metallicum (Zinc) modulate macrophage activity and were assessed in an experimental study in-vitro for their effects on macrophage-BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) interaction. METHODS RAW 264.7 macrophages were infected with BCG, treated with different potencies of Sil and Zinc (6cH, 30cH and 200cH) or vehicle, and assessed 24 and 48 h later for bacilli internalization, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and cytokine production, and lysosomal activity. RESULTS Treatment with vehicle was associated with non-specific inhibition of H2O2 production to the levels exhibited by uninfected macrophages. Sil 200cH induced significant reduction of H2O2 production (p < 0.001) compared with the vehicle and all other treatments, as well as higher lysosomal activity (p ≤ 0.001) and increased IL-10 production (p ≤ 0.05). Such effects were considered specific for this remedy and potency. The number of internalized bacilli was inversely proportional to Zinc potencies, with statistically significant interaction between dilution and treatment (p = 0.003). Such linear-like behavior was not observed for Sil dilutions: peak internalization occurred with the 30cH dilution, accompanied by cellular degeneration, and IL-6 and IL-10 increased (p ≤ 0.05) only in the cells treated with Sil 6cH. CONCLUSION Sil and Zinc presented different patterns of potency-dependent effect on macrophage activity. Bacterial digestion and a balanced IL-6/IL-10 production were related to Sil 6cH, though reduced oxidative stress with increased lysosomal activity was related to Sil 200cH. Degenerative effects were exclusively related to Sil 30cH, and potency-dependent phagocytosis was related only to Zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Augusta G Pinto
- Research Center, Graduation Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Universidade Paulista-UNIP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirian Yaeko O Nagai
- Research Center, Graduation Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Universidade Paulista-UNIP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anuska Alvares-Saraiva
- Research Center, Graduation Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Universidade Paulista-UNIP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovani B Peres
- Research Center, Graduation Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Universidade Paulista-UNIP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Waisse
- Pontificia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, Graduation Program in History of Science, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth C Perez
- Research Center, Graduation Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Universidade Paulista-UNIP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leoni Villano Bonamin
- Research Center, Graduation Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Universidade Paulista-UNIP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Tournier A, Würtenberger S, Klein SD, Baumgartner S. Physicochemical Investigations of Homeopathic Preparations: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis-Part 3. J Altern Complement Med 2020; 27:45-57. [PMID: 33121261 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2020.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: In parts I and II of our review of physicochemical research performed on homeopathic preparations, we identified relevant publications and analyzed the data in terms of individual experiments, looking for the most promising techniques that were used in the past. In this third part, we analyze the results of the experiments seeking to extract information about the possible modes of action underpinning homeopathic preparations. Methods: We summarized the results from the 11 experimental areas previously introduced, extracting the general findings and trends. We also summarized the results in terms of specific research topics: aging, medium used for potentization, sample volume, temperature, material of potentization vessel, and, finally, the use of molecules to probe homeopathic samples. Results: We identified a number of effects that appear consistently throughout the data: Differences to controls seem to increase with: time, moderate temperature, small samples volume, and in ionic medium, whereas high temperatures seem to abolish differences to controls. Based on the present analysis, there is no consistent evidence to date for the nanoparticle hypothesis to explain specific homeopathic treatment effects. However, the quantum coherence domain hypothesis, the dynamic water cluster hypothesis, and the weak quantum theory are still contenders and need to be further assessed experimentally. Conclusions: The field requires further targeted experimentation to validate past findings reporting differences between homeopathic dilutions and controls, and to expand these findings by specifically testing the three main working hypotheses that are currently at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tournier
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Water Research Lab, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Würtenberger
- Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, Hevert-Arzneimittel GmbH & Co. KG, Nussbaum, Germany
| | - Sabine D Klein
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Baumgartner
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Society for Cancer Research, Arlesheim, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
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Schlosser KC, Oliveira AS, Fagundes MB, Wagner R, Mello RO, Barin JS, Silva FEBDA. A green method for determination of ethanol in homeopathic medicines using thermal infrared enthalpimetry. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20181307. [PMID: 33053105 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020181307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a simple and fast method is proposed for the determination of ethanol in homeopathic medicines using thermal infrared enthalpimetry (TIE). Samples containing alcohol in a wide concentration range (from 5% to 95% v/v) were used. Purified water or absolute ethanol was added directly into homeopathic medicine and increase of temperature was monitored using an infrared camera. Total volume, stirring speed and dispensing rate of solutions were the most significant parameters studied for method optimization. A response surface methodology (RSM) was used for optimization of the experimental conditions. The method was validated in the following parameters: selectivity, linearity, linear range, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision), limit of detection and quantification, accuracy and robustness. Linear range was obtained from 4% to 55% (ethanol, v/v). The proposed method showed accuracy in agreement with the conventional one. The proposed method it was demonstrated a good alternative for determination of ethanol in homeopathic medicines, presenting low cost, fast analysis and agreement with the principles of green analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina C Schlosser
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas/PPGCF, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, Prédio 700, Br 472, Km 585, Caixa Postal 18, 97500-220 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Alessandra S Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência de Alimentos/DTCA, Centro de Ciências Rurais/ CCR, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariane B Fagundes
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência de Alimentos/DTCA, Centro de Ciências Rurais/ CCR, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Roger Wagner
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência de Alimentos/DTCA, Centro de Ciências Rurais/ CCR, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Renius O Mello
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência de Alimentos/DTCA, Centro de Ciências Rurais/ CCR, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliano S Barin
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência de Alimentos/DTCA, Centro de Ciências Rurais/ CCR, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiana E B DA Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas/PPGCF, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, Prédio 700, Br 472, Km 585, Caixa Postal 18, 97500-220 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
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Tournier A, Klein SD, Würtenberger S, Wolf U, Baumgartner S. Physicochemical Investigations of Homeopathic Preparations: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis-Part 2. J Altern Complement Med 2019; 25:890-901. [PMID: 31290681 PMCID: PMC6760181 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2019.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: In Part 1 of the review of physicochemical research performed on homeopathic preparations the authors identified relevant publications of sufficient reporting quality for further in-depth analysis. In this article, the authors analyze these publications to identify any empirical evidence for specific physicochemical properties of homeopathic preparations and to identify most promising experimental techniques for future studies. Methods: After an update of the literature search up to 2018, the authors analyzed all publications in terms of individual experiments. They extracted information regarding methodological criteria such as blinding, randomization, statistics, controls, sample preparation, and replications, as well as regarding experimental design and measurement methods applied. Scores were developed to identify experimental techniques with most reliable outcomes. Results: The publications analyzed described 203 experiments. Less than 25% used blinding and/or randomization, and about one third used adequate controls to identify specific effects of homeopathic preparations. The most promising techniques used so far are nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation, optical spectroscopy, and electrical impedance measurements. In these three areas, several sets of replicated high-quality experiments provide evidence for specific physicochemical properties of homeopathic preparations. Conclusions: The authors uncovered a number of promising experimental techniques that warrant replication to assess the reported physicochemical properties of homeopathic preparations compared with controls. They further discuss a range of experimental aspects that highlight the many factors that need to be taken into consideration when performing basic research into homeopathic potentization. For future experiments, the authors generally recommend using succussed (vigorously shaken) controls, or comparing different homeopathic preparations with each other to reliably identify any specific physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tournier
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Water Research Lab, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine D Klein
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Würtenberger
- Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Hevert-Arzneimittel GmbH & Co. KG, Nussbaum, Germany
| | - Ursula Wolf
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Baumgartner
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Society for Cancer Research, Arlesheim, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
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The physical features -size and granularity- of solid materials are strongly affected by trituration in lactose, before turning them into homeopathic solutions. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 93:305-318. [PMID: 30274063 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trituration is a mechanical process (a form of comminution) for reducing the particle size of a substance. In this manuscript, six different Raw Solid Materials (RSM) which are used in Homeopathy after successive grindings are studied before they are turned into homeopathic solutions. The impact of trituration, with the presence of α‑lactose monohydrate (milk sugar) seems to be quite great and interesting because of the variety of grain size which largely differentiate the properties of the materials. The grain sizes obtained triturations by hand according to C. Herring's suggestion leads, finally, measurement scale dimensions. The obtained results can be useful information for all the pharmacy industries, as well as for preparing any kind of powder.
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Bonamin LV, Bellavite P. Zincum metallicum research: an international scientific collaboration in homeopathy. HOMEOPATHY 2017; 106:133-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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