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Gohil UK, Parekh VV, Kinariwala N, Oza KM, Somani MC. Can active signals of cellphone interfere with electronic working length determination of a root canal in a dental clinic? An in vivo study. J Conserv Dent 2017; 20:170-173. [PMID: 29279620 PMCID: PMC5706317 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_252_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the interference of active cellphones during electronic working length (EWL) determination of a root canal. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients requiring root canal treatment in the anterior teeth or premolars having single canal and mature apices were selected for this study. Working length determination was done using no. 15 K-file. Electronic apex locators ProPex Pixi and Root ZX mini were used for working length determination. Cellphones iPhone 6s and Xolo Q3000 were evaluated for their interference. The experiment was conducted in a closed room (9 feet × 9 feet). Working length was measured with no cellphone in the room, iPhone 6s in a calling mode, Xolo Q3000 in a calling mode, and Xolo Q3000 and iPhone 6s simultaneously in a calling mode. Stability of the readings was also determined for every condition. Statistical Analysis: The data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and paired t-test at 0.05 level of significance. Results: Results were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, cellphones do not interfere with the EWL determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umadevi Kiritsinh Gohil
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Vaishali V Parekh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Niraj Kinariwala
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Kaushal M Oza
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Mona C Somani
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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Sidhu P, Shankargouda S, Dicksit DD, Mahdey HM, Muzaffar D, Arora S. Evaluation of Interference of Cellular Phones on Electronic Apex Locators: An In Vitro Study. J Endod 2016; 42:622-5. [PMID: 26850688 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Use of mobile phone has been prohibited in many hospitals to prevent interference with medical devices. Electromagnetic radiation emitted from cellular phones might interfere with electronic working length determination. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of a smart phone (Samsung Galaxy Note Edge) on working length determination of electronic apex locators (EALs) Propex II and Rootor. METHODS Fifteen intact, non-carious single-rooted teeth were decoronated at the cementoenamel junction. Visually, working length was determined by using a #15 K-file under stereomicroscope (×20). The effect of cellular phones on electronic working length (EWL) was determined under 2 experimental settings: (1) in a closed room with poor signal strength and (2) in a polyclinic set up with good signal strength and 5 conditions: (1) electronically, without cellular phone in room; (2) electronically, with cellular phone in physical contact with EAL; (3) electronically, with mobile phone in physical contact with EAL and in calling mode for a period of 25 seconds; (4) electronically, mobile phone placed at a distance of 40 cm from the EAL; and (5) electronically, mobile phone placed at a distance of 40 cm and in calling mode for a period of 25 seconds. The EWL was measured 3 times per tooth under each condition. Stability of the readings was scored from 1 to 3: (1) good stability, (2) stable reading after 1 attempt, and (3) stable reading after 2 attempts. The data were compared by using analysis of variance. RESULTS The EWL measurements were not influenced by the presence of cellular phone and could be determined under all experimental conditions. CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that mobile phones do not interfere with the EWL determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preena Sidhu
- Faculty of Dentistry, SEGi University, Jalan Teknologi, Kota Damansara, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Swapnil Shankargouda
- KLE University VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College Campus, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Haydar Majeed Mahdey
- Faculty of Dentistry, SEGi University, Jalan Teknologi, Kota Damansara, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Danish Muzaffar
- Faculty of Dentistry, SEGi University, Jalan Teknologi, Kota Damansara, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shelly Arora
- Faculty of Dentistry, SEGi University, Jalan Teknologi, Kota Damansara, Selangor, Malaysia
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Sriman N, Prabhakar V, Bhuvaneswaran JS, Subha N. Interference of apex locator, pulp tester and diathermy on pacemaker function. J Conserv Dent 2015; 18:15-9. [PMID: 25657520 PMCID: PMC4313472 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.148868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of three electronic apex locators (EAL), electric pulp tester (EPT) and diathermy on pacemaker function in vitro. Materials and Methods: Three EALs: Root ZX (J. Morita Co., Tustin, CA, U.S.A.), Propex (Dentsply), Mini Apex locator (SybronEndo, Anaheim, CA, USA), EPT (Parkell pulp vitality tester Farmingdale, NY, USA) and Diathermy (Neomed 250 B) were tested for any interference with one pacemaker (A medtronic kappa KVDD901-serial number: PLE734632S). Directly connecting the pacemaker lead with the EAL/EPT/diathermy operating on a flat bench top, the telemetry wand was held directly over the pacemaker to monitor the pacing pattern for a period of 30 s. Pacemaker activity was continuously recorded on the telemetric programmer and electro gram (EGM) readings examined for pacer inhibition, noise reversion or inappropriate pacemaker pulses. Results: All the three apex locators showed no pacing interference or background noise during its function or at rest. The EGM readings of EPT showed varying levels of background noise in between pacing however, this did not affect the normal pacing pattern and the pacing interval remained constant. EGM readings of diathermy showed an increase in the pacing interval (irregular pacing pattern) followed by complete inhibition of the pacing system. Conclusion: The tested EALs do not interfere with cardiac pacemaker function. The tested EPT showed varying levels of background noise but does not interfere with cardiac pacemaker function. Use of Diathermy interfered with the normal pacing, leading to complete inhibition of the pacing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Sriman
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Ramakrishna Dental College and Hospital, Coimbatore, India
| | - V Prabhakar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Ramakrishna Dental College and Hospital, Coimbatore, India
| | - J S Bhuvaneswaran
- Department of Cardiology, P.S. Govindasamy Naidu Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Subha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Ramakrishna Dental College and Hospital, Coimbatore, India
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Dyrda K, Khairy P. Implantable rhythm devices and electromagnetic interference: myth or reality? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 6:823-32. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.6.6.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Lee S, Fu K, Kohno T, Ransford B, Maisel WH. Clinically significant magnetic interference of implanted cardiac devices by portable headphones. Heart Rhythm 2009; 6:1432-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Joglar JA, Nguyen C, Garst DM, Katz WF. Safety of electromagnetic articulography in patients with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2009; 52:1082-1087. [PMID: 19641084 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0028)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Electromagnetic articulography (EMA) uses a helmet to create alternating magnetic fields for tracking speech articulator movement. An important safety consideration is whether EMA magnetic fields interfere with the operation of speakers' pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). In this investigation, individuals with pacemaker/ICD devices were exposed to EMA fields under controlled conditions while potential interference was examined. METHOD Twelve adults with pacemaker/ICD devices from 3 major manufacturers were assessed for device function before, during, and after exposure to magnetic fields from a Carstens AG100 EMA system. Potential interference was probed, with EMA transmitters positioned at varying distances from the implantable devices and with the EMA system set at different operating strengths. RESULTS No adverse affects in device operation were observed under any conditions. The only potential complication was temporary telemetry-link interference during device testing in some cases. CONCLUSION The results suggest that EMA technology may be safely used with patients who have pacemakers and ICDs. However, the present findings do not rule out potential interference with other pacemaker/ICD manufacturers or with different articulography systems. Precautions are suggested for testing individuals with pacemaker/ICDs under EMA conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Joglar
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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CHIU CHRISTINEC, HUH JUNE, DE SOUZA LAURA, ALFARO-RAMIREZ ARMANDO, CLEGG ROBIN, FENWICK LAURA, HAMILTON ROBERTM, KIRSH JOELA, GROSS GILJ, GAO DONGSHENG, STEPHENSON ELIZABETHA. A Prospective Pediatric Clinical Trial of Digital Music Players: Do They Interfere with Pacemakers? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2009; 20:44-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2008.01270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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THAKER JAYP, PATEL MEHULB, JONGNARANGSIN KRIT, LIEPA VALDISV, CASTELLANI MARK, THAKUR RANJANK. Electromagnetic Interference in an Implantable Loop Recorder Caused by a Portable Digital Media Player. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2008; 31:1345-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2008.01188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Webster G, Jordao L, Martuscello M, Mahajan T, Alexander ME, Cecchin F, Triedman JK, Walsh EP, Berul CI. Digital music players cause interference with interrogation telemetry for pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators without affecting device function. Heart Rhythm 2008; 5:545-50. [PMID: 18362020 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concern exists regarding the potential electromagnetic interaction between pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) and digital music players (DMPs). A preliminary study reported interference in 50% of patients whose devices were interrogated near Apple iPods. OBJECTIVE Given the high prevalence of DMP use among young patients, we sought to define the nature of interference from iPods and evaluate other DMPs. METHODS Four DMPs (Apple Nano, Apple Video, SanDisk Sansa and Microsoft Zune) were evaluated against pacemakers and ICDs (PM/ICD). Along with continuous monitoring, we recorded a baseline ECG strip, sensing parameters and lead impedance at baseline and for each device. RESULTS Among 51 patients evaluated (age 6 to 60 years, median 22), there was no interference with intrinsic device function. Interference with the programmer occurred in 41% of the patients. All four DMPs caused programmer interference, including disabled communication between the PM/ICD and programmer, noise in the ECG channel, and lost marker channel indicators. Sensing parameters and lead impedances exhibited no more than baseline variability. When the DMPs were removed six inches, there were no further programmer telemetry interactions. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to a prior report, we did not identify any evidence for electromagnetic interference between a selection of DMPs and intrinsic function of PM/ICDs. The DMPs did sometimes interfere with device-programmer communication, but not in a way that compromised device function. Therefore, we recommend that DMPs not be used during device interrogation, but suggest that there is reassuring counterevidence to mitigate the current high level of concern for interactions between DMPs and implantable cardiac rhythm devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Webster
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Bassen H. Low frequency magnetic emissions and resulting induced voltages in a pacemaker by iPod portable music players. Biomed Eng Online 2008; 7:7. [PMID: 18241327 PMCID: PMC2265271 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-7-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, malfunctioning of a cardiac pacemaker electromagnetic, caused by electromagnetic interference (EMI) by fields emitted by personal portable music players was highly publicized around the world. A clinical study of one patient was performed and two types of interference were observed when the clinicians placed a pacemaker programming head and an iPod were placed adjacent to the patient's implanted pacemaker. The authors concluded that "Warning labels may be needed to avoid close contact between pacemakers and iPods". We performed an in-vitro study to evaluate these claims of EMI and present our findings of no-effects" in this paper. Methods We performed in-vitro evaluations of the low frequency magnetic field emissions from various models of the Apple Inc. iPod music player. We measured magnetic field emissions with a 3-coil sensor (diameter of 3.5 cm) placed within 1 cm of the surface of the player. Highly localized fields were observed (only existing in a one square cm area). We also measured the voltages induced inside an 'instrumented-can' pacemaker with two standard unipolar leads. Each iPod was placed in the air, 2.7 cm above the pacemaker case. The pacemaker case and leads were placed in a saline filled torso simulator per pacemaker electromagnetic compatibility standard ANSI/AAMI PC69:2000. Voltages inside the can were measured. Results Emissions were strongest (≈ 0.2 μT pp) near a few localized points on the cases of the two iPods with hard drives. Emissions consisted of 100 kHz sinusoidal signal with lower frequency (20 msec wide) pulsed amplitude modulation. Voltages induced in the iPods were below the noise level of our instruments (0.5 mV pp in the 0 – 1 kHz band or 2 mV pp in the 0 – 5 MHz bandwidth. Conclusion Our measurements of the magnitude and the spatial distribution of low frequency magnetic flux density emissions by 4 different models of iPod portable music players. Levels of less than 0.2 μT exist very close (1 cm) from the case. The measured voltages induced inside an 'instrumented-can' pacemaker were below the noise level of our instruments. Based on the observations of our in-vitro study we conclude that no interference effects can occur in pacemakers exposed to the iPod devices we tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Bassen
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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Thaker JP, Patel MB, Jongnarangsin K, Liepa VV, Thakur RK. Electromagnetic interference with pacemakers caused by portable media players. Heart Rhythm 2008; 5:538-44. [PMID: 18329961 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electromagnetic fields generated by electrical devices may cause interference with permanent pacemakers. Media players are becoming a common mode of portable entertainment. The most common media players used worldwide are iPods. These devices are often carried in a shirt chest pocket, which may place the devices close to an implanted pacemaker. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine if iPods cause interference with pacemakers. METHOD In this prospective, single-blinded study, 100 patients who had cardiac pacemakers were tested with four types of iPods to assess for interference. Patients were monitored by a single-channel ECG monitor as well as the respective pacemaker programmer via the telemetry wand. iPods were tested by placing them 2 inches anterior to the pacemaker and wand for up to 10 seconds. To simulate actual use, standard-issue headphones were plugged into the iPods. To maintain consistency, the volume was turned up maximally, and the equalizer was turned off. A subset of 25 patients underwent testing on 2 separate days to assess for reproducibility of interference. Pacemaker interference was categorized as type I or type II telemetry interference. Type I interference was associated with atrial and/or ventricular high rates on rate histograms. Type II interference did not affect pacemaker rate counters. Electromagnetic emissions from the four iPods also were evaluated in a Faraday cage to determine the mechanism of the observed interference. RESULTS One hundred patients (63 men and 37 women; mean age 77.1 +/- 7.6 years) with 11 single-chamber pacemakers and 89 dual-chamber pacemakers underwent 800 tests. The incidence of any type of interference was 51% of patients and 20% of tests. Type I interference was seen in 19% of patients and type II in 32% of patients. Reproducibility testing confirmed that interference occurred regardless of pacing configuration (unipolar or bipolar), pacing mode (AAI, VVI, or DDD), and from one day to the next. Electromagnetic emissions testing from the iPods demonstrated maximum emissions in the pacemaker carrier frequency range when the iPod was turned "on" with the headphones attached. CONCLUSION iPods placed within 2 inches of implanted pacemakers monitored via the telemetry wand can cause interference with pacemakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay P Thaker
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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