1
|
Ono Y, Yilmaz O. Emerging and under-recognised patterns of colorectal carcinoma morphologies: a comprehensive review. J Clin Pathol 2024:jcp-2023-208816. [PMID: 38448211 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2023-208816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
While the overwhelming majority of colorectal carcinomas (CRC) are diagnosed as adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified, there are numerous under-recognised morphologic patterns of CRC. These patterns are recognised by the WHO, appear in reporting manuals for the American Joint Committee of Cancer, and/or are listed on synoptic reports, while many other variants have either fallen out of favour or are emerging as future bona fide patterns. Herein, we discuss 13 variants: serrated adenocarcinoma, micropapillary adenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, signet-ring cell carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, adenoma-like adenocarcinoma, lymphoglandular complex-like CRC, carcinoma with sarcomatoid components, cribriform-comedo-type adenocarcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma and low-grade tubuloglandular adenocarcinoma. The purpose of this review is to scrutinise these variants by assessing their clinical characteristics, morphologic cues, as well as pitfalls, and address their prognostic significance. Our analysis aims to bring clarity and updated understanding to these variants, offering valuable insights for pathologists. This contributes to more nuanced CRC diagnosis and treatment strategies, highlighting the importance of recognising a broad spectrum of morphologic patterns in CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuho Ono
- Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Osman Yilmaz
- Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, Zhu M, Zhu J, Li J, Zhu X, Wang K, Shen K, Yang K, Ni X, Liu X, Zhang G, Xi Q, Shi T, Chen W. HES1 promotes aerobic glycolysis and cancer progression of colorectal cancer via IGF2BP2-mediated GLUT1 m6A modification. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:411. [PMID: 37957183 PMCID: PMC10643658 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01707-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis has been shown to play a key role in tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. However, how it is directly regulated is largely unknown. Here, we found that HES1 expression was significantly higher in CRC tissues than that in adjacent normal tissues. Moreover, high HES1 expression is associated with poor survival in CRC patients. HES1 knockdown markedly inhibited cell growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, silencing of HES1 suppressed aerobic glycolysis of CRC cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that HES1 knockdown decreased the expression of GLUT1, a key gene of aerobic glycolysis, in CRC cells. GLUT1 overexpression abolished the effects of HES1 knockdown on cell aerobic glycolysis, proliferation, migration and invasion. ChIP-PCR and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay showed that HES1 directly bound the promoter of IGF2BP2 and promoted IGF2BP2 expression. Furthermore, our data indicated that IGF2BP2 recognized and bound the m6A site in the GLUT1 mRNA and enhanced its stability. Taken together, our findings suggest that HES1 has a significant promotion effect on CRC aerobic glycolysis and progression by enhancing the stability of m6A-modified GLUT1 mRNA in an IGF2BP2-dependent manner, which may become a viable therapeutic target for the treatment of CRC in humans. The mechanism of HES1 regulating glycolysis in CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mengxin Zhu
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinghan Zhu
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Juntao Li
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xingchao Zhu
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kanger Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kexi Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guangbo Zhang
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qinhua Xi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Tongguo Shi
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Weichang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang L, Gu W, Zou B, Kalady M, Xin W, Zhou L. Loss of HES1 expression is associated with extracellular matrix remodeling and tumor immune suppression in KRAS mutant colon adenocarcinomas. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15999. [PMID: 37749297 PMCID: PMC10519992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of HES1, a canonical Notch signaling target, may cooperate with KRAS mutations to remodel the extracellular matrix and to suppress the anti-tumor immune response. While HES1 expression is normal in benign hyperplastic polyps and normal colon tissue, HES1 expression is often lost in sessile serrated adenomas/polyps (SSAs/SSPs) and colorectal cancers (CRCs) such as those right-sided CRCs that commonly harbor BRAF or KRAS mutations. To develop a deeper understanding of interaction between KRAS and HES1 in colorectal carcinogenesis, we selected microsatellite stable (MSS) and KRAS mutant or KRAS wild type CRCs that show aberrant expression of HES1 by immunohistochemistry. By comparing the transcriptional landscapes of microsatellite stable (MSS) CRCs with or without nuclear HES1 expression, we investigated differentially expressed genes and activated pathways. We identified pathways and markers in the extracellular matrix and immune microenvironment that are associated with mutations in KRAS. We found that loss of HES1 expression positively correlated with matrix remodeling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition but negatively correlated with tumor cell proliferation. Furthermore, loss of HES1 expression in KRAS mutant CRCs correlates with a higher M2 macrophage polarization and activation of IL6 and IL10 immunosuppressive signature. Identifying these HES1-related markers may be useful for prognosis stratification and developing treatment for KRAS-mutant CRCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenchao Gu
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Bingqing Zou
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew Kalady
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wei Xin
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama Hospital, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Lan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Low HES-1 and positive DLL4 expression predicts poor prognosis of colorectal cancers. Pathology 2023; 55:52-57. [PMID: 36167746 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hairy and enhancer of split-1 (HES-1) is a downstream transcription factor and delta-like 4 (DLL4) is a ligand of the Notch signalling pathway. HES-1 and DLL4 expression are known to have an association with the progression and metastasis of cancers. We evaluated HES-1 and DLL4 expression and assessed their correlation with biological behaviour and prognostic significance of 327 colorectal cancers. Low HES-1 expression was identified in 210 (64.2%) cases and was significantly correlated with large tumour size, lymphovascular invasion, and distant metastasis. DLL4 was positive in 132 (40.4%) cases and significantly correlated with perineural invasion, distant metastasis, and involved resection margin. Patients with low HES-1 expression showed significantly worse overall survival than patients with high HES-1 expression [hazard ratio (HR)=3.017; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.880-4.841; p<0.001]. The overall survival of patients with positive DLL4 expression was significantly worse than that of patients with negative DLL4 expression (HR=2.922; 95% CI 1.976-4.322; p<0.001). Furthermore, the combined HES-1lowDLL4positive expression group showed the worst overall survival compared to other groups (p<0.001) and was an independent poor prognostic factor of colorectal cancer patients. Thus, low HES-1 and positive DLL4 expression are associated with aggressive biological behaviour and can be used as prognostic factors in colorectal cancer patients.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Q, Zhu Z, Guan J, Hu Y, Zhou W, Ye W, Lin B, Weng S, Chen Y, Zheng C. Hes1 Controls Proliferation and Apoptosis in Chronic Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells by Modulating PTEN Expression. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:1419-1430. [PMID: 35704163 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hairy and enhancer of split homolog-1 (HES1), regulated by the Notch, has been reported to play important roles in the immune response and cancers, such as leukemia. In this study, we aim to explore the effect of HES1-mediated Notch1 signaling pathway in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assay were conducted to determine the expression of HES1, Notch1, and PTEN in B lymphocytes of peripheral blood samples of 60 CLL patients. We used lentivirus-mediated overexpression or silencing of HES1 and the Notch1 signaling pathway inhibitor, MW167, to detect the interaction among HES1, Notch1, and PTEN in CLL MEC1 and HG3 cells. MTT assay and flow cytometry were employed for detection of biological behaviors of CLL cells. HES1 and Notch1 showed high expression, but PTEN displayed low expression in B lymphocytes of peripheral blood samples of patients with CLL in association with poor prognosis. HES1 bound to the promoter region of PTEN and reduced PTEN expression. Overexpression of HES1 activated the Notch1 signaling pathway, thus promoting the proliferation of CLL cells, increasing the proportion of cells arrested at the S phase and limiting the apoptosis of CLL cells. Collectively, HES1 can promote activation of the Notch1 signaling pathway to cause PTEN transcription inhibition and the subsequent expression reduction, thereby promoting the proliferation and inhibiting the apoptosis of CLL cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qikai Zhang
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongsi Zhu
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqiang Guan
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Hu
- Department of Haematology and Chemotherapy, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Theorem Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjin Zhou
- Department of Chemotherapy, Cancer Hospital of The University of Chinese Academy of Science, Wenzhou Campus, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanchun Ye
- Department of Chemotherapy, Cancer Hospital of The University of Chinese Academy of Science, Wenzhou Campus, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bijing Lin
- Department of Haematology and Chemotherapy, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Theorem Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Weng
- Department of Haematology and Chemotherapy, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Theorem Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuemiao Chen
- Department of Haematology and Chemotherapy, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Theorem Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiping Zheng
- Department of Haematology and Chemotherapy, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Theorem Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ahadi MS, Fuchs TL, Clarkson A, Sheen A, Sioson L, Chou A, Gill AJ. SWI/SNF complex (SMARCA4, SMARCA2, INI1/SMARCB1) deficient colorectal carcinomas are strongly associated with microsatellite instability: An incidence study in 4508 colorectal carcinomas. Histopathology 2021; 80:906-921. [DOI: 10.1111/his.14612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa S Ahadi
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards NSW 2065 Australia
- NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney NSW 2065 Australia
- Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Talia L Fuchs
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards NSW 2065 Australia
- NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney NSW 2065 Australia
- Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Adele Clarkson
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards NSW 2065 Australia
- NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney NSW 2065 Australia
| | - Amy Sheen
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards NSW 2065 Australia
- NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney NSW 2065 Australia
| | - Loretta Sioson
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards NSW 2065 Australia
- NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney NSW 2065 Australia
| | - Angela Chou
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards NSW 2065 Australia
- NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney NSW 2065 Australia
- Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Anthony J Gill
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards NSW 2065 Australia
- NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney NSW 2065 Australia
- Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Silvestris N, Argentiero A, Brunetti O, Sonnessa M, Colonna F, Delcuratolo S, Luchini C, Scarpa A, Lonardi S, Nappo F, Fassan M, Solimando AG, Fucci L, Saponaro C. PD-L1 and Notch as novel biomarkers in pancreatic sarcomatoid carcinoma: a pilot study. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:1007-1016. [PMID: 34846251 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.2011859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The improved immunological understanding revealed the tumor microenvironment as an appealing driver to restore the immune response against cancer cells resulting in a paradigm shift in the oncology field. However, the complexity of the tumor milieu suggests the role of several pathways linking in immunomodulation mechanisms. Pancreatic cancer represents a model of the intricate relationship between malignant cells and their surrounding neighborhood. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this study, we analyzed, retrospectively, six cases of rare pancreatic sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC) and evaluated the expression of PD-L1 and Notch, aiming to explore new attributes in immunophenotype. RESULTS PD-L1 CPS ≥ 1was common in PSCs (83%) with half samples expressing PD-L1 CPS ≥ 50. Notch1 and Notch3 demonstrated a high range of expression. A direct significant correlation between PD-L1 and Notch3 overexpression (r = 0.7; p = 0.036) has been observed. Immunofluorescence studies revealed a co-localization of Notch3 and PD-L1 when both proteins were over-expressed within cytoplasmic or membranous compartments of the same cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data identify a unique biological characterization of this rare pancreatic histotype. These findings provide a rationale for future studies evaluating the potential crosstalk between PD-L1/PD-1 axis and Notch pathways and prompting the development of novel therapeutics strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit - IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo Ii" of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Argentiero
- Medical Oncology Unit - IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo Ii" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit - IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo Ii" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Margherita Sonnessa
- Functional Biomorphology Laboratory, Functional Biomorphology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo Ii" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Fulvia Colonna
- Pathology Department, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo Ii" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Sabina Delcuratolo
- Clinical Trial Office IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo Ii" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchini
- Section of Pathology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Enets Center of Excellence of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Section of Pathology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Enets Center of Excellence of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Arc-net Applied Research on Cancer Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sara Lonardi
- Early Phase Clinical Trial Unit, Department of Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology Iov-irccs, Padua, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, Department of Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology Iov - Irccs, Padua, Italy
| | - Floriana Nappo
- Early Phase Clinical Trial Unit, Department of Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology Iov-irccs, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Department of Medicine (Dimed), Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Oncology Iov - Irccs, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Giovanni Solimando
- Medical Oncology Unit - IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo Ii" of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Livia Fucci
- Pathology Department, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo Ii" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Concetta Saponaro
- Functional Biomorphology Laboratory, Functional Biomorphology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo Ii" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
De Renzi G, Gaballo G, Gazzaniga P, Nicolazzo C. Molecular Biomarkers according to Primary Tumor Location in Colorectal Cancer: Current Standard and New Insights. Oncology 2020; 99:135-143. [PMID: 33130682 DOI: 10.1159/000510944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
According to the 2018 GLOBOCAN database, colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies and leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. During the last decades, considerable progress has been made in understanding the complex pathogenetic mechanisms involved in this neoplastic disease. Due to the need to improve treatment responses and clinical outcomes of colorectal cancer patients, the identification of new molecular biomarkers became a crucial spot in clinical oncology. As biological indicators of a specific pathological or physiological process, molecular markers play a central role in cancer detection, diagnosis, outcome prediction, and treatment choice. Considering the existing evidence that malignancies originating from distinct colonic regions behave differently, it is clear that specific biomarkers can be associated to right- or left-sided colon carcinomas, reflecting the distinct molecular signatures of these different tumor entities. The aim of this review is to summarize the main differences among tumors arising from proximal and distal colon in terms of current and emerging biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi De Renzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Liquid Biopsy Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Gaballo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Liquid Biopsy Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Gazzaniga
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Liquid Biopsy Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Nicolazzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Liquid Biopsy Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim JW, Jun SY, Ylaya K, Chang HK, Oh YH, Hong SM, Chung JY, Hewitt SM. Loss of HES-1 Expression Predicts a Poor Prognosis for Small Intestinal Adenocarcinoma Patients. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1427. [PMID: 32974155 PMCID: PMC7466551 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Hairy and enhancer of split-1 (HES-1), which is a downstream target of the Notch signaling pathway, has been linked to KRAS mutations. HES-1 has been proposed as harboring oncogenic activity in colorectal cancer but has not been investigated in adenocarcinoma of the small intestine, where the drivers of oncogenesis are not as well-understood. Materials and Methods: To investigate the clinicopathologic and prognostic implications of HES-1, HES-1 immunohistochemical expression was analyzed in digital images along with clinicopathological variables, including survival and KRAS genotype, in 185 small intestinal adenocarcinomas. Results: The loss of HES-1 expression (HES-1Loss) was observed in 38.4% (71/185) of the patients, and was associated with higher pT category (P = 0.018), pancreatic invasion (P = 0.005), high grade (P = 0.043), and non-tubular histology (P = 0.004). Specifically, in tumors with mutant KRAS (KRAS MT), HES-1Loss was related to proximal location (P = 0.024), high T and N categories (P = 0.005 and 0.047, respectively), and pancreatic invasion (P = 0.004). Patients with HES-1Loss showed worse overall survival compared to those with intact HES-1 (HES-1Intact) (P = 0.013). Patients with HES-1Loss/KRAS MT (median, 17.3 months) had significantly worse outcomes than those with HES-1Intact/KRAS WT (39.9 months), HES-1Intact/KRAS MT (47.6 month), and HES-1Loss/KRAS WT (36.2 months; P = 0.010). By multivariate analysis, HES-1Loss (hazard ratio = 1.55, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-2.26; P = 0.022) remained an independent prognostic factor. Conclusion: HES-1expression can be used as a potential prognostic marker and may aid in the management of patients with small intestinal adenocarcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Won Kim
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Pathology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun-Young Jun
- Department of Pathology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kris Ylaya
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hee-Kyung Chang
- Department of Pathology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Young-Ha Oh
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Loss of BAP1 Expression Occurs Rarely to Never in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2019; 26:e91-e92. [PMID: 28362705 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
11
|
Cui M, Cai Z, Awadallah A, Xin W. Uniform and Robust Nuclear Expression of HES1 in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Int J Surg Pathol 2019; 27:844-851. [PMID: 31232134 DOI: 10.1177/1066896919854166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are neoplasms that most commonly arise from gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and lung. HES1 is a downstream target of Notch signaling pathway. The current literature about HES1 expression in NENs is sparse and inconsistent. Methods. In this study, we evaluated HES1 expression by immunohistochemistry in a total of 32 cases of NENs, including 13 well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors from gastrointestinal tract, 10 cases of well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of pancreas, 9 cases from lung, including 4 cases of typical carcinoid, 1 case of atypical carcinoid, and 4 cases of neuroendocrine carcinoma. The intensity of the stain was scored from - to +++, and the distribution of the staining of HES1 was evaluated. Results. HES1 demonstrates uniform robust (+++) nuclear staining pattern in the tumor cells of all the NENs (32/32), regardless of the origin of the system and the grade of the tumor. Conclusions. HES1 is uniformly expressed in NENs with robust nuclear expression pattern. Our finding suggests that NOTCH1 or HES1 inhibitor is a potential therapeutic choice for neuroendocrine neoplasms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Cui
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zhenjian Cai
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Amad Awadallah
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wei Xin
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Targeting Wnt Signaling via Notch in Intestinal Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040555. [PMID: 31003440 PMCID: PMC6520938 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells is assisted by highly specialized and well-regulated signaling cascades. The Wnt pathway, which is one of the fundamental pathways in the intestine, contributes to the organization of proliferative intestinal crypts by positioning and cycling of intestinal stem cells and their derivatives. The Wnt pathway promotes differentiation of intestinal secretory cell types along the crypt-plateau and crypt-villus axis. In contrast to the Wnt pathway, the intestinal Notch cascade participates in cellular differentiation and directs progenitor cells towards an absorptive fate with diminished numbers of Paneth and goblet cells. Opposing activities of Notch and Wnt signaling in the regulation of intestinal stem cells and the enterocytic cell fate have been elucidated recently. In fact, targeting Notch was able to overcome tumorigenesis of intestinal adenomas, prevented carcinogenesis, and counteracted Paneth cell death in the absence of caspase 8. At present, pharmacological Notch inhibition is considered as an interesting tool targeting the intrinsic Wnt pathway activities in intestinal non-neoplastic disease and carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
13
|
Gonzalez RS, Cates JMM, Washington K. Associations among histological characteristics and patient outcomes in colorectal carcinoma with a mucinous component. Histopathology 2018; 74:406-414. [PMID: 30160323 DOI: 10.1111/his.13748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) often has a mucinous component, with more than 50% mucin by volume defining the mucinous subtype of CRC. The prognostic impact of the mucinous phenotype remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS We evaluated 224 CRC with at least 5% mucinous component (herein 'mCRC') for patient sex, age, race and outcome; tumour size, location, stage and microsatellite instability (MSI) status; percentage of glands producing mucin; percentage of tumour volume composed of mucin; whether tumoral epithelium floated in mucin pools; tumour budding; signet ring cells (SRCs); and peritumoural inflammation (PI). We related these features to disease-specific survival and compared outcomes to 499 stage-matched, conventional colorectal adenocarcinomas. Factors predicting worse prognosis in mCRC on univariable analysis included non-MSI-high status (P = 0.0008), SRC (P = 0.0017) and lack of PI (P = 0.0034). No parameters were independently associated with outcome after adjusting for tumour stage in multivariate analysis. The percentage of glands producing mucin and percentage tumour volume composed of mucin did not affect prognosis, including at the recommended 50% cut-off for subtyping mCRC. Disease-specific survival for mCRC and adenocarcinomas were similar after accounting for stage. CONCLUSIONS Stage-matched mCRCs and adenocarcinomas have similar outcomes, with no prognostic significance to morphological subtyping. Histological characteristics of mCRC, including percentage of tumour volume comprised of mucin, were not predictive of outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raul S Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Justin M M Cates
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chabanais J, Labrousse F, Chaunavel A, Germot A, Maftah A. POFUT1 as a Promising Novel Biomarker of Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10110411. [PMID: 30380753 PMCID: PMC6266312 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: While protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 (POFUT1) overexpression has been recently proposed as a potential biomarker for different cancer types, no study was carried out on POFUT1 implication in colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: Data from 626 tumors and 51 non-tumor adjacent tissues available in FireBrowse had been used in this study. Statistical analyses on POFUT1 expression and gene copy number, NOTCH receptors (main targets of POFUT1 enzymatic activity) expression and association of POFUT1 and NOTCH1 expressions with clinical parameters were investigated. Data were completed by POFUT1 histological labeling on six tumor tissues from patients with CRC. Results: We found that POFUT1 is overexpressed from the stage I (p < 0.001) and 76.02% of tumors have a 20q11.21 amplification, associated in 90.13% of cases with a POFUT1 overexpression, compared to non-tumor adjacent tissues. The POFUT1 copy number in tumors is mainly between 2 and 3. POFUT1 is positively correlated with NOTCH1 (rs = 0.34, p < 0.001), NOTCH3 (rs = 0.087, p = 0.0297), and NOTCH4 (rs = 0.097, p = 0.0148) expressions, while negatively correlated with NOTCH2 expression (rs = −0.098, p = 0.0142). POFUT1 overexpression is markedly associated with rectal location, non-mucinous adenocarcinoma and cancer stages IV and M1. NOTCH1 overexpression is only associated with rectal location and non-mucinous adenocarcinoma. Conclusion: We conclude that POFUT1 is overexpressed in CRC from stage I, and its high expression is associated with metastatic process, probably through NOTCH pathway activation. Then, POFUT1 could represent a potential novel biomarker for CRC diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Chabanais
- Glycosylation and Cell Differentiation, Limoges University, PEIRENE, EA 7500, F-87060 Limoges cedex, France.
| | - François Labrousse
- Department of Pathology, Limoges University Hospital, 87042 Limoges cedex, France.
| | - Alain Chaunavel
- Department of Pathology, Limoges University Hospital, 87042 Limoges cedex, France.
| | - Agnès Germot
- Glycosylation and Cell Differentiation, Limoges University, PEIRENE, EA 7500, F-87060 Limoges cedex, France.
| | - Abderrahman Maftah
- Glycosylation and Cell Differentiation, Limoges University, PEIRENE, EA 7500, F-87060 Limoges cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|