Chemical, physical, and sensory attributes of Sauvignon blanc wine fermented in different kinds of vessels

Revealing the flavor differences of Sauvignon Blanc wines fermented in different oak barrels and stainless-steel tanks through GC-MS, GC-IMS, electronic, and artificial sensory analyses

The fermentation vessel significantly impacts the flavor characteristics of white wine. This study provides a comprehensive flavor analysis of Sauvignon Blanc wines fermented in oak barrels and stainless-steel tanks. Wines fermented in new barrels exhibited higher levels of malic and tartaric acids compared with those fermented in old barrels or steel tanks, resulting in a more sour taste. Fermentation in oak barrels increased the content of majority phenolic compounds in wine compared to fermentation in steel tanks. GC-MS analysis revealed that the primary differential compounds present in the wines from various oak barrels and steel tanks included ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate, furfural, ethyl octanoate, isoamyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, 1-propanol, and acetic acid. Moreover, GC-IMS identified furan, pyrazine, acetaldehyde, and valeraldehyde in wines from oak barrels, which enhanced aromatic complexity. This study provides essential insights to promote the quality and distinctiveness of Sauvignon Blanc wines.

Influence of Protective Colloids on Calcium Tartrate Stability and the Astringency Perception in a Red Wine

Calcium tartrate instability in wines has been a neglected topic for many years. However, it seems that this problem is gaining prominence, and the industry welcomes inputs to address this issue. Among the alternatives that winemakers use for tartrate salt stabilization, the addition of authorized protective colloids is one of the best choices because they are easy to apply and have a low energetic cost. In the present study, the same red wine was treated with five different commercially available protective colloids in triplicate. The effectiveness of such colloids on calcium tartrate potential instability was estimated, in addition to their side effects on the phenolic composition of the treated wines and their astringency perception, as assessed by sensory analyses of the treated wine. The results show that, under these trial conditions, carboxymethylcellulose is the best choice for reducing the risk of calcium tartrate precipitation in wine. Moreover, the application of protective colloids to the wines had little effect on their color, phenolic composition, or evolution during one year of bottle storage. Finally, the addition of protective colloids did not impact the astringency intensity, but it influenced the dynamic perception of astringency according to the temporal dominance of sensation analysis.

Chemical Characterization of Sauvignon Blanc Wines from Three Cold-Climate-Growing Areas of Chile

The influence of the geographical location on the chemical composition of commercial Sauvignon Blanc wines was investigated. The assay was carried out on Sauvignon Blanc wines from three cold-climate valleys in Central Chile, Casablanca, Leyda, and San Antonio. The analyses revealed clear variations in some chemical parameters, especially in titratable acidity, which was higher in the geographical areas closest to the Pacific Ocean, such as the Leyda and San Antonio valleys. Regarding the composition of low-molecular-weight phenolic compounds, 17 compounds were found, and the results show that the Casablanca valley exhibits a greater abundance of monomeric flavanols, such as (+)-catechin, whereas the Leyda valley shows a higher abundance in flavonols and phenolic acids esterified with tartaric acid. Concerning the aromatic compound profile, the wines from the Casablanca valley showed a greater abundance of esters, C13 norisoprenoids, and some terpenes. The PLS-DA analysis revealed some differences, especially between wines from Casablanca and Leyda, demonstrating that the difference in the chemical composition of the wines was influenced by the geographical area.

Management of in-Amphora "Trebbiano Toscano" Wine Production: Selection of Indigenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains and Influence on the Phenolic and Sensory Profile

The use of earthenware amphorae in winemaking can give wines unique attributes enhancing their typicity. Therefore, in this study, spontaneous and inoculated in-amphora fermentations of Trebbiano Toscano grape must were monitored to assess the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains occurring in each fermentation as well as the chemical characteristics of the wines. Strain typing via Interdelta analyses pointed out that the commercial starters did not dominate, showing 24% and 13% implantation percentages, and that 20 indigenous strains were present at different percentages, ranging from 2 to 20%, in inoculated and spontaneous fermentations. The assessment of the technical characteristics of the indigenous strains via fermentations at lab and pilot scale (20 L amphorae) and the sensory analysis of the experimental wines allowed for the selection of two indigenous strains to be used as starter cultures in comparison to a commercial strain in 300-L-amphorae vinifications in the cellar. The observed fermentative performances and sensory analysis of the experimental wines highlighted that one indigenous S. cerevisiae strain dominated the process and conferred distinctive sensory characteristics to the Trebbiano Toscano wine, demonstrating its effectiveness in managing the in-amphora fermentations. In addition, the results demonstrated the ability of amphorae to protect the polyphenolic compounds from oxidation during wine ageing. Indeed, the concentration of both hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonols decreased, with an average reduction of 30% and 14%, respectively, while hydroxybenzoic acids remained unchanged.

Making wine in Pañul’s craft pottery vessels: a first approach in the study of the dynamic of alcoholic fermentation and wine volatile composition

Traditional winemaking in amphora-like clay vessels is one of the oldest known methods of wine production. Currently, some wine producers have readopted traditional winemaking methods to generate unique attributes that differentiate their products raising regional wine typicity. The aim of this research was to study the dynamic of alcoholic fermentation and volatile composition of ‘Carignan’ wines fermented into Pañul’s clay vessels and comparing them with the wines vinified into stainless-steel tanks. Density curve of the musts contained in the Pañul’s pottery vessels followed a similar trend than in the samples contained in the stainless-steel tanks. The temperatures of the must and the cap during alcoholic fermentation were lower in the Pañul’s pottery vessels than in the stainless-steel tanks in most of the evaluated days. Thus, clay vessels may provide temperature-regulating properties beneficing wine fermentation compared to stainless-steel tanks. Pañul’s clay vessels produced wines with higher terpenes, β-ionone and 2-phenylethyl alcohol content, and lower values of some individual higher alcohols, isoamyl acetate, lactones, and pH than the stainless-steel tanks. Therefore, the results suggest that Pañul’s pottery vessels favored increasing the terpene alcohols and other volatile compounds concentrations, in addition to decreasing certain higher alcohols and acetate esters contents such as benzyl alcohol and iso-amyl acetate. These outcomes may be of interest to ceramic producers and wine producers since they open a range of economic opportunities to diversify their products.

Chemical and Physical Implications of the Use of Alternative Vessels to Oak Barrels during the Production of White Wines

Recently, the use of alternative vessels to oak barrels during winemaking has become increasingly popular, but little is known about their impact on the chemical composition of the resulting wines. To address this issue, a Sauvignon Blanc wine was elaborated from the same grape juice by using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks, oval-shaped concrete vessels, oval-shaped polyethylene vessels, and clay jars in triplicate. Each vessel was used for alcoholic fermentation and the aging of wines over its own lees. Wines elaborated in concrete vessels showed the highest pH and the lowest titratable acidity, most likely related to the observed release of inorganic compounds from the concrete walls. Little effect of the vessels was seen on the wine color and phenolic composition. Wines elaborated in clay jars showed the highest turbidity and the highest content of soluble polysaccharides, while those made using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks showed the highest content of volatile compounds. Despite the observed differences, all of the vessels tested seem suitable for white wine production since every wine showed chemical features that corresponded with the quality standards of Sauvignon Blanc wines.