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Luo Y, Tang R, Qiu H, Song A. Widely targeted metabolomics-based analysis of the impact of L. plantarum and L. paracasei fermentation on rosa roxburghii Tratt juice. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 417:110686. [PMID: 38593553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruits (RRT) exhibit extremely high nutritional and medicinal properties due to its unique phytochemical composition. Probiotic fermentation is a common method of processing fruits. Variations in the non-volatile metabolites and bioactivities of RRT juice caused by different lactobacilli are not well understood. Therefore, we aimed to profile the non-volatile components and investigate the impact of L. plantarum fermentation (LP) and L. paracasei fermentation (LC) on RRT juice (the control, CG). There were both similarities and differences in the effects of LP and LC on RRT juice. Both of the two strains significantly increased the content of total phenolic, total flavonoid, and some bioactive compounds such as 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid, hydroxytyrosol and indole-3-lactic acid in RRT juice. Interestingly, compared with L. paracasei, L. plantarum showed better ability to increase the content of total phenolic and these valuable compounds, as well as certain bioactivities. The antioxidant capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of RRT juice were notably enhanced after the fermentations, whereas its cholesterol esterase inhibitory activity was reduced significantly. Moreover, a total of 1466 metabolites were identified in the unfermented and fermented RRT juices. There were 278, 251 and 134 differential metabolites in LP vs CG, LC vs CG, LC vs LP, respectively, most of which were upregulated. The key differential metabolites were classified into amino acids and their derivatives, organic acids, nucleotides and their analogues, phenolic acids and alkaloids, which can serve as potential markers for authentication and discrimination between the unfermented and lactobacilli fermented RRT juice samples. The KEGG enrichment analysis uncovered that metabolic pathways, purine metabolism, nucleotide metabolism and ABC transporters contributed mainly to the formation of unique composition of fermented RRT juice. These results provide good coverage of the metabolome of RRT juice in both unfermented and fermented forms and also provide a reference for future research on the processing of RRT or other fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Luo
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Ruling Tang
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Han Qiu
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Angxin Song
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
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2
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Bajic D, Wiens F, Wintergerst E, Deyaert S, Baudot A, den Abbeele PV. HMOs Impact the Gut Microbiome of Children and Adults Starting from Low Predicted Daily Doses. Metabolites 2024; 14:239. [PMID: 38668367 PMCID: PMC11052010 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the dietary intake of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) provides health benefits from infancy up to adulthood. Thus far, beneficial changes in the adult gut microbiome have been observed at oral doses of 5-20 g/day of HMOs. Efficacy of lower doses has rarely been tested. We assessed four HMO molecular species-2'Fucosyllactose (2'FL), Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), 3'Sialyllactose (3'SL), and 6'Sialyllactose (6'SL)-at predicted doses from 0.3 to 5 g/day for 6-year-old children and adults (n = 6 each), using ex vivo SIFR® technology (Cryptobiotix, Ghent, Belgium). This technology employing bioreactor fermentation on fecal samples enables us to investigate microbial fermentation products that are intractable in vivo given their rapid absorption/consumption in the human gut. We found that HMOs significantly increased short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), acetate, propionate (in children/adults), and butyrate (in adults) from predicted doses of 0.3-0.5 g/day onwards, with stronger effects as dosing increased. The fermentation of 6'SL had the greatest effect on propionate, LNnT most strongly increased butyrate, and 2'FL and 3'SL most strongly increased acetate. An untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed that HMOs enhanced immune-related metabolites beyond SCFAs, such as aromatic lactic acids (indole-3-lactic acid/3-phenyllactic acid) and 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid, as well as gut-brain-axis-related metabolites (γ-aminobutyric acid/3-hydroxybutyric acid/acetylcholine) and vitamins. The effects of low doses of HMOs potentially originate from the highly specific stimulation of keystone species belonging to, for example, the Bifidobacteriaceae family, which had already significantly increased at doses of only 0.5 g/day LNnT (adults) and 1 g/day 2'FL (children/adults).
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Bajic
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 576, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Frank Wiens
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 576, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Eva Wintergerst
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 576, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Stef Deyaert
- Cryptobiotix SA, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aurélien Baudot
- Cryptobiotix SA, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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3
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Smoczer C, Park YK, Herrington JB, Askar MA, Plecha S, Krukonis E, Paurazas SB. A Potential Intracanal Medicament, 2-Hydroxyisocaproic Acid (HICA): Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity, and Its Effect on SCAP Differentiation. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:270. [PMID: 38132408 PMCID: PMC10743052 DOI: 10.3390/dj11120270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracanal medicaments with maximal antimicrobial efficacy and minimal damage to resident stem cells are essential for successful regenerative endodontic procedures. 2-Hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA) could have the attributes of a potential intracanal medicament. This study evaluates its cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and effects on the odontogenic and osteogenic differentiation of the stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAP). Cytotoxicity and cell viability assays were performed on cells treated for 24, 48, and 72 h with varying concentrations of HICA and compared to the standard intracanal medicament, calcium hydroxide. The genotoxicity was assessed via immunofluorescence for two markers of DNA double-strand breaks: phosphorylated γH2AX and 53BP1. The SCAP differentiation was evaluated based on the alkaline phosphatase activity, Alizarin Red staining, and expression of odontogenic and osteogenic genes (DSPP1, BSP1, OCN, RUNX2) in the presence of selected HICA concentrations. HICA was not cytotoxic at concentrations up to 10 mg/mL, regardless of the exposure time, although it was cytostatic at all tested concentrations. HICA was not genotoxic at concentrations below 5 mg/mL. No difference in cytotoxicity or genotoxicity was found between HICA and calcium hydroxide at 1 mg/mL. HICA retained about 70% of the osteogenic differentiation potential at 1 mg/mL. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, we show that HICA at 1 mg/mL could be a potential intracanal medicament for REPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine Smoczer
- Division of Integrated Biomedical Sciences, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Detroit, MI 48208, USA; (C.S.); (S.P.); (E.K.)
| | - Yun K. Park
- Graduate Endodontics, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Detroit, MI 48208, USA (M.A.A.)
| | - James B. Herrington
- Graduate Endodontics, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Detroit, MI 48208, USA (M.A.A.)
| | - Mazin A. Askar
- Graduate Endodontics, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Detroit, MI 48208, USA (M.A.A.)
| | - Sarah Plecha
- Division of Integrated Biomedical Sciences, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Detroit, MI 48208, USA; (C.S.); (S.P.); (E.K.)
| | - Eric Krukonis
- Division of Integrated Biomedical Sciences, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Detroit, MI 48208, USA; (C.S.); (S.P.); (E.K.)
| | - Susan B. Paurazas
- Graduate Endodontics, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Detroit, MI 48208, USA (M.A.A.)
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Van den Abbeele P, Poppe J, Deyaert S, Laurie I, Otto Gravert TK, Abrahamsson A, Baudot A, Karnik K, Risso D. Low-no-calorie sweeteners exert marked compound-specific impact on the human gut microbiota ex vivo. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2023; 74:630-644. [PMID: 37537786 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2023.2240037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Low-no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS) are used as sugar substitutes as part of strategies to reduce the risk of chronic diseases related to high sugar intake (e.g. type 2 diabetes (T2D)). This study investigated how a range of sweeteners [tagatose (TA)/maltitol (MA)/sorbitol (SO)/stevia (ST)/sucralose (SU)/acesulfame K (ACK)] impact the gut microbiota of T2D subjects and healthy human adults using the ex vivo SIFR® technology (n = 12). The cohort covered clinically relevant interpersonal and T2D-related differences. ACK/SU remained intact while not impacting microbial composition and metabolite production. In contrast, TA/SO and ST/MA were respectively readily and gradually fermented. ST and particularly TA/SO/MA increased bacterial density and SCFA production product-specifically: SO increased acetate (∼Bifidobacterium adolescentis), whilst MA/ST increased propionate (∼Parabacteroides distasonis). TA exerted low specificity as it increased butyrate for healthy subjects, yet propionate for T2D subjects. Overall, LNCS exerted highly compound-specific effects stressing that results obtained for one LNCS cannot be generalised to other LNCS.
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Usta SN, Eymirli A, Arias-Moliz MT. Evaluation of the removal of 2-Hydroxyisocaproic acid from the root canal and its effect on the bond strength of MTA. AUST ENDOD J 2023; 49:311-317. [PMID: 35852919 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the removal of 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA) from the root canal system and its effect on the bond strength of the mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). 126 single-rooted teeth were divided into 3 experimental groups (n = 36) that were treated with double antibiotic paste (DAP), HICA and calcium hydroxide (CH) and one control group (n = 18). In the first part, 18 teeth from each experimental group (n = 54) were examined to remove HICA from the root canal. In the second part, 72 teeth (3 experimental groups (n = 54) and one control group (n = 18)) were used for the evaluation of the push-out bond strength of MTA. There was no statistically significant difference between HICA, DAP and CH residues (p > 0.05). HICA group showed significantly less push-out bond strength (p < 0.05). DAP, HICA and CH could not be removed entirely from the root canal. HICA significantly reduced the bond strength of the MTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sıla Nur Usta
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hacettepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Eymirli
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hacettepe, Ankara, Turkey
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Liu Y, Lu Y, Quan Liu S. Untargeted LC-QTOF-MS/MS-based metabolomics of spent coffee grounds alcoholic beverages fermented with Lachancea thermotolerans and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Food Res Int 2023; 167:112733. [PMID: 37087284 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Spent coffee grounds (SCG) is a solid waste generated from coffee brewing. We recently developed a novel SCG hydrolysate-derived alcoholic beverage fermented with Lachancea thermotolerans Concerto and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ML Prime. To further understand the potential health benefits of the fermented SCG hydrolysate alcoholic beverage, an untargeted metabolomics-based approach (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) was applied to detect and identify bioactive metabolites especially low molecular weight compounds. Our results showed that, compared to yeast monoculture-fermented SCG alcoholic beverages, yeast-lactic acid bacterial coculture enriched the beverage with a range of bioactive compounds especially aromatic and branched-chain amino acid derivatives (e.g., 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid, phenyl lactic acid, indole lactic acid, (S)-(-)-2-hydroxyisocaproic acid, and 4-hydroxyphenyl ethanol). Although some endogenous phenolic compounds were metabolized during fermentation, many phenolic metabolites (e.g., vinyl phenols, dihydrocaffeic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxycoumarin) were produced. Our study provided a theoretical basis for further valorization of SCG hydrolysates from the health benefits point of view and the findings may be extended to other fermented products.
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Bajic D, Wiens F, Wintergerst E, Deyaert S, Baudot A, Van den Abbeele P. HMOs Exert Marked Bifidogenic Effects on Children’s Gut Microbiota Ex Vivo, Due to Age-Related Bifidobacterium Species Composition. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071701. [PMID: 37049541 PMCID: PMC10097135 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics are substrates that are selectively utilized by host microorganisms, thus conferring a health benefit. There is a growing awareness that interpersonal and age-dependent differences in gut microbiota composition impact prebiotic effects. Due to the interest in using human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) beyond infancy, this study evaluated how HMOs [2’Fucosyllactose (2’FL), Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), 3’Sialyllactose (3’SL), 6’Sialyllactose (6’SL)] and blends thereof affect the microbiota of 6-year-old children (n = 6) and adults (n = 6), compared to prebiotics inulin (IN) and fructooligosaccharides (FOS). The ex vivo SIFR® technology was used, given its demonstrated predictivity in clinical findings. First, HMOs and HMO blends seemed to maintain a higher α-diversity compared to FOS/IN. Further, while 2′FL/LNnT were bifidogenic for both age groups, 3′SL/6′SL and FOS/IN were exclusively bifidogenic for children and adults, respectively. This originated from age-related differences in microbiota composition because while 3′SL/6′SL stimulated B. pseudocatenulatum (abundant in children), FOS/IN enhanced B. adolescentis (abundant in adults). Moreover, all treatments significantly increased acetate, propionate and butyrate (only in adults) with product- and age-dependent differences. Among the HMOs, 6′SL specifically stimulated propionate (linked to Bacteroides fragilis in children and Phocaeicola massiliensis in adults), while LNnT stimulated butyrate (linked to Anaerobutyricum hallii in adults). Indole-3-lactic acid and 3-phenyllactic acid (linked to immune health) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (linked to gut-brain axis) were most profoundly stimulated by 2′FL and HMO blends in both children and adults, correlating with specific Bifidobacteriaceae. Finally, 2′FL/LNnT increased melatonin in children, while 3′SL remarkably increased folic acid in adults. Overall, age-dependent differences in microbiota composition greatly impacted prebiotic outcomes, advocating for the development of age-specific nutritional supplements. HMOs were shown to be promising modulators in the adult, and particularly the children’s microbiota. The observed HMO-specific effects, likely originating from their structural heterogeneity, suggest that blends of different HMOs could maximize treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Bajic
- Glycom A/S-DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Kogle Allé 4, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Frank Wiens
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 576, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Eva Wintergerst
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 576, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Stef Deyaert
- Cryptobiotix SA, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aurélien Baudot
- Cryptobiotix SA, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Liang X, Wang R, Luo H, Liao Y, Chen X, Xiao X, Li L. The interplay between the gut microbiota and metabolism during the third trimester of pregnancy. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1059227. [PMID: 36569048 PMCID: PMC9768424 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1059227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota undergoes dynamic changes during pregnancy. The gut microbial and metabolic networks observed in pregnant women have not been systematically analyzed. The primary purpose of this study was to explore the alterations in the gut microbiota and metabolism during late pregnancy and investigate the associations between the gut microbiota and metabolism. A total of thirty healthy pregnant women were followed from 30 to 32 weeks of gestation to full term. Fecal samples were collected for microbiome analysis and untargeted metabolomic analysis. The characteristics of the gut microbiota were evaluated by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing of the V3-V4 regions. The plasma samples were used for untargeted metabolomic analysis with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The interplay between the gut microbiota and metabolism was analyzed further by bioinformatics approaches. We found that the relative abundances of Sellimonas and Megamonas were higher at full term, whereas that of Proteobacteria was lower. The correlation network of the gut microbiota tended to exhibit weaker connections from 32 weeks of gestation to the antepartum timepoint. Changes in the gut microbiota during late pregnancy were correlated with the absorbance and metabolism of microbiota-associated metabolites, such as fatty acids and free amino acids, thereby generating a unique metabolic system for the growth of the fetus. Decreasing the concentration of specific metabolites in plasma and increasing the levels of palmitic acid and 20-hydroxyarachidonic acid may enhance the transformation of a proinflammatory immune state as pregnancy progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Liang
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Shenzhen, China,The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongning Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Huijuan Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihong Liao
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaomin Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xiaomin Xiao,
| | - Liping Li
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Shenzhen, China,Liping Li,
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Koistinen VM, Hedberg M, Shi L, Johansson A, Savolainen O, Lehtonen M, Aura A, Hanhineva K, Landberg R. Metabolite Pattern Derived from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum-Fermented Rye Foods and In Vitro Gut Fermentation Synergistically Inhibits Bacterial Growth. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2101096. [PMID: 35960594 PMCID: PMC9787878 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202101096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Fermentation improves many food characteristics using microbes, such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Recent studies suggest fermentation may also enhance the health properties, but mechanistic evidence is lacking. The study aims to identify a metabolite pattern reproducibly produced during sourdough and in vitro colonic fermentation of various whole-grain rye products and how it affects the growth of bacterial species of potential importance to health and disease. METHODS AND RESULTS The study uses Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DSMZ 13890 strain, previously shown to favor rye as its substrate. Using LC-MS metabolomics, the study finds seven microbial metabolites commonly produced during the fermentations, including dihydroferulic acid, dihydrocaffeic acid, and five amino acid metabolites, and stronger inhibition is achieved when exposing the bacteria to a mixture of the metabolites in vitro compared to individual compound exposures. CONCLUSION The study suggests that metabolites produced by LAB may synergistically modulate the local microbial ecology, such as in the gut. This could provide new hypotheses on how fermented foods influence human health via diet-microbiota interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville M. Koistinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical NutritionUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopio70211Finland,Food Chemistry and Food Development Unit, Department of BiochemistryUniversity of TurkuTurkuTurku20014Finland,Afekta Technologies Ltd.Kuopio70210Finland
| | - Maria Hedberg
- Department of Odontology/Oral MicrobiologyUmeå UniversityUmeå90187Sweden
| | - Lin Shi
- Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburg41296Sweden,College of Food Engineering and Nutritional ScienceShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an710119China
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Odontology/Oral MicrobiologyUmeå UniversityUmeå90187Sweden
| | - Otto Savolainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical NutritionUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopio70211Finland,Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburg41296Sweden
| | - Marko Lehtonen
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopio70211Finland
| | - Anna‐Marja Aura
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd.Espoo02044Finland
| | - Kati Hanhineva
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical NutritionUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopio70211Finland,Food Chemistry and Food Development Unit, Department of BiochemistryUniversity of TurkuTurkuTurku20014Finland,Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburg41296Sweden
| | - Rikard Landberg
- Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburg41296Sweden
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Pérez-Rangel M, Valdez-Vazquez I, Martínez-Zavala SA, Casados-Vázquez LE, Bideshi DK, Barboza-Corona JE. Evaluation of inhibitory compounds produced by bacteria isolated from a hydrogen-producing bioreactor during the self-fermentation of wheat straw. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1989-2001. [PMID: 35808847 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory activity of compounds secreted by bacteria isolated from a hydrogen-producing bioreactor to understand how these microorganisms interact in this community. METHODS AND RESULTS In vitro inhibitory assays were performed using samples secreted by bacteria subject to different treatments to determine if their inhibitory effect was due to organic acids, non-proteinaceous compounds, or bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS). Bacterial isolated were suppressed 43%, 30%, and 27% by neutralized, precipitated, and non-neutralized cell-free supernatants, respectively. Non-hydrogen producers (Non-H2 P) LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum LB1, L. pentosus LB7, Pediococcus acidilactici LB4) and hydrogen producers (H2 P) LAB (Enterococcus faecium F) were inhibited by the production of organic acids, non-proteinaceous compounds, and BLIS. Meanwhile, the obligate anaerobe H2 P (Clostridium beijerinckii B) inhibited by the production of non-proteinaceous compounds and BLIS. The presence of BLIS was confirmed when proteolytic enzymes affected the inhibitory activity of secreted proteins in values ranging from 20 to 42%. The BLIS produced by L. plantarum LB1, P. acidilactici LB4, L. pentosus LB7, and E. faecium F showed molecular masses of ~ 11 kDa, 25 kDa, 20 kDa, and 11 kDa, respectively. CONCLUSIONS It was demonstrated antagonistic interactions between Lactobacillus- Enterococcus, and Pediococcus-Enterococcus species, generated by the secretion of organic acids, non-proteinaceous compounds, and BLIS. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY We report the interactions between LAB isolated from hydrogen-producing bioreactors. These interactions might impact the dynamics of the microbial population during hydrogen generation. Our work lays a foundation for strategies that allow controlling bacteria that can affect hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Pérez-Rangel
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca. Irapuato, Guanajuato, México.,Unidad Académica Juriquilla, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Idania Valdez-Vazquez
- Unidad Académica Juriquilla, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Sheila A Martínez-Zavala
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca. Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Luz E Casados-Vázquez
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca. Irapuato, Guanajuato, México.,Food Department, Life Science División, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca. Irapuato, Guanajuato, México.,CONACyT-University of Guanajuato
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, California, USA
| | - José E Barboza-Corona
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca. Irapuato, Guanajuato, México.,Food Department, Life Science División, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca. Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
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11
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Zheng S, Wu W, Zhang Y, Hu P, Li J, Jiang J. Improvement of tomato sour soup fermentation by
Lacticaseibacillus casei
H1
addition. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zheng
- College of Brewing and Food Engineering Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Wenyan Wu
- College of Brewing and Food Engineering Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- College of Brewing and Food Engineering Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Ping Hu
- College of Brewing and Food Engineering Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Brewing and Food Engineering Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Jingzhu Jiang
- College of Brewing and Food Engineering Guizhou University Guiyang China
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12
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Fu J, Liu J, Wen X, Zhang G, Cai J, Qiao Z, An Z, Zheng J, Li L. Unique Probiotic Properties and Bioactive Metabolites of Saccharomyces boulardii. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022:10.1007/s12602-022-09953-1. [PMID: 35608794 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09953-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) is a probiotic and is widely used to improve the nutritional and functional value of food. This study aimed to compare the probiotic properties of S. boulardii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A series of in vitro probiotic experiments was performed, including simulated gastrointestinal digestion, bile salt tolerance, hydrophobicity, self-aggregation, and antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Self-aggregation and hydrophobic properties of S. boulardii were relatively poor, but they showed high tolerance, antioxidant properties, and broad antibacterial properties. In addition, non-targeted metabolomics was used to comprehensively analyze the active metabolites of S. boulardii and the metabolic differences between S. boulardii and S. cerevisiae were compared. Saccharomyces boulardii produced many bioactive metabolites, which generally showed antioxidant, antibacterial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and other properties. In contrast to S. cerevisiae, S. boulardii produced phenyllactic acid and 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid. There were also significant differences in their metabolic pathways. These results may be of great significance in the medical and food industries and provide a basis for understanding the metabolism of S. boulardii. It also shows that metabolomics is an effective and novel method for screening microbial functional metabolites and identifying functional differences between similar microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunJie Fu
- College of Biotechnology Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Biotechnology Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - XuePing Wen
- College of Biotechnology Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Guirong Zhang
- College of Biotechnology Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Ji Cai
- College of Biotechnology Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Zongwei Qiao
- Wuliangye Yibin Co, Ltd, 150, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Zheming An
- Wuliangye Yibin Co, Ltd, 150, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Jia Zheng
- Wuliangye Yibin Co, Ltd, 150, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Biotechnology Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, 644000, China.
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13
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Antibacterial efficacy and possible mechanism of action of 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266406. [PMID: 35363830 PMCID: PMC8975099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of natural antimicrobial compounds that can be used in food preservation has been fast tracked by the development of antimicrobial resistance to existing antimicrobials and the increasing consumer demand for natural food preservatives. 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA) is a natural compound produced through the leucine degradation pathway and is produced in humans and by certain microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria and Clostridium species. The present study investigated the antibacterial efficacy of HICA against some important bacteria associated with food quality and safety and provided some insights into its possible antimicrobial mechanisms against bacteria. The results revealed that HICA was effective in inhibiting the growth of tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including a multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa strain in this study. The underlying mechanism was investigated by measuring the cell membrane integrity, membrane permeability, membrane depolarisation, and morphological and ultrastructural changes after HICA treatment in bacterial cells. The evidence supports that HICA exerts its activity via penetration of the bacterial cell membranes, thereby causing depolarisation, rupture of membranes, subsequent leakage of cellular contents and cell death. The current study suggests that HICA has potential to be used as an antibacterial agent against food spoilage and food-borne pathogenic bacteria, targeting the bacterial cell envelope.
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14
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Non-volatile and volatile metabolic profiling of tomato juice processed by high-hydrostatic-pressure and high-temperature short-time. Food Chem 2022; 371:131161. [PMID: 34583171 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing has become a commercial success in fruit and vegetable processing. Herein, the effects of HHP and high-temperature short-time (HTST) processing on metabolic profiling in tomato juice was evaluated by UPLC-MS/MS, HPLC, and GC-MS; a total of 425 metabolites, 14 carotenoids, and 56 volatile compounds were identified in tomato juice. HHP processing affects the composition of the juice less than HTST processing, considering 4 and 33 differential metabolites discriminated after HHP and HTST processing, respectively. The total lycopene and carotenoid contents in tomato juice increased after HHP processing, while the β-carotene and lycopene contents decreased after HTST processing. Further, more volatile compounds and higher contents of aldehydes that contribute to green aroma and lower contents of alcohols were observed after HHP and HTST processing, respectively. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the advantages of HHP processing on metabolite profiles in tomato juice.
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15
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Loh LX, Ng DHJ, Toh M, Lu Y, Liu SQ. Targeted and Nontargeted Metabolomics of Amino Acids and Bioactive Metabolites in Probiotic-Fermented Unhopped Beers Using Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14024-14036. [PMID: 34734707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Beer is one of the most popular beverages in the world. The increased popularity of craft beers has led to the development of unique beers that are alcohol-free, gluten-free, low calorie, or with functional properties through fermentation with probiotic microorganisms. In this study, functional unhopped beers were evaluated by utilizing probiotics (Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Lpc-37 and ibSium Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856) as starter cultures. The metabolites produced by probiotics were investigated using a nontargeted metabolomics approach and identified against metabolomics databases (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Human Metabolome Database (HMDB), Yeast Metabolome Database (YMDB), METLIN tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)). Derivatives of branched-chain (leucine) and aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine) were enriched (one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) p < 0.05) in probiotic-fermented unhopped beers, especially tryptophan metabolites. In addition, the synergistic effects of yeast-lactic acid bacteria (LAB) interactions led to further enrichment of higher acids such as (S)-(-)-2-hydroxyisocaproic acid, phenyllactic acid, hydroxyphenyllactic acid, and indolelactic acid. The potential pathways for the formation of novel bioactive tryptophan metabolites (indole and indoleacrylic acid) by LAB were elucidated. Altogether, probiotic LAB-fermented unhopped beer showed the highest antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content. This work provides the basis for the discovery of bioactive metabolites in probiotic-fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xuan Loh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Daniel H J Ng
- International Food and Water Research Centre, Waters Corporation, 1 Science Park Road #01-10, The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore 117528, Singapore
| | - Mingzhan Toh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Yuyun Lu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Shao Quan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
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16
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Lee M, Song JH, Choi EJ, Yun YR, Lee KW, Chang JY. UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and GC-MS Characterization of Phytochemicals in Vegetable Juice Fermented Using Lactic Acid Bacteria from Kimchi and Their Antioxidant Potential. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111761. [PMID: 34829632 PMCID: PMC8614894 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate fermentative metabolites in probiotic vegetable juice from four crop varieties (Brassica oleracea var. capitata, B. oleracea var. italica, Daucus carota L., and Beta vulgaris) and their antioxidant properties. Vegetable juice was inoculated with two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (Companilactobacillus allii WiKim39 and Lactococcus lactis WiKim0124) isolated from kimchi and their properties were evaluated using untargeted UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and GC-MS. The samples were also evaluated for radical (DPPH• and OH•) scavenging activities, lipid peroxidation, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. The fermented vegetable juices exhibited high antioxidant activities and increased amounts of total phenolic compounds. Fifteen compounds and thirty-two volatiles were identified using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and GC-MS, respectively. LAB fermentation significantly increased the contents of d-leucic acid, indole-3-lactic acid, 3-phenyllactic acid, pyroglutamic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, and gluconic acid. These six metabolites showed a positive correlation with antioxidant properties. Thus, vegetable juices fermented with WiKim39 and WiKim0124 can be considered as novel bioactive health-promoting sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeun Lee
- Research and Development Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Korea; (M.L.); (J.H.S.); (E.J.C.); (Y.-R.Y.)
- Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jung Hee Song
- Research and Development Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Korea; (M.L.); (J.H.S.); (E.J.C.); (Y.-R.Y.)
| | - Eun Ji Choi
- Research and Development Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Korea; (M.L.); (J.H.S.); (E.J.C.); (Y.-R.Y.)
| | - Ye-Rang Yun
- Research and Development Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Korea; (M.L.); (J.H.S.); (E.J.C.); (Y.-R.Y.)
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.W.L.); (J.Y.C.)
| | - Ji Yoon Chang
- Research and Development Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Korea; (M.L.); (J.H.S.); (E.J.C.); (Y.-R.Y.)
- Correspondence: (K.W.L.); (J.Y.C.)
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17
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Sakko M, Rautemaa-Richardson R, Sakko S, Richardson M, Sorsa T. Antibacterial Activity of 2-Hydroxyisocaproic Acid (HICA) Against Obligate Anaerobic Bacterial Species Associated With Periodontal Disease. Microbiol Insights 2021; 14:11786361211050086. [PMID: 34707364 PMCID: PMC8543563 DOI: 10.1177/11786361211050086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Topical antiseptics are used to assist and further increase the effect of mechanical biofilm eradication and to potentially prevent new biofilm formation in periodontal treatment. This is of importance in treatment-resistant infections with 10% prevalence of all periodontitis cases to avoid the need for antibiotic therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of DL-2-hydroxyisocaproic acid on human pathogenic obligate anaerobic bacteria related to periodontitis. In this study antimicrobial activity of 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid was observed against 14 bacterial reference strains and clinical isolates of obligate anaerobic bacterial species using a microdilution method in 1.25 to 160 mg/mL concentrations of 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid. The 11 strains of bacteria included in this study are typically associated with periodontal disease; Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Tannerella forsythia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Parvimonas micra. Three strains of Cutibacterium acnes, normally associated with skin diseases, were tested for comparison. 90% inhibitory concentration was determined at 48 hours and minimum bactericidal concentration was determined after 72 hours incubation. The 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid was bactericidal at ⩾160 mg/mL for all isolates tested. The reference strain of T. forsythia, and the reference strain and the clinical isolates of C. acnes were the most tolerant ones. The reference strains and clinical isolates of F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans were killed at ⩾40 mg/mL concentration. In conclusion, topical use of 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid could eventually be a well-tolerated and useful method in the therapy of patients with difficult-to-treat periodontal disease or other superficial infections to avoid unnecessary antibiotic use and the emergence of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjut Sakko
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riina Rautemaa-Richardson
- Division of Infection, Inflammation and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Samuli Sakko
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Malcolm Richardson
- Mycology Reference Centre Manchester, ECMM Excellence Centre of Medical Mycology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Timo Sorsa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oral Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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18
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Poupore N, Chosed R, Arce S, Rainer R, Goodwin RL, Nathaniel TI. Metabolomic Profiles of Men and Women Ischemic Stroke Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11101786. [PMID: 34679483 PMCID: PMC8534835 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11101786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Stroke is known to affect both men and women; however, incidence and outcomes differ between them. Therefore, the discovery of novel, sex-specific, blood-based biomarkers for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients has the potential to enhance the understanding of the etiology of this deadly disease in the content of sex. The objective of this study was to identify serum metabolites associated with male and female AIS patients. Methods: Metabolites were measured with the use of untargeted, reverse-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry quantification from blood specimens collected from AIS patients. Samples were collected from 36 patients comprising each of 18 men and women with matched controls. Metabolic pathway analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to differentiate metabolite profiles for male and female AIS patients from the control, while logistic regression was used to determine differences in metabolites between male and female AIS patients. Results: In female AIS patients, 14 distinct altered metabolic pathways and 49 corresponding metabolites were identified, while 39 metabolites and 5 metabolic pathways were identified in male patients. Metabolites that are predictive of ischemic stroke in female patients were 1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-2-arachidonoyl-GPC (P-16:0/20:4) (AUC = 0.914, 0.765–1.000), 1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-2-palmitoyl-GPC (P-16:0/16:0) (AUC = 0.840, 0.656–1.000), and 5,6-dihydrouracil (P-16:0/20:2) (AUC = 0.815, 0.601–1.000). Significant metabolites that were predictive of stroke in male patients were 5alpha-androstan-3alpha,17beta-diol disulfate (AUC = 0.951, 0.857–1.000), alpha-hydroxyisocaproate (AUC = 0.938, 0.832–1.000), threonate (AUC = 0.877, 0.716–1.000), and bilirubin (AUC = 0.817, 0.746–1.000). Conclusions: In the current study, the untargeted serum metabolomics platform identified multiple pathways and metabolites associated with male and female AIS patients. Further research is necessary to characterize how these metabolites are associated with the pathophysiology in male and female AIS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Poupore
- School of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC 29605, USA; (N.P.); (R.C.); (S.A.); (R.L.G.)
| | - Renee Chosed
- School of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC 29605, USA; (N.P.); (R.C.); (S.A.); (R.L.G.)
| | - Sergio Arce
- School of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC 29605, USA; (N.P.); (R.C.); (S.A.); (R.L.G.)
| | | | - Richard L. Goodwin
- School of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC 29605, USA; (N.P.); (R.C.); (S.A.); (R.L.G.)
| | - Thomas I. Nathaniel
- School of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC 29605, USA; (N.P.); (R.C.); (S.A.); (R.L.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-8644559846; Fax: +1-8644558404
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19
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Leelapornpisid W, Novak-Frazer L, Qualtrough A, Rautemaa-Richardson R. Effectiveness of D,L-2-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA) and alpha-mangostin against endodontopathogenic microorganisms in a multispecies bacterial-fungal biofilm in an ex vivo tooth model. Int Endod J 2021; 54:2243-2255. [PMID: 34473354 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To develop a defined multispecies root canal biofilm model ex vivo, and to perform viable compositional analysis following D,L-2-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA), alpha-mangostin, Calcicur® , and Odontopaste® exposure. METHODOLOGY Time-kill assays were conducted in vitro using HICA, alpha-mangostin, Calcicur® , Odontopaste® , and saline solution on the planktonic cultures of C. albicans, E. faecalis, L. rhamnosus, and S. gordonii. Human root dentine blocks were prepared (n = 100) ex vivo, and multispecies suspensions containing each of 1.5 × 108 CFU/mL C. albicans, E. faecalis, L. rhamnosus, and S. gordonii in brain heart infusion (BHI) were incubated within the root canals for 21 days. Canals (n = 20/group) were then exposed to medicaments for 7 days. Samples taken from the inner (first 0.1 mm) and deeper (second 0.1 mm) dentine by drilling with Ash Steel Burs No. 5 and No. 6, and residual roots were cultured in broth for 24 h. Cell growth was detected by spectrophotometry and confirmed by culture on agar. The other set of inner dentine, deeper dentine, and residual root samples were sonicated, and then exposed with 50 μM PMA before DNA was extracted using the QIAamp DNA mini kit. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to determine the biofilm composition as well as the number of live and total cells remaining in the biofilm following each treatment. The OD data were analysed with Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman with Wilcoxon signed-rank test between and within groups, respectively, agar culture and qPCR data with Pearson chi-square with Mann-Whitney and Cochran with McNemar tests, respectively (p < .0001). RESULTS Time-kill assays revealed that HICA and Calcicur® killed all planktonic organisms within 24 h, whilst alpha-mangostin killed the organisms within 72 h. However, Odontopaste® was a slow-killing agent: 10 cells of planktonic organisms survived after exposure to the agent for 7 days. The ex vivo tooth model demonstrated that HICA and alpha-mangostin significantly inhibited the cell growth in all sampling depths (p < .0001). All species-specific data revealed the effectiveness of each medicament on the biofilm composition. CONCLUSIONS D,L-2-hydroxyisocaproic acid and alpha-mangostin had antimicrobial activity against multispecies bacterial-fungal biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warat Leelapornpisid
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Lilyann Novak-Frazer
- Mycology Reference Centre Manchester and Department of Infectious Diseases, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Riina Rautemaa-Richardson
- Mycology Reference Centre Manchester and Department of Infectious Diseases, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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20
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An G, Zhang Y, Fan L, Chen J, Wei M, Li C, Chen X, Zhang L, Yang D, Wang J. Integrative Analysis of Vaginal Microorganisms and Serum Metabolomics in Rats With Estrous Cycle Disorder Induced by Long-Term Heat Exposure Based on 16S rDNA Gene Sequencing and LC/MS-Based Metabolomics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:595716. [PMID: 33738264 PMCID: PMC7962411 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.595716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Long term heat exposure (HE) leads to estrous cycle disorder (ECD) in female rats and damages reproductive function. However, the regulation mechanism of vaginal microorganisms and serum metabolomics remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the effects of microbes on the vaginal secretions of rats with ECD and describe the serum metabolomics characteristics and their relationship with vaginal microorganisms. The alterations in the serum levels of neurotransmitters were used to verify the possible regulatory pathways. The relative abundance, composition, and colony interaction network of microorganisms in the vaginal secretions of rats with ECD changed significantly. The metabolomics analysis identified 22 potential biomarkers in the serum including lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and mammalian target of rapamycin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) signaling pathways. Further, 52 pairs of vaginal microbiota–serum metabolites correlations (21 positive and 31 negative) were determined. The abundance of Gardnerella correlated positively with the metabolite L-arginine concentration and negatively with the oleic acid concentration. Further, a negative correlation was found between the abundance of Pseudomonas and the L-arginine concentration and between the metabolite benzoic acid concentration and the abundance of Adlercreutzia. These four bacteria–metabolite pairs had a direct or indirect relationship with the estrous cycle and reproduction. The glutamine, glutamate, and dopamine levels were significantly uncontrolled. The former two were closely related to GnRH signaling pathways involved in the development and regulation of HE-induced ECD in rats. Serum neurotransmitters partly reflected the regulatory effect of vaginal microorganisms on the host of HE-induced ECD, and glutamatergic neurotransmitters might be closely related to the alteration in vaginal microorganisms. These findings might help comprehend the mechanism of HE-induced ECD and propose a new intervention based on vaginal microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- GaiHong An
- Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin, China
| | - LiJun Fan
- Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - JiaJun Chen
- Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - MengFan Wei
- Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - XueWei Chen
- Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - DanFeng Yang
- Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
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21
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Pahalagedara ASNW, Flint S, Palmer J, Subbaraj A, Brightwell G, Gupta TB. Antimicrobial Activity of Soil Clostridium Enriched Conditioned Media Against Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus cereus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:608998. [PMID: 33343553 PMCID: PMC7746556 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.608998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of antimicrobial resistant bacteria has fast-tracked the exploration for novel antimicrobial compounds. Reports on antimicrobial producing soil anaerobes such as Clostridium spp. are very limited. In the present study, the antimicrobial activity of soil Clostridium enriched conditioned/spent media (CMs) against Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was assessed by turbidimetric growth inhibition assay. Our results highlighted the antimicrobial potential of soil Clostridium enriched conditioned media against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. Farm 4 soil conditioned medium (F4SCM) demonstrated a greater growth inhibition activity against all three tested microorganisms in comparison to other soil conditioned media. Non-targeted metabolite profiling of all soil conditioned media revealed distinctive polar and intermediate-polar metabolites in F4SCM, consistent with its strong antimicrobial property. Moreover, 539 significantly abundant metabolites including some unique features were detected in F4SCM suggesting its substantial and specialized chemical diversity. This study putatively identified seven significantly high metabolites in F4SCM; 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, creatine, tryptamine, and 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid. Tryptamine and 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid were previously reported to have antimicrobial properties. The present study shows that soil Clostridium spp. are a promising group of bacteria producing metabolites with antimicrobial activity and provides future prospects for clostridial antimicrobial discovery within their metabolic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amila Srilal Nawarathna Weligala Pahalagedara
- Food Assurance team, AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Steve Flint
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jon Palmer
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Arvind Subbaraj
- Proteins and Metabolites team, AgResearch Ltd., Lincoln Research Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Gale Brightwell
- Food Assurance team, AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Tanushree Barua Gupta
- Food Assurance team, AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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22
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Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of a New Intracanal Medicament, 2-hydroxyisocaproic Acid–An In Vitro Study. J Endod 2019; 45:578-583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Westrop GD, Wang L, Blackburn GJ, Zhang T, Zheng L, Watson DG, Coombs GH. Metabolomic profiling and stable isotope labelling of Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus reveal major differences in amino acid metabolism including the production of 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid, cystathionine and S-methylcysteine. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189072. [PMID: 29267346 PMCID: PMC5739422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus are pathogens that parasitise, respectively, human and bovine urogenital tracts causing disease. Using LC-MS, reference metabolomic profiles were obtained for both species and stable isotope labelling with D-[U-13C6] glucose was used to analyse central carbon metabolism. This facilitated a comparison of the metabolic pathways of T. vaginalis and T. foetus, extending earlier targeted biochemical studies. 43 metabolites, whose identities were confirmed by comparison of their retention times with authentic standards, occurred at more than 3-fold difference in peak intensity between T. vaginalis and T. foetus. 18 metabolites that were removed from or released into the medium during growth also showed more than 3-fold difference between the species. Major differences were observed in cysteine and methionine metabolism in which homocysteine, produced as a bi-product of trans-methylation, is catabolised by methionine γ-lyase in T. vaginalis but converted to cystathionine in T. foetus. Both species synthesise methylthioadenosine by an unusual mechanism, but it is not used as a substrate for methionine recycling. T. vaginalis also produces and exports high levels of S-methylcysteine, whereas only negligible levels were found in T. foetus which maintains significantly higher intracellular levels of cysteine. 13C-labeling confirmed that both cysteine and S-methylcysteine are synthesised by T. vaginalis; S-methylcysteine can be generated by recombinant T. vaginalis cysteine synthase using phosphoserine and methanethiol. T. foetus contained higher levels of ornithine and citrulline than T. vaginalis and exported increased levels of putrescine, suggesting greater flux through the arginine dihydrolase pathway. T. vaginalis produced and exported hydroxy acid derivatives of certain amino acids, particularly 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid derived from leucine, whereas negligible levels of these metabolites occurred in T. foetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth D. Westrop
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Lijie Wang
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tong Zhang
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Liang Zheng
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - David G. Watson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Graham H. Coombs
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Zarei I, Brown DG, Nealon NJ, Ryan EP. Rice Bran Metabolome Contains Amino Acids, Vitamins & Cofactors, and Phytochemicals with Medicinal and Nutritional Properties. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 10:24. [PMID: 28547736 PMCID: PMC5453916 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-017-0157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice bran is a functional food that has shown protection against major chronic diseases (e.g. obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer) in animals and humans, and these health effects have been associated with the presence of bioactive phytochemicals. Food metabolomics uses multiple chromatography and mass spectrometry platforms to detect and identify a diverse range of small molecules with high sensitivity and precision, and has not been completed for rice bran. RESULTS This study utilized global, non-targeted metabolomics to identify small molecules in rice bran, and conducted a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed literature to determine bioactive compounds. Three U.S. rice varieties (Calrose, Dixiebelle, and Neptune), that have been used for human dietary intervention trials, were assessed herein for bioactive compounds that have disease control and prevention properties. The profiling of rice bran by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified 453 distinct phytochemicals, 209 of which were classified as amino acids, cofactors & vitamins, and secondary metabolites, and were further assessed for bioactivity. A scientific literature search revealed 65 compounds with health properties, 16 of which had not been previously identified in rice bran. This suite of amino acids, cofactors & vitamins, and secondary metabolites comprised 46% of the identified rice bran metabolome, which substantially enhanced our knowledge of health-promoting rice bran compounds provided during dietary supplementation. CONCLUSION Rice bran metabolite profiling revealed a suite of biochemical molecules that can be further investigated and exploited for multiple nutritional therapies and medical food applications. These bioactive compounds may also be biomarkers of dietary rice bran intake. The medicinal compounds associated with rice bran can function as a network across metabolic pathways and this metabolite network may occur via additive and synergistic effects between compounds in the food matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Zarei
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, 1680 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food, College of Human Ecology, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, 4031 Laguna Philippines
| | - Dustin G. Brown
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, 1680 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Nora Jean Nealon
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, 1680 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Elizabeth P. Ryan
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, 1680 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
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25
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Park B, Hwang H, Chang JY, Hong SW, Lee SH, Jung MY, Sohn SO, Park HW, Lee JH. Identification of 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid production in lactic acid bacteria and evaluation of microbial dynamics during kimchi ripening. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10904. [PMID: 28883404 PMCID: PMC5589888 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10948-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria produce diverse functional metabolites in fermented foods. However, little is known regarding the metabolites and the fermentation process in kimchi. In this study, the culture broth from Leuconostoc lactis, a lactic acid bacterium isolated from kimchi, was analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and identified by the MS-DIAL program. The MassBank database was used to analyse the metabolites produced during fermentation. A mass spectrum corresponding to 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA) was validated based on a collision-induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation pattern with an identified m/z value of 131.07. HICA production by lactic acid bacteria was monitored and showed a positive correlation with hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenases (HicDs), which play a key role in the production of HICA from leucine and ketoisocaproic acid. Interestingly, the HICA contents of kimchi varied with Leuconostoc and Lactobacillus content during the early stage of fermentation, and the addition of lactic acid bacteria enhanced the HICA content of kimchi. Our results suggest that HICA production in kimchi is dependent on the lactic acid bacterial composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyeon Park
- World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyelyeon Hwang
- World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Chang
- World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wook Hong
- World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hee Lee
- World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Jung
- World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Oh Sohn
- World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Woong Park
- World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Lee
- World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Nealon NJ, Worcester CR, Ryan EP. Lactobacillus paracasei metabolism of rice bran reveals metabolome associated with Salmonella Typhimurium growth reduction. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1639-1656. [PMID: 28371001 PMCID: PMC5518229 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to determine the effect of a cell-free supernatant of Lactobacillus paracasei ATCC 27092 with and without rice bran extract (RBE) on Salmonella Typhimurium 14028s growth, and to identify a metabolite profile with antimicrobial functions. METHODS AND RESULTS Supernatant was collected from overnight cultures of L. paracasei incubated in the presence (LP+RBE) or absence (LP) of RBE and applied to S. Typhimurium. LP+RBE reduced 13·1% more S. Typhimurium growth than LP after 16 h (P < 0·05). Metabolite profiles of LP and LP+RBE were examined using nontargeted global metabolomics consisting of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. A comparison of LP and LP+RBE revealed 84 statistically significant metabolites (P < 0·05), where 20 were classified with antimicrobial functions. CONCLUSIONS LP+RBE reduced S. Typhimurium growth to a greater extent than LP, and the metabolite profile distinctions suggested that RBE favourably modulates the metabolism of L. paracasei. These findings warrant continued investigation of probiotic and RBE antimicrobial activities across microenvironments and matrices where S. Typhimurium exposure is problematic. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study showed a novel metabolite profile of probiotic L. paracasei and prebiotic rice bran that increased antimicrobial activity against S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Nealon
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - C R Worcester
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - E P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Sakko M, Tjäderhane L, Sorsa T, Hietala P, Rautemaa R. 2-Hydroxyisocaproic acid is bactericidal in human dental root canalsex vivo. Int Endod J 2016; 50:455-463. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Sakko
- Institute of Dentistry; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology; Haartman Institute; Helsinki University Hospital; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu; Oulu University Hospital; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; Helsinki University Hospital; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - L. Tjäderhane
- Institute of Dentistry; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu; Oulu University Hospital; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; Helsinki University Hospital; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - T. Sorsa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; Helsinki University Hospital; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
- Division of Periodontology; Department of Dental Medicine; Karolinska Institute; Huddinge Sweden
| | | | - R. Rautemaa
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Institute of Inflammation and Repair; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- University Hospital of South Manchester; Manchester UK
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28
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Sakko M, Tjäderhane L, Sorsa T, Hietala P, Rautemaa R. Antimicrobial 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid and chlorhexidine resist inactivation by dentine. Int Endod J 2015; 49:352-60. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Sakko
- Institute of Dentistry; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - L. Tjäderhane
- Institute of Dentistry; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu; Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - T. Sorsa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
- Division of Periodontology; Department of Dental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | | | - R. Rautemaa
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University Hospital of South Manchester; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
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DL-2-hydroxyisocaproic acid attenuates inflammatory responses in a murine Candida albicans biofilm model. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1240-5. [PMID: 24990903 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00339-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Chronic biofilm infections are often accompanied by a chronic inflammatory response, leading to impaired healing and increased, irreversible damage to host tissues. Biofilm formation is a major virulence factor for Candida albicans and a challenge for treatment. Most current antifungals have proved ineffective in eradicating infections attributed to biofilms. The biofilm structure protects Candida species against antifungals and provides a way for them to evade host immune systems. This leads to a very distinct inflammatory response compared to that seen in planktonic infections. Previously, we showed the superior efficacy of dl-2-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA) against various bacteria and fungi. However, the immunomodulatory properties of HICA have not been studied. Our aim was to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory response to HICA in vivo. We hypothesized that HICA reduces the levels of immune mediators and attenuates the inflammatory response. In a murine model, a robust biofilm was formed for 5 days in a diffusion chamber implanted underneath mouse skin. The biofilm was treated for 12 h with HICA, while caspofungin and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were used as controls. The pathophysiology and immunoexpression in the tissues surrounding the chamber were determined by immunohistochemistry. Histopathological examination showed an attenuated inflammatory response together with reduced expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) compared to those of chambers containing caspofungin and PBS. Interestingly, the expression of developmental endothelial locus 1 (Del-1), an antagonist of neutrophil extravasation, increased after treatment with HICA. Considering its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity, HICA may have enormous therapeutic potential in the treatment of chronic biofilm infections and inflammation, such as those seen with chronic wounds.
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30
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Nieminen MT, Novak-Frazer L, Rautemaa V, Rajendran R, Sorsa T, Ramage G, Bowyer P, Rautemaa R. A novel antifungal is active against Candida albicans biofilms and inhibits mutagenic acetaldehyde production in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97864. [PMID: 24867320 PMCID: PMC4035295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of C. albicans to form biofilms is a major virulence factor and a challenge for management. This is evident in biofilm-associated chronic oral-oesophageal candidosis, which has been shown to be potentially carcinogenic in vivo. We have previously shown that most Candida spp. can produce significant levels of mutagenic acetaldehyde (ACH). ACH is also an important mediator of candidal biofilm formation. We have also reported that D,L-2-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA) significantly inhibits planktonic growth of C. albicans. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of HICA on C. albicans biofilm formation and ACH production in vitro. Inhibition of biofilm formation by HICA, analogous control compounds or caspofungin was measured using XTT to measure biofilm metabolic activity and PicoGreen as a marker of biomass. Biofilms were visualised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). ACH levels were measured by gas chromatography. Transcriptional changes in the genes involved in ACH metabolism were measured using RT-qPCR. The mean metabolic activity and biomass of all pre-grown (4, 24, 48 h) biofilms were significantly reduced after exposure to HICA (p<0.05) with the largest reductions seen at acidic pH. Caspofungin was mainly active against biofilms pre-grown for 4 h at neutral pH. Mutagenic levels (>40 µM) of ACH were detected in 24 and 48 h biofilms at both pHs. Interestingly, no ACH production was detected from D-glucose in the presence of HICA at acidic pH (p<0.05). Expression of genes responsible for ACH catabolism was up-regulated by HICA but down-regulated by caspofungin. SEM showed aberrant hyphae and collapsed hyphal structures during incubation with HICA at acidic pH. We conclude that HICA has potential as an antifungal agent with ability to inhibit C. albicans cell growth and biofilm formation. HICA also significantly reduces the mutagenic potential of C. albicans biofilms, which may be important when treating bacterial-fungal biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko T. Nieminen
- Research Unit on Acetaldehyde and Cancer, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- The University of Manchester, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lily Novak-Frazer
- The University of Manchester, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Vilma Rautemaa
- The University of Manchester, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ranjith Rajendran
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School and Hospital, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Timo Sorsa
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gordon Ramage
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School and Hospital, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Bowyer
- The University of Manchester, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Riina Rautemaa
- Research Unit on Acetaldehyde and Cancer, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital Finland, Helsinki, Finland
- The University of Manchester, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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31
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Sakko M, Moore C, Novak-Frazer L, Rautemaa V, Sorsa T, Hietala P, Järvinen A, Bowyer P, Tjäderhane L, Rautemaa R. 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid is fungicidal for Candida and Aspergillus species. Mycoses 2013; 57:214-21. [PMID: 24125484 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid derivative 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA) is a nutritional additive used to increase muscle mass. Low levels can be detected in human plasma as a result of leucine metabolism. It has broad antibacterial activity but its efficacy against pathogenic fungi is not known. The aim was to test the efficacy of HICA against Candida and Aspergillus species. Efficacy of HICA against 19 clinical and reference isolates representing five Candida and three Aspergillus species with variable azole antifungal sensitivity profiles was tested using a microdilution method. The concentrations were 18, 36 and 72 mg ml(-1) . Growth was determined spectrophotometrically for Candida isolates and by visual inspection for Aspergillus isolates, viability was tested by culture and impact on morphology by microscopy. HICA of 72 mg ml(-1) was fungicidal against all Candida and Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus terreus isolates. Lower concentrations were fungistatic. Aspergillus flavus was not inhibited by HICA. HICA inhibited hyphal formation in susceptible Candida albicans and A. fumigatus isolates and affected cell wall integrity. In conclusion, HICA has broad antifungal activity against Candida and Aspergillus at concentrations relevant for topical therapy. As a fungicidal agent with broad-spectrum bactericidal activity, it may be useful in the topical treatment of multispecies superficial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sakko
- Finnish Doctoral Program of Oral Sciences, Turku, Finland; Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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