1
|
Cavali M, Libardi Junior N, de Sena JD, Woiciechowski AL, Soccol CR, Belli Filho P, Bayard R, Benbelkacem H, de Castilhos Junior AB. A review on hydrothermal carbonization of potential biomass wastes, characterization and environmental applications of hydrochar, and biorefinery perspectives of the process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159627. [PMID: 36280070 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is imperative to search for appropriate processes to convert wastes into energy, chemicals, and materials to establish a circular bio-economy toward sustainable development. Concerning waste biomass valorization, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising route given its advantages over other thermochemical processes. From that perspective, this article reviewed the HTC of potential biomass wastes, the characterization and environmental utilization of hydrochar, and the biorefinery potential of this process. Crop and forestry residues and sewage sludge are two categories of biomass wastes (lignocellulosic and non-lignocellulosic, respectively) readily available for HTC or even co-hydrothermal carbonization (Co-HTC). The temperature, reaction time, and solid-to-liquid ratio utilized in HTC/Co-HTC of those biomass wastes were reported to range from 140 to 370 °C, 0.05 to 48 h, and 1/47 to 1/1, respectively, providing hydrochar yields of up to 94 % according to the process conditions. Hydrochar characterization by different techniques to determine its physicochemical properties is crucial to defining the best applications for this material. In the environmental field, hydrochar might be suitable for removing pollutants from aqueous systems, ameliorating soils, adsorbing atmospheric pollutants, working as an energy carrier, and performing carbon sequestration. But this material could also be employed in other areas (e.g., catalysis). Regarding the effluent from HTC/Co-HTC, this byproduct has the potential for serving as feedstock in other processes, such as anaerobic digestion and microalgae cultivation. These opportunities have aroused the industry interest in HTC since 2010, and the number of industrial-scale HTC plants and patent document applications has increased. The hydrochar patents are concentrated in China (77.6 %), the United States (10.6 %), the Republic of Korea (3.5 %), and Germany (3.5 %). Therefore, considering the possibilities of converting their product (hydrochar) and byproduct (effluent) into energy, chemicals, and materials, HTC or Co-HTC could work as the first step of a biorefinery. And this approach would completely agree with circular bioeconomy principles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Cavali
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Nelson Libardi Junior
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Julia Dutra de Sena
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Adenise Lorenci Woiciechowski
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, 81531-908 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, 81531-908 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paulo Belli Filho
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rémy Bayard
- DEEP (Déchets Eaux Environnement Pollutions) Laboratory, National Institute of Applied Sciences of Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hassen Benbelkacem
- DEEP (Déchets Eaux Environnement Pollutions) Laboratory, National Institute of Applied Sciences of Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Armando Borges de Castilhos Junior
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
De Haro-Niza J, Rincón E, Gonzalez Z, Espinosa E, Rodríguez A. Nanocellulose from Spanish Harvesting Residues to Improve the Sustainability and Functionality of Linerboard Recycling Processes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12244447. [PMID: 36558303 PMCID: PMC9786856 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The hornification processes undergone by the fibers in the paper industry recycling processes lead to the loss of properties of the final products, which exhibit poor mechanical properties. Among the most promising solutions is the reinforcement of secondary fibers with cellulose nanofibers. The present work addresses two important issues: the efficient production of cellulose nanofibers from scarcely exploited agricultural wastes such as horticultural residues and vine shoots, and their application as a reinforcement agent in recycled linerboard recycling processes. The effect of the chemical composition and the pretreatment used on the nanofibrillation efficiency of the fibers was analyzed. Chemical pretreatment allowed a significantly higher nanofibrillated fraction (45−63%) than that produced by mechanical (18−38%), as well as higher specific surface areas (>430 m2/g). The application of the nanofibers as a reinforcing agent in the recycled linerboard considerably improved the mechanical properties (improvements of 15% for breaking length, 220−240% for Young’s modulus and 27% for tear index), counteracting the loss of mechanical properties suffered during recycling when using chemically pretreated cellulose nanofibers from horticultural residues and vine shoots. It was concluded that this technology surpasses the mechanical reinforcement produced by conventional mechanical refining used in the industry and extends the number of recycling cycles of the products due to the non-physical modification of the fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge De Haro-Niza
- BioPrEn Group (RNM940), Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Esther Rincón
- BioPrEn Group (RNM940), Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Zoilo Gonzalez
- BioPrEn Group (RNM940), Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Espinosa
- BioPrEn Group (RNM940), Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Rodríguez
- BioPrEn Group (RNM940), Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ferreira PJT, Lourenço AF. Nanocelluloses: Production, Characterization and Market. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1357:129-151. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-88071-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
4
|
Hu F, Zeng J, Cheng Z, Wang X, Wang B, Zeng Z, Chen K. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) produced by different mechanical methods to improve mechanical properties of recycled paper. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 254:117474. [PMID: 33357928 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In current study, CNFs produced by different mechanical methods, were used to improve the mechanical properties of recycled paper. The result showed the morphology of CNFs had great impact on reinforced effect and the length of fibrils determined their contribution in recycled paper strength. For different CNFs with similar diameter, the higher aspect ratio resulted in better reinforced effect. The CNFs produced by microfluidic homogenization and suitable PFI milling conditions (RM-CNF1) got best reinforced effect which improved tensile index and burst index by 35.5 % and 49.4 % at 5.0 wt% addition, respectively, due to their high aspect ratio. Although the CNFs produced by ball milling and ultrasonication (BU-CNF2) still had many bundles that were not fibrillated completely, their reinforced effect just below RM-CNF1 due to their special morphology and high retention rate. This work aims to study the influence of CNFs on recycled fibers reinforcement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fugang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Plant Fiber Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, CN 510640, China; Guangdong Plant Fiber High-Valued Cleaning Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jinsong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Plant Fiber Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, CN 510640, China; Guangdong Plant Fiber High-Valued Cleaning Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Zheng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Plant Fiber Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, CN 510640, China; Guangdong Plant Fiber High-Valued Cleaning Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, CN 510640, China.
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Plant Fiber Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, CN 510640, China; Guangdong Plant Fiber High-Valued Cleaning Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Plant Fiber Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, CN 510640, China; Guangdong Plant Fiber High-Valued Cleaning Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhanting Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Plant Fiber Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, CN 510640, China; Guangdong Plant Fiber High-Valued Cleaning Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Kefu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Plant Fiber Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, CN 510640, China; Guangdong Plant Fiber High-Valued Cleaning Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Prediction of flow characteristics in fibrous porous medium using a novel modeling algorithm and lattice Boltzmann method. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
6
|
Horticultural Plant Residues as New Source for Lignocellulose Nanofibers Isolation: Application on the Recycling Paperboard Process. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143275. [PMID: 32708406 PMCID: PMC7397013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Horticultural plant residues (tomato, pepper, and eggplant) were identified as new sources for lignocellulose nanofibers (LCNF). Cellulosic pulp was obtained from the different plant residues using an environmentally friendly process, energy-sustainable, simple, and with low-chemical reagent consumption. The chemical composition of the obtained pulps was analyzed in order to study its influence in the nanofibrillation process. Cellulosic fibers were subjected to two different pretreatments, mechanical and TEMPO(2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl)-mediated oxidation, followed by high-pressure homogenization to produce different lignocellulose nanofibers. Then, LCNF were deeply characterized in terms of nanofibrillation yield, cationic demand, carboxyl content, morphology, crystallinity, and thermal stability. The suitability of each raw material to produce lignocellulose nanofibers was analyzed from the point of view of each pretreatment. TEMPO-mediated oxidation was identified as a more effective pretreatment to produce LCNF, however, it produces a decrease in the thermal stability of the LCNF. The different LCNF were added as reinforcing agent on recycled paperboard and compared with the improving produced by the industrial mechanical beating. The analysis of the papersheets’ mechanical properties shows that the addition of LCNF as a reinforcing agent in the paperboard recycling process is a viable alternative to mechanical beating, achieving greater reinforcing effect and increasing the products’ life cycles.
Collapse
|
7
|
Deshwal GK, Panjagari NR, Alam T. An overview of paper and paper based food packaging materials: health safety and environmental concerns. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 56:4391-4403. [PMID: 31686671 PMCID: PMC6801293 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-03950-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pulp and paper industry is one of the major sector in every country of the globe contributing not only to Gross Domestic Product but surprisingly to environmental pollution and health hazards also. Paper and paperboard based material is the one of the earliest and largest used packaging form for food products like milk and milk based products, beverages, dry powders, confectionary, bakery products etc. owing to its eco-friendly hallmark. Various toxic chemicals like printing inks, phthalates, surfactants, bleaching agents, hydrocarbons etc. are incorporated in the paper during its development process which leaches into the food chain during paper production, food consumption and recycling through water discharges. Recycling is considered the best option for replenishing the loss to environment but paper can be recycled maximum six to seven times and paper industry waste is very diverse in nature and composition. Various paper disposal methods like incineration, landfilling, pyrolysis and composting are available but their process optimization becomes a barrier. This review article aims at discussing in detail the use of paper and paper based packaging materials for food applications and painting a wide picture of various health and environmental issues related to the usage of paper and paper based packaging material in food industry. A brief comparison of the environmental aspects of paper production, recycling and its disposal options (incineration and land filling) had also been discussed.
Collapse
|