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Liu ZY, Zhang J, Sun YM, Zhu CF, Lu YN, Wu JZ, Li J, Liu HY, Ye Y. Photodynamic antitumor activity of Ru(ii) complexes of imidazo-phenanthroline conjugated hydroxybenzoic acid as tumor targeting photosensitizers. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:438-446. [PMID: 31833531 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02103e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Two novel Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes bearing imidazo-phenanthroline conjugated hydroxybenzoic acid groups were designed to enhance the tumor targeting ability as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. [Ru(bpy)2(phcpip)] (ClO4)2 (Ru-1) and [Ru(bpy)2(ohcpip)] (ClO4)2 (Ru-2) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; phcpip = 2-(3-carboxyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) imidazo [4,5-f]phenanthroline; ohcpip = 2-(2-hydroxyl-3-carboxyphenyl) imidazo [4,5-f] [1,10] phenanthroline) were synthesized and their photodynamic antitumor activities were investigated. Both complexes displayed high photocytotoxicity toward cancerous cell lines HepG2, A549, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231, but low photocytotoxicity toward normal cell lines GES-1 and Huvec. They were mainly localized at the nucleus of HepG2 cells after 24 h incubation, arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase and induced cancer cell apoptosis through reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated pathways. Tumor targeting of the complexes is attributed to stronger molecular binding to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China.
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2
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Hrabina O, Malina J, Scott P, Brabec V. Cationic Fe
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Triplex‐Forming Metallohelices as DNA Bulge Binders. Chemistry 2020; 26:16554-16562. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Hrabina
- Institute of Biophysics Czech Academy of Sciences Kralovopolska 135 61265 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Malina
- Institute of Biophysics Czech Academy of Sciences Kralovopolska 135 61265 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Peter Scott
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Institute of Biophysics Czech Academy of Sciences Kralovopolska 135 61265 Brno Czech Republic
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3
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Ruthenium coordination compounds of biological and biomedical significance. DNA binding agents. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Li X, Gorle AK, Sundaraneedi MK, Keene FR, Collins JG. Kinetically-inert polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes as therapeutic agents. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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5
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Ypsilantis K, Plakatouras JC, Manos MJ, Kourtellaris A, Markopoulos G, Kolettas E, Garoufis A. Stepwise synthesis, characterization, DNA binding properties and cytotoxicity of diruthenium oligopyridine compounds conjugated with peptides. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:3549-3567. [PMID: 29436543 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04639a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the interactions of oligopyridine ruthenium complexes with DNA have been widely studied, the biological activity of similar diruthenium oligopyridine complexes conjugated with peptides has not been investigated. Herein, we report the stepwise synthesis and characterization of diruthenium complexes with the general formula [(La)Ru(tppz)Ru(Lb)]n+ (tppz = 2,3,5,6-tetra(2-pyridyl)pyrazine, La = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine or 4-phenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine and Lb = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine-4'-CO(Gly1-Gly2-Gly3-LysCONH2) (5), (6), n = 5; 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine-4'-CO(Gly1-Gly2-Lys1-Lys2CONH2) (7), (8), n = 6; 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine-4'-CO(Ahx-Lys1Lys2CONH2) (9), (10), n = 5, Ahx = 6-aminohexanoic acid). The compounds [(trpy)Ru(tppz)Ru(trpy-CO2H)](PF6)4, (2)(PF6)4, [(ptrpy)Ru(tppz)Ru(trpy-CO2H)](PF6)4, (3)(PF6)4 and [(ptrpy)Ru(tppz)Ru(trpy)](PF6)4, (4)(PF6)4 were also characterized by single crystal X-ray methods. Moreover, the interactions of the chloride salts (5), (6) and (4) with the self-complementary dodecanucleotide duplex d(5'-CGCGAATTCGCG-3')2 were studied by NMR spectroscopic techniques. The results show that complex (4) binds in the central part of the oligonucleotide, from the minor groove through the ligand ptrpy, while the ligand trpy, which was located on the other side of the diruthenium core, does not contribute to the binding. Complex (5) binds similarly, through the ligand ptrpy. However, the induced upfield shifts of the ptrpy proton signals are significantly lower than the corresponding ones in the case of (4), indicating much lower binding affinity. This is clear evidence that the tethered peptide Gly1-Gly2-Gly3-Lys1CONH2 hinders the complex binding, even though it contains groups that are able to assist it (e.g., the positively charged amino group of lysine, the peptidic backbone, the terminal amide). Complex (6) shows a non-specific binding, interacting through electrostatic forces. The chloride salts of (4), (5) and (6) had insignificant effects on the cell cycle distribution and marginal cytotoxicity (IC50 > 750 μM) against human lung cancer cell lines H1299 and H1437, indicating that their binding to the oligonucleotide is not a sufficient condition for their cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Ypsilantis
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece.
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Malina J, Scott P, Brabec V. Recognition of DNA/RNA bulges by antimicrobial and antitumor metallohelices. Dalton Trans 2016. [PMID: 26212708 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02018b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bulged structures have been identified in nucleic acids and have been shown to be linked to biomolecular processes involved in numerous diseases. Thus, chemical agents with affinity for bulged nucleic acids are of general biological significance. Herein, the mechanism of specific recognition and stabilization of bulged DNA and RNA by helical bimetallic species was established through detailed molecular biophysics and biochemistry assays. These agents, known as 'flexicates', are potential mimetics of α-helical peptides in cancer treatment, exhibiting antimicrobial and antitumor effects. The flexicates have positive impacts on the thermal stability of DNA duplexes containing bulges, which means that the flexicates interact with the duplexes containing bulges, and that these interactions stabilize the secondary structures of these duplexes. Notably, the stabilising effect of the flexicates increases with the size of the bulge, the maximal stabilization is observed for the duplexes containing a bulge composed of at least three bases. The flexicates bind most preferentially to the bulges composed of pyrimidines flanked on both sides also by pyrimidines. It is suggested that it is so because these bulges exhibit greatest conformational variability in comparison with other combinations of bases in the bulge loop and bases flanking the bulge. Finally, the results indicate that there is only one dominant binding site for the flexicates on the DNA and RNA bulges and that the flexicates bind directly to the bulge or in its close proximity. It is also shown that the flexicates effectively bind to RNA duplexes containing the bulged region of HIV-1 TAR RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Malina
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Sun Y, Li J, Zhao H, Tan L. Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes with 1,8-naphthalimide group as DNA binder, photonuclease, and dual inhibitors of topoisomerases I and IIα. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 163:88-94. [PMID: 27470011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes containing 1,8-naphthalimide group as DNA binders, photonucleases, and inhibitors of topoisomerases I and IIα are evaluated. The binding properties of [Ru(phen)2(pnip)]2+ {1; phen=1,10-phenanthroline; pnip=12-[N-(p-phenyl)-1,8-napthalimide]- imidazo[4',5'-f] [1,10]phenanthroline} and [Ru(bpy)2(pnip)]2+ (2; bpy=2,2'-bipyridine) with calf thymus DNA increases with increasing the bulkiness and hydrophobic character of ancillary ligands, although the two complexes possess high affinities for DNA via intercalation. Moreover, photoirradiation (λ=365nm) of the two complexes are found to induce strand cleavage of closed circular pBR322 plasmid DNA via singlet oxygen mechanism, while complex 1 displays more effective photocleavage activity than complex 2 under the same conditions. Topoisomerase inhibition and DNA strand passage assay reflect that complexes 1 and 2 are efficient dual poisons of topoisomerases I and IIα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Sun
- College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, PR China
| | - Jia Li
- College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, PR China
| | - Hong Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, PR China
| | - Lifeng Tan
- Key Lab of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application in Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, PR China.
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Synthesis, characterisation, cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of ruthenium(II) and rhodium(III) complexes with sulfur-containing terpyridines. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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9
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He X, Jin L, Tan L. DNA-binding, topoisomerases I and II inhibition and in vitro cytotoxicity of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes: [Ru(dppz)2L](2+) (L=dppz-11-CO2Me and dppz). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 135:101-109. [PMID: 25062055 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.06.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes, [Ru(dppz)2dppz-11-CO2Me](ClO4)2 (Ru1) and [Ru(dppz)3](ClO4)2 (Ru2), have been synthesized and characterized. The spectral characteristics of Ru1 and Ru2 were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy and revealed that both complexes were sensitive to solvent polarity. The binding properties of the two complexes towards calf-thymus DNA (CT-DNA) have been investigated by different spectrophotometric methods and viscosity measurements, indicating that both complexes bind to CT-DNA by means of intercalation, but with different binding affinities. Topoisomerase inhibition and DNA strand passage assay demonstrates that the two complexes are dual inhibitors of topoisomerases I and IIa. On the other hand, the cytotoxicity of both complexes has been evaluated by MTT assays and Giemsa staining experiments. The main results reveal that the ester functional group has a significant effect on the DNA-binding affinities and topoisomerases inhibition effects of Ru1 and Ru2, and further advance our knowledge on the DNA-binding and topoisomerase inhibition by Ru(II) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun He
- Key Lab of Environment-friendly Chemistry and Application in Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Lianhe Jin
- Key Lab of Environment-friendly Chemistry and Application in Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Lifeng Tan
- College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
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10
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Pages BJ, Ang DL, Wright EP, Aldrich-Wright JR. Metal complex interactions with DNA. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:3505-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02700k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of DNA structures are being revealed using a diverse range of transition metal complexes and biophysical spectroscopic techniques. Here we present a review of metal complex-DNA interactions in which several binding modes and DNA structural forms are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Pages
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group
- School of Science and Health
- University of Western Sydney
- Locked Bag 1797 Penrith South DC
- Australia
| | - Dale L. Ang
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group
- School of Science and Health
- University of Western Sydney
- Locked Bag 1797 Penrith South DC
- Australia
| | - Elisé P. Wright
- School of Medicine
- University of Western Sydney
- Locked Bag 1797 Penrith South DC
- Australia
| | - Janice R. Aldrich-Wright
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group
- School of Science and Health
- University of Western Sydney
- Locked Bag 1797 Penrith South DC
- Australia
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11
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Mononuclear ruthenium(II) and rhodium(III) complexes with S-[4-(2,2:6′,2″-terpyridin-4′-yl)phenoxy]butyl ethanethioate and 4′-[4-(1,2-dithiolane-3-yl)butylcarboxy)phenyl]-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine: Synthesis, electrochemistry, antibacterial activity and catalytical application. Polyhedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2014.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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12
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Malina J, Hannon MJ, Brabec V. Recognition of DNA bulges by dinuclear iron(II) metallosupramolecular helicates. FEBS J 2014; 281:987-97. [PMID: 24355059 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bulged DNA structures are of general biological significance because of their important roles in a number of biochemical processes. Compounds capable of targeting bulged DNA sequences can be used as probes for studying their role in nucleic acid function, or could even have significant therapeutic potential. The interaction of [Fe(2)L(3)](4+) metallosupramolecular helicates (L = C(25)H(20)N(4)) with DNA duplexes containing bulges has been studied by measurement of the DNA melting temperature and gel electrophoresis. This study was aimed at exploring binding affinities of the helicates for DNA bulges of various sizes and nucleotide sequences. The studies reported herein reveal that both enantiomers of [Fe(2)L(3)](4+) bind to DNA bulges containing at least two unpaired nucleotides. In addition, these helicates show considerably enhanced affinity for duplexes containing unpaired pyrimidines in the bulge and/or pyrimidines flanking the bulge on both sides. We suggest that the bulge creates the structural motif, such as the triangular prismatic pocket formed by the unpaired bulge bases, to accommodate the [Fe(2)L(3)](4+) helicate molecule, and is probably responsible for the affinity for duplexes with a varying number of bulge bases. Our results reveal that DNA bulges represent another example of unusual DNA structures recognized by dinuclear iron(II) ([Fe(2)L(3)](4+)) supramolecular helicates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Malina
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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He X, Zeng L, Yang G, Xie L, Sun X, Tan L. DNA binding, photocleavage and topoisomerase inhibitory activity of polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes containing the same ancillary ligand and different main ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Chitrapriya N, Kim R, Jang YJ, Cho DW, Han SW, Kim SK. Sequence Dependent Binding Modes of the ΔΔ- and ΛΛ-binuclear Ru(II) Complexes to poly[d(G-C) 2] and poly[d(A-T) 2]. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.7.2117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Nucleic Acid Binding Behavior and Cytotoxicity Properties of a Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complex. J SOLUTION CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-013-0008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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He X, Yang G, Sun X, Xie L, Tan L. Synthesis and Characterisation of RuII Polypyridyl Complexes: DNA-Binding, Photocleavage, and Topoisomerase I and II Inhibitory Activity. Aust J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ch13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two mixed-ligand ruthenium(ii) complexes [Ru(phen)2(cptcp)]2+ (Ru1; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, cptcp = 2-(4-carbazol-9-yl-phenyl)-1H-1,3,7,8-tetraaza-cyclopenta-[l]-phenanthrene) and [Ru(phen)2(btcpc)]2+ (Ru2; btcpc = 9-butyl-6-(1H-1,3,7,8-tetraaza-cyclo-cyclopenta-[l]-phenanthren-2-yl)-9H-carbazole-3-carbaldehyde) have been synthesised and characterised. The DNA-binding behaviours of the two complexes have been investigated by using spectroscopic and viscosity measurements. Results suggest that the two complexes bind to DNA by intercalation. The photocleavage of plasmid pBR322 DNA indicates that Ru1 exhibits more effective DNA cleavage activity in comparison to that exhibited by Ru2 under the same conditions, and different cleavage mechanisms are determined. Topoisomerase inhibition and DNA strand passage assay confirm that Ru1 may act as an efficient dual inhibitor of topoisomerases I and II, whereas Ru2 may only act as a single inhibitor of topoisomerases II.
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17
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DNA-binding and cytotoxicity studies of ruthenium(II) mixed-ligand complexes containing two intercalative ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2012.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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18
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Synthesis, structures, anticancer activities and DNA-binding properties of new dicopper(II) complexes bridged by N-benzoato-N′-(2-amino-2-methylethyl)oxamide. Struct Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-012-9960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Li F, Weber DK, Morgan JL, Collins JG, Keene FR. An approach to therapeutic agents through selective targeting of destabilised nucleic acid duplex sequences. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:6528-35. [PMID: 22311066 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12146h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The binding of ΔΔ/ΛΛ-[{Ru(phen)(2)}(2)(μ-bb(n))](4+) {where phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, bb(n) = 1,n-bis[4(4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl)]-alkane (ΔΔ/ΛΛ-Rubb(n))} to the non-self complementary oligonucleotide 5'-d(CGCGATAAGCCGC·5'-GCGGCATTACGCG) (3-DB) has been examined using a 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) displacement assay. The 3-DB oligonucleotide contains two single adenine bulge nucleotides that are separated by three base pairs. (1)H NMR spectroscopy data demonstrated that the adenine bases are intra-helical and that the segment containing the two bulge nucleotides and the three A·T base pairs between the bulges forms a destabilised segment within the stable duplex oligonucleotide. The DAPI displacement assay demonstrated that ΔΔ-Rubb(7)-bound 3-DB with higher affinity than the other members of the ΔΔ/ΛΛ-Rubb(n) series. Molecular models suggested that the seven-carbon chain length in ΔΔ-Rubb(7) was ideal to span the distance between the two bulge sites. The binding of ΔΔ-Rubb(7) to 3-DB was also studied by (1)H NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling. The selective changes in chemical shifts for the resonances from 3-DB upon addition of ΔΔ-Rubb(7) suggested that the metal complex specifically bound at the destabilised segment between A(5) and A(19). Observation in NOESY spectra of NOE cross peaks between 3-DB and ΔΔ-Rubb(7) confirmed that one of the ruthenium centres bound at the A(5) bulge site, with the other metal centre positioned at the A(19) bulge. In addition, ΔΔ-Rubb(7) was found to bind chromosomal DNA extracted from a suspension of Staphylococcus aureus that had been incubated with the ruthenium(ii) complex. As inert dinuclear ruthenium(ii) complexes are capable of being transported into a bacterial cell and bind chromosomal DNA, it is possible that they could be developed into anti-microbial agents that specifically target destabilised segments of DNA that are recognised by essential DNA-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfei Li
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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Svensson FR, Andersson J, Åmand HL, Lincoln P. Effects of chirality on the intracellular localization of binuclear ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2012; 17:565-71. [PMID: 22311114 PMCID: PMC3324687 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-012-0877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interest in binuclear ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes as luminescent cellular imaging agents and for biomedical applications is increasing rapidly. We have investigated the cellular localization, uptake, and biomolecular interactions of the pure enantiomers of two structural isomers of [μ-bipb(phen)(4)Ru(2)](4+) (bipb is bis(imidazo[4,5-f]-1,10-phenanthrolin-2-yl)benzene and phen is 1,10-phenanthroline) using confocal laser scanning microscopy, emission spectroscopy, and linear dichroism. Both complexes display distinct enantiomeric differences in the staining pattern of fixed cells, which are concluded to arise from chiral discrimination in the binding to intracellular components. Uptake of complexes in live cells is efficient and nontoxic at 5 μM, and occurs through an energy-dependent mechanism. No differences in uptake are observed between the structural isomers or the enantiomers, suggesting that the interactions triggering uptake are rather insensitive to structural variations. Altogether, these findings show that the complexes investigated are promising for future applications as cellular imaging probes. In addition, linear dichroism shows that the complexes exhibit DNA-condensing properties, making them interesting as potential gene delivery vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida R Svensson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Synthesis, characterization, photophysical studies and interaction with DNA of a new family of Ru(II) furyl- and thienyl-imidazo-phenanthroline polypyridyl complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Tan L, Shen J, Liu J, Zeng L, Jin L, Weng C. Spectral characteristics, DNA-binding and cytotoxicity of two functional Ru(ii) mixed-ligand complexes. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:4575-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12402e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Mulyana Y, Collins G, Keene R. Synthesis, nucleic acid binding and cytotoxicity of oligonuclear ruthenium complexes containing labile ligands. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-011-0036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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24
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25
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Patel MN, Parmar PA, Gandhi DS, Thakkar VR. Antimicrobial and nuclease activity of mixed polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2010.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Liang X, Zou X, Tan L, Zhu W. Study on nucleic acid (CT-DNA and yeast tRNA) binding behaviors and cytotoxic properties of a heterodinuclear Ru(II)-Co(III) polypyridyl complex. J Inorg Biochem 2010; 104:1259-66. [PMID: 20837360 PMCID: PMC7126775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A heterodinuclear (Ru(II), Co(III)) metal polypyridyl complex [(phen)(2)Ru(bpibH(2))Co(phen)(2)](5+) {phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, bpibH(2) = 1,4-bis([1,10]phebanthroline-[5,6-d]imidazol-2-yl)-benzene} has been designed and synthesized. The comparative study on the interactions of the Ru(II)-Co(III) complex with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) and yeast tRNA has been investigated by UV-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, viscosity, as well as equilibrium dialysis and circular dichroism (CD). The antitumor activities of the complex have been evaluated by MTT {3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide} method and Giemsa staining experiment. These results indicate that the structures of nucleic acids have significant effects on the binding behaviors of metal complexes. Furthermore, the complex demonstrates different antitumor activity against selected tumor cell lines in vitro, and can make the cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiling Liang
- College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Zou
- College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
| | - Lifeng Tan
- College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
- Key Lab of Environment-friendly Chemistry and Application in Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
| | - Weiguo Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
- Key Lab of Environment-friendly Chemistry and Application in Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
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AT-Specific DNA Binding of Binuclear Ruthenium Complexes at the Border of Threading Intercalation. Chemistry 2010; 16:11037-46. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Vandiver MS, Bridges EP, Koon RL, Kinnaird AN, Glaeser JW, Campbell JF, Priedemann CJ, Rosenblatt WT, Herbert BJ, Wheeler SK, Wheeler JF, Kane-Maguire NAP. Effect of ancillary ligands on the DNA interaction of [Cr(diimine)3]3+ complexes containing the intercalating dipyridophenazine ligand. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:839-48. [PMID: 20039692 DOI: 10.1021/ic9013619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of photoluminescent Cr(III) complexes of the type [Cr(diimine)(2)(DPPZ)](3+) are described, where DPPZ is the intercalating dipyridophenazine ligand, and diimine corresponds to the ancillary ligands bpy, phen, DMP, and TMP (where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, DMP = 5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, and TMP = 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline). For TMP, DMP, and phen as ancillary ligands, the complexes have also been resolved into their Lambda and Delta optical isomers. A comparison of the photophysical and electrochemical properties reveal similar (2)E(g) --> (4)A(2g) (O(h)) emission wavelengths and lifetimes, and a variation of 110 mV in the (2)E(g) excited state oxidizing power. A detailed investigation has been undertaken of ancillary ligand effects on the DNA binding of these complexes with a range of polynucleotides. For all four complexes, emission is quenched by the addition of calf thymus B-DNA, with the emission lifetime data yielding bimolecular quenching rate constants close to the diffusion controlled limit. Equilibrium dialysis studies have established a general predilection for AT base binding sites, while companion experiments with added distamycin (a selective minor groove binder) provide evidence for a minor groove binding preference. For the case of [Cr(TMP)(2)(DPPZ)](3+), concomitant equilibrium dialysis and circular dichroism measurements have demonstrated very strong enantioselective binding by the Lambda optical isomer. The thermodynamics of DNA binding have also been explored via isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The ITC data establish that the primary binding mode for all four Cr(III) complexes is entropically driven, a result that is attributed to the highly favorable free energy contribution associated with the hydrophobic transfer of the Cr(III) complexes from solution into the DNA binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scott Vandiver
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, USA
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Liang XL, Tan LF. Nucleic Acid (Calf Thymus-DNA, Yeast tRNA) Binding and Cytotoxic Properties of a Dinuclear (Ru,Co) Metal Polypyridyl Complex. Aust J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/ch10178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Based on [L2Ru{DPPZ(11–11′)DPPZ}RuL2]4+ (where L = 1,10-phenanthroline or 2,2′-bipyridyl, DPPZ(11–11′)DPPZ = 11,11′-bi(dipyrido-[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]-phenazinyl)), a heterodinuclear (Ru,Co) metal polypyridyl complex [(phen)2Ru{DPPZ(11–11′)DPPZ}Co(phen)2]5+ (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) has been designed and synthesized. A comparative study on the interaction of the complex with calf thymus DNA and yeast tRNA was investigated by UV-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and viscosity measurements, as well as equilibrium dialysis and circular dichroism. The antitumour activities of the complex were evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetraazolium bromide method and Giemsa staining experiment. These results indicate that the configuration and structures of nucleic acids have significant effects on the binding behaviours of metal complexes. Furthermore, the complex shows different antitumour activities against selected tumour cell lines, and can cause cell apoptosis.
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31
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Buck DP, Paul JA, Pisani MJ, Collins JG, Keene FR. Binding of a Flexibly-linked Dinuclear Ruthenium(II) Complex to Adenine-bulged DNA Duplexes. Aust J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/ch10065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Using 1H NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling, the DNA binding of a chiral dinuclear ruthenium(ii) complex {Δ,Δ-[{Ru(phen)2}2(μ-bb7)]4+; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, bb7 = 1,7-bis[4(4′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)]-heptane} involving a bridging ligand containing a flexible aliphatic chain has been studied. The binding of the ruthenium(ii) complex was examined with the non-self-complementary duplexes d(CCGAGAATCGGCC):d(GGCCGATTCCGG) (containing a single adenine bulge: designated SB) and d(CCGAGCCGTGCC):d(GGCACGAGCCGG) (containing two adenine bulge sites separated by two base-pairs: designated DB). The NMR data indicated that the ruthenium(ii) complex bound at the bulge site of SB, with one ruthenium centre located at the bulge site with the second metal centre binding with lower affinity and selectivity in the duplex region adjacent to the bulge site. Less specific binding is inferred from chemical shift changes of nucleotide protons two to five base pairs from the single adenine bulge. The ruthenium(ii) complex selectively bound the DB duplex with one metal centre located at each bulge site. The NMR results also suggested that the metal complex binding induced greater changes to the structure of the SB duplex, compared with the DB duplex. Modelling indicates the bridging ligand allowed each ruthenium(ii) metal centre to bind one adenine bulge of the doubly-bulged duplex without disrupting the DNA structure, using the additional torsional flexibility conferred by the aliphatic bridging ligand. However, the second ruthenium(ii) metal centre is not able to bind in the minor groove of the singly-bulged duplex without disrupting the structure, as the metal centre is too bulky. The results of this study suggest dinuclear ruthenium(ii) complexes have considerable potential as probes for DNA and RNA sequences that contain two bulge sites separated by a small number of base-pairs.
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Tan L, Xiao Y, Liu X, Zhang S. Synthesis, DNA-binding and photocleavage studies of [Ru(phen)2(pbtp)]2+ and [Ru(bpy)2(pbtp)]2+ (phen=1,10-phenanthroline; bpy=2,2'-bipyridine; pbtp=4,5,9,11,14-pentaaza-benzo[b]triphenylene). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 73:858-864. [PMID: 19497781 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Based on the ligand dppz (dppz=dipyrido-[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine), a new ligand pbtp (pbtp=4,5,9,11,14-pentaaza-benzo[b]triphenylene) and its polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(phen)(2)(pbtp)](2+) (1) (phen=1,10-phenanthroline and [Ru(bpy)(2)(pbtp)](2+) (2) (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, ES-MS and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The DNA-binding of these complexes were investigated by spectroscopic methods and viscosity measurements. The experimental results indicate that both complexes 1 and 2 bind to CT-DNA in classical intercalation mode, and can enantioselectively interact with CT-DNA. It is interesting to note that the pbtp ruthenium(II) complexes, in contrast to the analogous dppz complexes, do not show fluorescent behavior when intercalated into DNA. When irradiated at 365 nm, both complexes promote the photocleavage of pBR 322 DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Tan
- College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China.
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33
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Keene FR, Smith JA, Collins JG. Metal complexes as structure-selective binding agents for nucleic acids. Coord Chem Rev 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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34
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Tan L, Chen X, Sheng J. Synthesis, Characterization, DNA-Binding, and DNA-Photocleavage Properties of RuII Complexes. Aust J Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1071/ch09075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new polypyridyl ligand 2-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl-1H-1,3,7,8-tetraazacyclopenta[l]phenanthrene (BTCP) and its RuII complexes [Ru(bpy)2(BTCP)]2+ (1) (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine), [Ru(phen)2(BTCP)]2+ (2) (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), and [Ru(dmb)2(BTCP)]2+ (3) (dmb = 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine), have been synthesized and characterized. The DNA-binding properties of the three complexes were investigated by spectroscopic methods and viscosity measurements. The results indicate that complexes 1, 2, and 3 bind to DNA by an intercalative mode and the ancillary ligands have a significant effect on the binding strengths of RuII complexes to DNA. When irradiated at 365 nm, complex 2 was found to be a more effective DNA-cleaving agent than complexes 1 and 3.
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35
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Tan LF, Wang F, Su GJ, Chao H, Zhang S. Synthesis and spectroscopic DNA binding studies of [Ru(phen)2(tbtc)]2+ and [Ru(2,9-dmp)2(tbtc)]2+. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 71:1181-1187. [PMID: 18462988 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A new polypyridyl ligand tbtc (tbtc=4,5,9,14-tetraaza-benzo[b]triphenylene-11-carboxylic acid methyl ester) and its complexes [Ru(phen)2(tbtc)]2+ (1) (phen=1,10-phenanthroline) and [Ru(2,9-dmp)2(tbtc)]2+ (2) (2,9-dmp=2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) were synthesized and characterized by element analysis, MS, and 1H NMR. The DNA binding properties of both complexes to calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) were investigated by different spectrophotometric methods and viscosity measurements. The results suggest that both complexes bind to DNA via an intercalative mode, and the DNA binding affinity of complex 1 is much greater than that of complex 2. This difference in binding affinity probably was caused by the different ancillary ligands. Also, when irradiated at 365 nm, complex 1 was found to be a more-effective DNA-cleaving agent than complex 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Feng Tan
- College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China.
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36
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Zeglis BM, Boland JA, Barton JK. Targeting abasic sites and single base bulges in DNA with metalloinsertors. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:7530-1. [PMID: 18491905 PMCID: PMC2759749 DOI: 10.1021/ja801479y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The site-specific recognition of abasic sites and single base bulges in duplex DNA by sterically expansive rhodium metalloinsertors has been investigated. Through DNA photocleavage experiments, Rh(bpy)2(chrysi)3+ is shown to bind both abasic sites and single base bulges site-specifically and, upon irradiation, to cleave the backbone of the defect-containing DNA. Photocleavage titrations reveal that the metal complex binds DNA containing an abasic site with high affinity (2.6(5) x 106 M-1), comparably to the metalloinsertor and a CC mismatch. The complex binds single base bulge sites with lower affinity (approximately 105 M-1). Analysis of cleavage products and the correlation of affinities with helix destabilization suggest that Rh(bpy)2(chrysi)3+ binds both lesions via metalloinsertion, as observed for Rh binding at mismatched sites, a binding mode in which the mismatched or unpaired bases are extruded from the helix and replaced in the base stack by the sterically expansive ligand of the metalloinsertor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Zeglis
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Jennifer A. Boland
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Jacqueline K. Barton
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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37
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Spillane CB, Dabo MN, Fletcher NC, Morgan JL, Keene FR, Haq I, Buurma NJ. The dichotomy in the DNA-binding behaviour of ruthenium(II) complexes bearing benzoxazole and benzothiazole groups. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:673-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 10/06/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Tan LF, Chao H, Zhen KC, Fei JJ, Wang F, Zhou YF, Ji LN. Effects of the ancillary ligands of polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes on the DNA-binding and photocleavage behaviors. Polyhedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2007.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Morgan JL, Spillane CB, Smith JA, Buck DP, Collins JG, Keene FR. Dinuclear ruthenium(ii) complexes with flexible bridges as non-duplex DNA binding agents. Dalton Trans 2007:4333-42. [PMID: 17893823 DOI: 10.1039/b706747j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The stereoisomers of a series of dinuclear ruthenium(ii) complexes [{Ru(phen)(2)}(2)(micro-BL)](4+) (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) with flexible bridging ligands (BL) bb2 {1,2-bis[4(4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl)]ethane}, bb5 {1,5-bis[4(4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl)]pentane}, bb7 {1,7-bis[4(4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl)]heptane}, and bb10 {1,10-bis[4(4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl)]decane} have been synthesised. Their binding to a control dodecanucleotide, d(CCGGAATTCCGG)(2), and a tridecanucleotide, d(CCGAGAATTCCGG)(2), which contains a single adenine bulge have been studied using fluorescence displacement assays involving intercalating and groove-binding dyes, equilibrium dialysis and binding affinity chromatography. The fluorescence intercalator displacement (FID) assay indicated that LambdaLambda-[{Ru(phen)(2)}(2)(micro-bb7)](4+) had the greatest binding affinity with all the oligonucleotides, whereas an analogous fluorescence technique using a minor-groove binding dye, equilibrium dialysis and affinity binding chromatography showed that DeltaDelta-[{Ru(phen)(2)}(2)(micro-bb7)](4+) had the strongest binding. An (1)H NMR study of the binding of the DeltaDelta-enantiomer of [{Ru(phen)(2)}(2)(micro-bb7)](4+) to d(CCGAGAATTCCGG)(2) confirmed the selectivity of the metal complex for the bulge site and provided the basis for an energy-minimised binding model of the dinuclear ruthenium complex with the single adenine bulge containing trinucleotide. The binding model demonstrated the ability of the flexibly-linked complex to follow the curvature of the DNA minor groove.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy L Morgan
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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40
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Synthesis, characterization, DNA-binding and DNA-photocleavage studies of [Ru(bpy)2(BPIP)]2+ and [Ru(phen)2(BPIP)]2+ (BPIP=2-(4′-biphenyl)imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline). Polyhedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Synthesis, characterization and RNA-binding properties of a novel ruthenium(II) complex coordinated by 5-pyridine-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-007-0207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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42
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Spillane CB, Smith JA, Morgan JL, Keene FR. DNA affinity binding studies using a fluorescent dye displacement technique: the dichotomy of the binding site. J Biol Inorg Chem 2007; 12:819-24. [PMID: 17486377 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-007-0235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have observed a number of discrepancies and contradictions in the use of a fluorescent intercalator displacement assay in surveying the binding affinities of dinuclear polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes with DNA. By a modification of the assay using the fluorescent minor-groove binder 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, rather than intercalating dyes (ethidium bromide or thiazole orange), results were obtained for all complexes studied which were consistent with relative affinities and stereoselectivities observed with other techniques, including NMR, affinity chromatography and equilibrium dialysis. It is believed that the difference in binding mode between the minor groove-binding Ru(II) complexes and the intercalating fluorescent dyes they are displacing may contribute to these discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitriona B Spillane
- School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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43
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Spillane CB, Smith JA, Buck DP, Collins JG, Keene FR. Dinuclear ruthenium(ii) complexes as potential probes for RNA bulge sites. Dalton Trans 2007:5290-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b712065f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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44
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Mei WJ, Liu YJ, Wang N, Ma YZ, Wang H, Luo LQ, Huang SL. The photocleavage properties of a novel ruthenium(II) complex on liver cancer cells Bel-7402 DNA. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-006-0104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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45
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Morgan JL, Buck DP, Turley AG, Collins JG, Keene FR. Selectivity at a three-base bulge site in the DNA binding of DeltaDelta-[{Ru(phen)2} 2(mu-dppm)]4+ [dppm is 4,6-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrimidine; phen is 1,10-phenanthroline]. J Biol Inorg Chem 2006; 11:824-34. [PMID: 16804676 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-006-0130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The binding of the stereoisomers of [{Ru(phen)2}2(mu-bpm)]4+, [{Ru(phen)2}2(mu-dppm)]4+ and [{Ru(phen)2}2(mu-bb)]4+ {phen is 1,10-phenanthroline; bpm is 2,2'-bipyrimidine, dppm is 4,6-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrimidine, bb is 1,2-bis[4-(4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl)]ethane} to an oligonucleotide duplex [d(GCATCGAAAGCTACG).d(CGTAGCCGATGC)] containing a three-base bulge has been studied using a fluorescence intercalator displacement assay. Of the dinuclear ruthenium complexes, the dppm-linked species showed the strongest binding to the oligonucleotide, with the DeltaDelta isomer binding slightly more strongly than the meso isomer and the LambdaLambda isomer exhibiting the weakest binding. In order to determine whether the DeltaDelta-[{Ru(phen)2}2(mu-dppm)]4+ metal complex specifically bound at the three-base bulge site, a 1H NMR study of the binding of the metal complex to the oligonucleotide duplex d(GCATCGAAAGCTACG)*d(CGTAGCCGATGC) was carried out. Although a detailed picture of the metal complex-oligonucleotide association could not be determined from the NMR results owing to the broadening of the resonances from the metal complex and nucleotide residues at the bulge site, the NMR results do indicate that the metal complex specifically binds at the three-base bulge site. The combined results of this study suggest that the dppm-bridged dinuclear ruthenium complexes have considerable potential as probes for the unusual secondary structure obtained by the insertion of a three-base bulge within duplex DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy L Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
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Smith JA, Morgan JL, Turley AG, Collins JG, Keene FR. meso-[{Ru(phen)2}2(mu-HAT)]4+: a high-affinity DNA hairpin probe {HAT = 1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline}. Dalton Trans 2006:3179-87. [PMID: 16802035 DOI: 10.1039/b601073c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
1H NMR spectroscopy and fluorescent intercalator displacement (FID) assays have been used to investigate the DNA-binding abilities of two series of dinuclear polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes of the form [{Ru(L)2}2(mu-BL)]4+ {L = 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (Me2bpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), or 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Me2phen); BL = 2,2'-bipyrimidine (bpm) or 1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene (HAT)}. Preliminary FID surveys of these metal complexes against a variety of different oligonucleotides revealed that those complexes based upon the HAT bridging ligand induced greater fluorescence decreases in dye-bound DNA than did their bpm-bridged counterparts, suggesting a higher binding affinity by the HAT-bridged species. Furthermore, the greatest fluorescence decreases were typically observed in an oligonucleotide featuring a six-base hairpin loop. The apparent binding affinity of the metal complexes was also found to be a function of the stereochemistry and identity of the terminal ligands of the complex. The meso (DeltaLambda) stereoisomer generally induced greater fluorescence decreases than did either enantiomer (DeltaDelta or LambdaLambda), phen-based terminal ligands performed better than bpy-based terminal ligands, and those terminal ligands with methyl substituents demonstrated stronger apparent binding than did their non-methylated analogues. NMR experiments on meso-[{Ru(phen)2}2(mu-HAT)]4+ and meso-[{Ru(Me2phen)2}2(mu-HAT)]4+ demonstrated that both complexes bound with high affinity to the six-base hairpin oligonucleotide at the stem-loop interface and provided evidence to support stronger binding by the methylated species. meso-[{Ru(phen)2}2(mu-HAT)]4+ was found to bind poorly to duplex DNA and smaller four-base hairpin loops in FID and NMR experiments, whereas FID data suggest that the methylated analogue binds relatively strongly to most oligonucleotide sequences (the four- and six-base hairpins in particular). These results demonstrate that binding affinity can come at the expense of selectivity, with meso-[{Ru(phen)2}2(mu-HAT)]4+ proving to be an efficient compromise between the two as a high-affinity DNA hairpin probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayden A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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