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Gattu R, Ramesh SS, Ramesh S. Role of small molecules and nanoparticles in effective inhibition of microbial biofilms: A ray of hope in combating microbial resistance. Microb Pathog 2024; 188:106543. [PMID: 38219923 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Microbial biofilms pose a severe threat to global health, as they are associated with deadly chronic infections and antibiotic resistance. To date, very few drugs are in clinical practice that specifically target microbial biofilms. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of novel therapeutic options targeting biofilm-related infections. In this review, we discuss nearly seventy-five different molecular scaffolds published over the last decade (2010-2023) which have exhibited their biofilm inhibition potential. For convenience, we have classified these into five different sub-groups based on their origin and design (excluding peptides as they are placed in between small molecules and biologics), namely, heterocycles; inorganic small molecules & metal complexes; small molecules decorated nanoparticles; small molecules derived from natural products (both plant and marine sources); and small molecules designed by in-silico approach. These antibiofilm agents are capable of disrupting microbial biofilms and can offer a promising avenue for future developments in human medicine. A hitherto review of this kind will lay a platform for the researchers to find new molecular entities to curb the serious menace of antimicrobial resistance especially caused by biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohith Gattu
- Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science (A Recognized Research Centre of University of Mysore), Ooty Road, Mysuru, 570025, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjay S Ramesh
- Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science (A Recognized Research Centre of University of Mysore), Ooty Road, Mysuru, 570025, Karnataka, India
| | - Suhas Ramesh
- Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science (A Recognized Research Centre of University of Mysore), Ooty Road, Mysuru, 570025, Karnataka, India.
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Pakeeraiah K, Mal S, Mahapatra M, Mekap SK, Sahu PK, Paidesetty SK. Schematic-portfolio of potent anti-microbial scaffolds targeting DNA gyrase: Unlocking ways to overcome resistance. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128402. [PMID: 38035955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Drug development process demands validation of specific drug target impeding the Multi Drug Resistance (MDR). DNA gyrase, as a bacterial target has been in trend for developing newer antibacterial candidates due to its absence in higher eukaryotes. The fluoroquinolones are the leading molecules in the drug discovery pipeline for gyrase inhibition due to its diversity. The fluoroquinolones like levofloxacin and moxifloxacin have been listed in class A drugs for treating MDR. Gatifloxacin and ciprofloxacin also proved its efficacy against MDR TB and MDR enteric fever in adults, whereas nemonoxacin can induce anti-MDR activity of other antibiotics already suggested by studies. Though fluoroquinolones already proved its effectiveness against gyrase, other molecules viz., benzothiazinone, phenyl pyrrolamide, substituted oxadiazoles, triazolopyrimidine, arylbenzothiazole, coumarinyl amino alcohols and ciprofloxacin uracil, can inhibit the target more precisely. The structure-activity-relationships of the different scaffolds along with their synthetic strategies have been deciphered in the current review. Also, the naturally occurring compounds along with their extraction procedure have also been highlighted as potent DNA gyrase inhibitors. In addition to fluoroquinolone, the natural compounds novobiocin and simocyclinone could also inhibit the gyrase, impressively which has been designed with the gyrase structure for better understanding. Herein, ongoing clinical development of some novel drugs possessing triazaacenaphthylenes, spiropyrimidinetriones, and oxazolidinone-quinolone hybrids have been highlighted which could further assist the future generation antibiotic development corroborating gyrase as a potential target against MDR pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakarla Pakeeraiah
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Suvadeep Mal
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Monalisa Mahapatra
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Suman Kumar Mekap
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Centurion University of technology and management, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Pratap Kumar Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Paidesetty
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India.
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Nayak R, Halder J, Rajwar TK, Pradhan D, Rai VK, Dubey D, Kar B, Ghosh G, Rath G. Metronidazole loaded chitosan-phytic acid polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles as mucoadhesive vaginal delivery system for bacterial vaginosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 255:128212. [PMID: 37989434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a recurring infection that is difficult to treat due to the limited bioavailability of antimicrobials. In this study, Metronidazole (MTZ)-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (MCSNP) were synthesized employing phytic acid (PA) as a crosslinking agent for treating bacterial vaginosis. The prepared MCSNPs were characterized for size, shape, surface charge, compatibility, cytotoxicity, biofilm inhibition, and in-vitro/in-vivo antimicrobial activities. Morphological examination revealed that nanoparticles generated from 0.535 % w/v chitosan and 0.112 % w/v PA were non-spherical, discontinuous, and irregular, with zeta potential ranging from 25.00 ± 0.45 to 39 ± 0.7. The results of DSC and XRD demonstrated no change in the physical state of the drug in the finished formulation. The optimized formulation demonstrates a cumulative drug release of about 98 ± 1.5 % within 8 h. Antimicrobial studies demonstrated that the optimized formulation had enhanced efficacy against acid-adapted BV pathogens, with a MIC value of 0.9 ± 0.1 μg/mL. Compared to the MTZ alone, the in-vivo antibacterial results of in the case of developed nanoparticles showed a four-fold reduction in bacterial count in female Swiss albino mice. Based on the experimental findings, it was concluded that MCSNPs, due to their excellent physiochemical and antibacterial properties, could serve as a potential topical alternative for treating BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jitu Halder
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Tushar Kanti Rajwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Deepak Pradhan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Vineet Kumar Rai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Debasmita Dubey
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India
| | - Biswakanth Kar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Goutam Rath
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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El-Tantawy AI, Elmongy EI, Elsaeed SM, Abdel Aleem AAH, Binsuwaidan R, Eisa WH, Salman AU, Elharony NE, Attia NF. Synthesis, Characterization, and Docking Study of Novel Thioureidophosphonate-Incorporated Silver Nanocomposites as Potent Antibacterial Agents. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1666. [PMID: 37376114 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly synthesized mono- and bis-thioureidophosphonate (MTP and BTP) analogues in eco-friendly conditions were employed as reducing/capping cores for 100, 500, and 1000 mg L-1 of silver nitrate. The physicochemical properties of silver nanocomposites (MTP(BTP)/Ag NCs) were fully elucidated using spectroscopic and microscopic tools. The antibacterial activity of the nanocomposites was screened against six multidrug-resistant pathogenic strains, comparable to ampicillin and ciprofloxacin commercial drugs. The antibacterial performance of BTP was more substantial than MTP, notably with the best minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.0781 mg/mL towards Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Among all, BTP provided the clearest zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 35 ± 1.00 mm against Salmonella typhi. After the dispersion of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), MTP/Ag NCs offered dose-dependently distinct advantages over the same nanoparticle with BTP; a more noteworthy decline by 4098 × MIC to 0.1525 × 10-3 mg/mL was recorded for MTP/Ag-1000 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa over BTP/Ag-1000. Towards methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the as-prepared MTP(BTP)/Ag-1000 displayed superior bactericidal ability in 8 h. Because of the anionic surface of MTP(BTP)/Ag-1000, they could effectively resist MRSA (ATCC-43300) attachment, achieving higher antifouling rates of 42.2 and 34.4% at most optimum dose (5 mg/mL), respectively. The tunable surface work function between MTP and AgNPs promoted the antibiofilm activity of MTP/Ag-1000 by 1.7 fold over BTP/Ag-1000. Lastly, the molecular docking studies affirmed the eminent binding affinity of BTP over MTP-besides the improved binding energy of MTP/Ag NC by 37.8%-towards B. subtilis-2FQT protein. Overall, this study indicates the immense potential of TP/Ag NCs as promising nanoscale antibacterial candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I El-Tantawy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shibin El Kom 32511, Egypt
| | - Elshaymaa I Elmongy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shimaa M Elsaeed
- Department of Analysis and Evaluation, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Cairo 11727, Egypt
| | | | - Reem Binsuwaidan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael H Eisa
- Spectroscopy Department, Physics Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Ayah Usama Salman
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shibin El Kom 32511, Egypt
| | - Noura Elsayed Elharony
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shibin El Kom 32511, Egypt
| | - Nour F Attia
- Gas Analysis and Fire Safety Laboratory, Chemistry Division, National Institute for Standards, 136, Giza 12211, Egypt
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Insight Into The Conformational Analysis of 3-phenyl-N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl) prop-2-en-1-imine (PTP) As A Biocidal Candidate: In-silico and Quantum Computational Approach. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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Muñoz LN, Jaramillo V, Gantiva-Diaz M, Cifuentes J, Muñoz-Camargo C, Cruz JC, González Barrios AF. Formulation of a novel antibacterial topical treatment based on Magnetite-Buforin-II-silver nanobioconjugates. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1003004. [DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1003004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Community acquired infections caused by Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have become a growing concern due to its impact on the world public health. This microorganism is a commonly spreading pathogen associated predominantly with skin infections and connected to other more severe conditions (septic shock, and generalized infection). The lack of highly effective antibiotics and treatments to control skin infections with S. aureus has led to the search of novel therapies using alternative agents such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In order to obtain a viable administration route to counteract superficial skin infections (impetigo, abscesses, furuncles, and cellulitis), a topical formulation based on Magnetite-Buforin-II-silver nanobioconjugates as active antibacterial agents was designed by their dispersion in O/W concentrated emulsions. The prepared topical characterization indicated that O/W emulsions were stable in time, the droplets size remained within the appropriate values (∼1 µm) and their rheological properties, such as pseudoplastic and shear-thinning behavior, remained unchanged for up to 3 months. Additionally, hemolysis and platelet aggregation tests were acceptable (i.e., 14.72 ± 2.62% and 8.06 ± 2.90%, respectively) in compliance with the ISO-10993 standard. Furthermore, the treatment reduced significantly (p < 0.0001) the growth of both clinical isolated MRSA and wild Type S. aureus strains as evidenced by the contact diffusion method. These results are important in the context of proposing new alternatives that allow manage effectively the threat posed by the antibiotic resistant bacterial strains, which jeopardize the lives of thousands of people every year.
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Asare EO, Mun EA, Marsili E, Paunov VN. Nanotechnologies for control of pathogenic microbial biofilms. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:5129-5153. [PMID: 35735175 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00233g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are formed at interfaces by microorganisms, which congregate in microstructured communities embedded in a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Biofilm-related infections are problematic due to the high resistance towards most clinically used antimicrobials, which is associated with high mortality and morbidity, combined with increased hospital stays and overall treatment costs. Several new nanotechnology-based approaches have recently been proposed for targeting resistant bacteria and microbial biofilms. Here we discuss the impacts of biofilms on healthcare, food processing and packaging, and water filtration and distribution systems, and summarize the emerging nanotechnological strategies that are being developed for biofilm prevention, control and eradication. Combination of novel nanomaterials with conventional antimicrobial therapies has shown great potential in producing more effective platforms for controlling biofilms. Recent developments include antimicrobial nanocarriers with enzyme surface functionality that allow passive infection site targeting, degradation of the EPS and delivery of high concentrations of antimicrobials to the residing cells. Several stimuli-responsive antimicrobial formulation strategies have taken advantage of the biofilm microenvironment to enhance interaction and passive delivery into the biofilm sites. Nanoparticles of ultralow size have also been recently employed in formulations to improve the EPS penetration, enhance the carrier efficiency, and improve the cell wall permeability to antimicrobials. We also discuss antimicrobial metal and metal oxide nanoparticle formulations which provide additional mechanical factors through externally induced actuation and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the biofilms. The review helps to bridge microbiology with materials science and nanotechnology, enabling a more comprehensive interdisciplinary approach towards the development of novel antimicrobial treatments and biofilm control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evans O Asare
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Nursultan city, 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Ellina A Mun
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Nursultan city, 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Enrico Marsili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Nursultan city, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Vesselin N Paunov
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Nursultan city, 010000, Kazakhstan.
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Jampilek J, Kralova K. Advances in Nanostructures for Antimicrobial Therapy. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072388. [PMID: 35407720 PMCID: PMC8999898 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial infections caused by a variety of drug-resistant microorganisms are more common, but there are fewer and fewer approved new antimicrobial chemotherapeutics for systemic administration capable of acting against these resistant infectious pathogens. Formulation innovations of existing drugs are gaining prominence, while the application of nanotechnologies is a useful alternative for improving/increasing the effect of existing antimicrobial drugs. Nanomaterials represent one of the possible strategies to address this unfortunate situation. This review aims to summarize the most current results of nanoformulations of antibiotics and antibacterial active nanomaterials. Nanoformulations of antimicrobial peptides, synergistic combinations of antimicrobial-active agents with nitric oxide donors or combinations of small organic molecules or polymers with metals, metal oxides or metalloids are discussed as well. The mechanisms of actions of selected nanoformulations, including systems with magnetic, photothermal or photodynamic effects, are briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Jampilek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarina Kralova
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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Rao SQ, Zhang RY, Chen R, Gao YJ, Gao L, Yang ZQ. Nanoarchitectonics for enhanced antibacterial activity with Lactobacillus buchneri S-layer proteins-coated silver nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:128029. [PMID: 34942455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Various multi-drug-resistant microorganisms have appeared while a single antibacterial agent is increasingly no longer adequate for dealing with these resistant microorganisms. Herein, commercially purchased 50 nm-average-diameter silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and Lactobacillus buchneri-isolated surface-layer proteins (SLPs) as a capping agent were used to fabricate a hybrid antibacterial agent (SLP-AgNPs) with enhanced antibacterial activity, and the possible synergistic antibacterial mechanism was explored. Characterization results revealed that SLP-AgNPs were uniformly surrounded by protein corona provided from SLP, and the formulations were mainly mediated by the electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding, which was evidenced by the results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. According to the antibacterial tests, the minimum inhibitory concentration of SLP-AgNPs against Salmonella enterica (0.010 mg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (0.005 mg/mL) was 5-10 times lower than that of bare AgNPs, and while SLP-AgNPs showed a higher antibiofilm activity. Furthermore, bacterial cells exposed to SLP-AgNPs exhibited higher cell membrane permeability and stronger inhibition of respiratory-chain dehydrogenase activity, resulting in more severe cell death compared with bare AgNPs. The synergistic effect of SLP on AgNPs was probably carried out by enhanced function of adhesion to bacteria and antibacterial ability of SLP and SLP's supramolecular lattice structure on the sustained release of silver ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Qi Rao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China; Postdoctoral Mobile Station of Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ru-Yi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Jun Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen-Quan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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Pyridine coupled pyrazole analogues as lethal weapon against MRSA: An in-vitro and in-silico approach. Microb Pathog 2022; 166:105508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Chitosan: An Overview of Its Properties and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193256. [PMID: 34641071 PMCID: PMC8512059 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan has garnered much interest due to its properties and possible applications. Every year the number of publications and patents based on this polymer increase. Chitosan exhibits poor solubility in neutral and basic media, limiting its use in such conditions. Another serious obstacle is directly related to its natural origin. Chitosan is not a single polymer with a defined structure but a family of molecules with differences in their composition, size, and monomer distribution. These properties have a fundamental effect on the biological and technological performance of the polymer. Moreover, some of the biological properties claimed are discrete. In this review, we discuss how chitosan chemistry can solve the problems related to its poor solubility and can boost the polymer properties. We focus on some of the main biological properties of chitosan and the relationship with the physicochemical properties of the polymer. Then, we review two polymer applications related to green processes: the use of chitosan in the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and its use as support for biocatalysts. Finally, we briefly describe how making use of the technological properties of chitosan makes it possible to develop a variety of systems for drug delivery.
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