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Thomas K, Rao R, G V C, Rai S, Rao A R S, Basavaraju Vatsala K. Study of significance of bone marrow microvessel density in myeloproliferative neoplasms in correlation with CD34 blasts, mast cell count and fibrosis. F1000Res 2023; 12:503. [PMID: 38434629 PMCID: PMC10905004 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.130522.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are clonal hematopoietic stem cell diseases characterised by myeloid cell growth from one or more lineages. Angiogenesis, in contrast to other subtypes, plays a substantial role in the pathophysiology of primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Research expressing the correlation of microvessel density (MVD), blasts, fibrosis and mast cell count in MPN cases are rarely conducted. We aimed to study the significance of MVD in correlation with CD34 blasts, mast cells and fibrosis in bone marrow biopsies of MPN patients. Methods: The current research was a cross sectional study conducted on 66 cases diagnosed as MPN during a six-year period. This comprised of 32 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), 31 PMF and three essential thrombocythemia (ET) cases. Routine staining along with reticulin stain to look for fibrosis and immunohistochemistry (IHC) using CD34 and mast cell tryptase (MCT) were performed. Results: We found increased MVD in PMF, when compared to CML and ET (p = 0.042). Further, mean MVD was observed to be increased with high blast counts (p = 0.036). On follow up, raised mean MVD was seen in those cases with relapse/deceased as compared to disease-free patients, which was highly significant (p = 0.000). Conclusions: Increased MVD score was mostly associated with PMF subtype among all the MPNs. Further, higher MVD was observed to be associated with increased blast count and poor prognosis. With angiogenesis playing a critical role in disease outcome, we now have drugs to regulate angiogenesis that are supported by contemporary research. However, further studies with larger cohorts to establish the theranostic role of MVD in MPNs is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesiya Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ranjitha Rao
- Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Chaithra G V
- Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharada Rai
- Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sneha Rao A R
- Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Kudurugundi Basavaraju Vatsala
- Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Szekely T, Krenacs T, Maros ME, Bodor C, Daubner V, Csizmadia A, Vrabely B, Timar B. Correlations Between the Expression of Stromal Cell Activation Related Biomarkers, L-NGFR, Phospho-ERK1-2 and CXCL12, and Primary Myelofibrosis Progression. Pathol Oncol Res 2022; 28:1610217. [PMID: 35356507 PMCID: PMC8958997 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2022.1610217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In myelofibrosis, pathologically enhanced extracellular matrix production due to aberrant cytokine signalling and clonal megakaryocyte functions result(s) in impaired hemopoiesis. Disease progression is still determined by detecting reticulin and collagen fibrosis with Gomori’s silver impregnation. Here, we tested whether the expression growth related biomarkers L-NGFR/CD271, phospho-ERK1-2 and CXCL12 can be linked to the functional activation of bone marrow stromal cells during primary myelofibrosis progression. Immunoscores for all tested biomarkers showed varying strength of positive statistical correlation with the silver impregnation based myelofibrosis grades. The intimate relationship between spindle shaped stromal cells positive for all three markers and aberrant megakaryocytes was likely to reflect their functional cooperation. L-NGFR reaction was restricted to bone marrow stromal cells and revealed the whole length of their processes. Also, L-NGFR positive cells showed the most intersections, the best statistical correlations with myelofibrosis grades and the strongest interrater agreements. CXCL12 reaction highlighted stromal cell bodies and a weak extracellular staining in line with its constitutive release. Phospho-ERK1-2 reaction showed a similar pattern to CXCL12 in stromal cells with an additional nuclear staining in agreement with its role as a transcription factor. Both p-ERK1-2 and CXCL12 were also expressed at a moderate level in sinus endothelial cells. Connexin 43 gap junction communication channels, known to be required for CXCL12 release to maintain stem cell niche, were also expressed progressively in the myelofibrotic stromal network as a support of compartmental functions. Our results suggest that, diverse growth related pathways are activated in the functionally coupled bone marrow stromal cells during myelofibrosis progression. L-NGFR expression can be a useful biological marker of stromal cell activation which deserves diagnostic consideration for complementing Gomori’s silver impregnation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Szekely
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Krenacs
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mate Elod Maros
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Csaba Bodor
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,HCEMM-SE Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktoria Daubner
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Annamaria Csizmadia
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,3DHISTECH Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Vrabely
- Department of Pathology, Sandor Peterfy Street Hospital and Clinic, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Botond Timar
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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3
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Ma YF, Han XM, Huang CP, Zhong L, Adeola AC, Irwin DM, Xie HB, Zhang YP. Population Genomics Analysis Revealed Origin and High-altitude Adaptation of Tibetan Pigs. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11463. [PMID: 31391504 PMCID: PMC6685962 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47711-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tibetan pig is native to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and has adapted to the high-altitude environmental condition such as hypoxia. However, its origin and genetic mechanisms underlying high-altitude adaptation still remain controversial and enigmatic. Herein, we analyze 229 genomes of wild and domestic pigs from Eurasia, including 63 Tibetan pigs, and detect 49.6 million high-quality variants. Phylogenomic and structure analyses show that Tibetan pigs have a close relationship with low-land domestic pigs in China, implying a common domestication origin. Positively selected genes in Tibetan pigs involved in high-altitude physiology, such as hypoxia, cardiovascular systems, UV damage, DNA repair. Three of loci with strong signals of selection are associated with EPAS1, CYP4F2, and THSD7A genes, related to hypoxia and circulation. We validated four non-coding mutations nearby EPAS1 and CYP4F2 showing reduced transcriptional activity in Tibetan pigs. A high-frequency missense mutation is found in THSD7A (Lys561Arg) in Tibetan pigs. The selective sweeps in Tibetan pigs was found in association with selection against non-coding variants, indicating an important role of regulatory mutations in Tibetan pig evolution. This study is important in understanding the evolution of Tibetan pigs and advancing our knowledge on animal adaptation to high-altitude environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, and Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xu-Man Han
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, and Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Cui-Ping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, and Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, and Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Adeniyi C Adeola
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, and Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - David M Irwin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, and Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hai-Bing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, and Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, and Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China. .,Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
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Scutera S, Salvi V, Lorenzi L, Piersigilli G, Lonardi S, Alotto D, Casarin S, Castagnoli C, Dander E, D'Amico G, Sozzani S, Musso T. Adaptive Regulation of Osteopontin Production by Dendritic Cells Through the Bidirectional Interaction With Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1207. [PMID: 29910810 PMCID: PMC5992779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) exert immunosuppressive effects on immune cells including dendritic cells (DCs). However, many details of the bidirectional interaction of MSCs with DCs are still unsolved and information on key molecules by which DCs can modulate MSC functions is limited. Here, we report that osteopontin (OPN), a cytokine involved in homeostatic and pathophysiologic responses, is constitutively expressed by DCs and regulated in the DC/MSC cocultures depending on the activation state of MSCs. Resting MSCs promoted OPN production, whereas the production of OPN was suppressed when MSCs were activated by proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β). OPN induction required cell-to-cell contact, mediated at least in part, by β1 integrin (CD29). Conversely, activated MSCs inhibited the release of OPN via the production of soluble factors with a major role played by Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Accordingly, pretreatment with indomethacin significantly abrogated the MSC-mediated suppression of OPN while the direct addition of exogenous PGE2 inhibited OPN production by DCs. Furthermore, DC-conditioned medium promoted osteogenic differentiation of MSCs with a concomitant inhibition of adipogenesis. These effects were paralleled by the repression of the adipogenic markers PPARγ, adiponectin, and FABP4, and induction of the osteogenic markers alkaline phosphatase, RUNX2, and of the bone-anabolic chemokine CCL5. Notably, blocking OPN activity with RGD peptides or with an antibody against CD29, one of the OPN receptors, prevented the effects of DC-conditioned medium on MSC differentiation and CCL5 induction. Because MSCs have a key role in maintenance of bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic stem cell niche through reciprocal regulation with immune cells, we investigated the possible MSC/DC interaction in human BM by immunohistochemistry. Although DCs (CD1c+) are a small percentage of BM cells, we demonstrated colocalization of CD271+ MSCs with CD1c+ DCs in normal and myelodysplastic BM. OPN reactivity was observed in occasional CD1c+ cells in the proximity of CD271+ MSCs. Altogether, these results candidate OPN as a signal modulated by MSCs according to their activation status and involved in DC regulation of MSC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Scutera
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Salvi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Lorenzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Piersigilli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Lonardi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Alotto
- Skin Bank, Department of General and Specialized Surgery, A.O.U. Citta della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Casarin
- Skin Bank, Department of General and Specialized Surgery, A.O.U. Citta della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Carlotta Castagnoli
- Skin Bank, Department of General and Specialized Surgery, A.O.U. Citta della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Erica Dander
- "M. Tettamanti" Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Giovanna D'Amico
- "M. Tettamanti" Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Silvano Sozzani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Tiziana Musso
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Sheng J, Liu D, Kang X, Chen Y, Jiang K, Zheng W. Egr-1 increases angiogenesis in cartilage via binding Netrin-1 receptor DCC promoter. J Orthop Surg Res 2018; 13:125. [PMID: 29843768 PMCID: PMC5975438 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-018-0826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease characterized by degradation of cartilage. The etiology of OA is still unclear. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a key role of angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of OA and contributes to the angiogenesis of NT-1/DCC. Whether or not NT-1/DCC and VEGF interact in regulating angiogenesis of OA cartilage is not known. Methods Histological studies for CD34, VEGF, and safranin-O staining were performed to determine angiogenesis and cartilage tissue injury. ELISA indicated the level of pro-inflammation cytokines. Immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) were performed to assay the expression and function of NT-1/DCC-VEGF signaling pathway. Results Our data indicated that VEGF expression was increased in cartilage tissue from OA rats, while the chondrocytes were disorganized, and cartilage degeneration was increasing in OA rats. The inflammation factors in articular cavity fluid were higher in the OA rats than in the sham. The protein expression of NT-1, DCC, and VEGF were increased in osteoarthritic cartilage. DCC was involved in the positive regulation of osteoarthritic angiogenesis by VEGF. Egr-1 expression was higher in OA rats than in sham rats. Egr-1 is a regulator of DCC promoter activity, and the binding is higher in OA rats than in sham rats. Conclusion Our present study provides a mechanism by which Egr-1 induced angiogenesis via NT-1/DCC-VEGF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, 270 Rongdu Avenue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, 610083, Sichuan, China
| | - Da Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, 270 Rongdu Avenue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, 610083, Sichuan, China
| | - Xia Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, 270 Rongdu Avenue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, 610083, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, 270 Rongdu Avenue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, 610083, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, 270 Rongdu Avenue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, 610083, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, 270 Rongdu Avenue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, 610083, Sichuan, China.
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Limberger KA, Bogatyreva L, Todorova R, Herde B, Hauschke D, Pahl HL, Werner M, Aumann K. Tissue microarray technique is applicable to bone marrow biopsies of myeloproliferative neoplasms. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 147:75-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Aumann K, Werner M, Pahl HL. Immunohistochemical staining of transcription factor NFE2 for the discrimination of primary myelofibrosis from essential thrombocythemia. Hum Pathol 2016; 53:195-6. [PMID: 27038682 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Aumann
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Werner
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heike L Pahl
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg Center for Clinical Research, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
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Xing Y, Zhang J, Lu L, Li D, Wang Y, Huang S, Li C, Zhang Z, Li J, Meng A. Identification of hub genes of pneumocyte senescence induced by thoracic irradiation using weighted gene co‑expression network analysis. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:107-16. [PMID: 26572216 PMCID: PMC4686054 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Irradiation commonly causes pneumocyte senescence, which may lead to severe fatal lung injury characterized by pulmonary dysfunction and respiratory failure. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the induction of pneumocyte senescence by irradiation remains to be elucidated. In the present study, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to screen for differentially expressed genes, and to identify the hub genes and gene modules, which may be critical for senescence. A total of 2,916 differentially expressed genes were identified between the senescence and non-senescence groups following thoracic irradiation. In total, 10 gene modules associated with cell senescence were detected, and six hub genes were identified, including B-cell scaffold protein with ankyrin repeats 1, translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 70 homolog A, actin filament-associated protein 1, Cd84, Nuf2 and nuclear factor erythroid 2. These genes were markedly associated with cell proliferation, cell division and cell cycle arrest. The results of the present study demonstrated that WGCNA of microarray data may provide further insight into the molecular mechanism underlying pneumocyte senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Junling Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Lu Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Deguan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Yueying Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Song Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Zhubo Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Aimin Meng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
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