3D-printing-assisted synthesis of paclitaxel-loaded niosomes functionalized by cross-linked gelatin/alginate composite: Large-scale synthesis and in-vitro anti-cancer evaluation

3D Printing of Alginate/Chitosan-Based Scaffold Empowered by Tyrosol-Loaded Niosome for Wound Healing Applications: In Vitro and In Vivo Performances

This study introduces a tyrosol-loaded niosome integrated into a chitosan-alginate scaffold (Nio-Tyro@CS-AL), employing advanced electrospinning and 3D printing techniques for wound healing applications. The niosomes, measuring 185.40 ± 6.40 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.168 ± 0.012, encapsulated tyrosol with an efficiency of 77.54 ± 1.25%. The scaffold's microsized porous structure (600-900 μm) enhances water absorption, promoting cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. Mechanical property assessments revealed the scaffold's enhanced resilience, with niosomes increasing the compressive strength, modulus, and strain to failure, indicative of its suitability for wound healing. Controlled tyrosol release was demonstrated in vitro, essential for therapeutic efficacy. The scaffold exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, with substantial biofilm inhibition and downregulation of bacterial genes (ndvb and icab). A wound healing assay highlighted a notable increase in MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expression and the wound closure area (69.35 ± 2.21%) in HFF cells treated with Nio-Tyro@CS-AL. In vivo studies in mice confirmed the scaffold's biocompatibility, showing no significant inflammatory response, hypertrophic scarring, or foreign body reaction. Histological evaluations revealed increased fibroblast and macrophage activity, enhanced re-epithelialization, and angiogenesis in wounds treated with Nio-Tyro@CS-AL, indicating effective tissue integration and repair. Overall, the Nio-Tyro@CS-AL scaffold presents a significant advancement in wound-healing materials, combining antibacterial properties with enhanced tissue regeneration, and holds promising potential for clinical applications in wound management.

Composition, preparation methods, and applications of nanoniosomes as codelivery systems: a review of emerging therapies with emphasis on cancer

Nanoniosome-based drug codelivery systems have become popular therapeutic instruments, demonstrating tremendous promise in cancer therapy, infection treatment, and other therapeutic domains. An emerging form of vesicular nanocarriers, niosomes are self-assembling vesicles composed of nonionic surfactants, along with cholesterol or other amphiphilic molecules. This comprehensive review focuses on how nanosystems may aid in making anticancer and antibacterial pharmaceuticals more stable and soluble. As malleable nanodelivery instruments, the composition, types, preparation procedures, and variables affecting the structure and stability of niosomes are extensively investigated. In addition, the advantages of dual niosomes for combination therapy and the administration of multiple medications simultaneously are highlighted. Along with categorizing niosomal drug delivery systems, a comprehensive analysis of various preparation techniques, including thin-layer injection, ether injection, and microfluidization, is provided. Dual niosomes for cancer treatment are discussed in detail regarding the codelivery of two medications and the codelivery of a drug with organic, plant-based bioactive compounds or gene agents. In addition, niogelosomes and metallic niosomal carriers for targeted distribution are discussed. The review also investigates the simultaneous delivery of bioactive substances and gene agents, including siRNA, microRNA, shRNA, lncRNA, and DNA. Additional sections discuss the use of dual niosomes for cutaneous drug delivery and treating leishmanial infections, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The study concludes by delineating the challenges and potential routes for nanoniosome-based pharmaceutical codelivery systems, which will be useful for nanomedicine practitioners and researchers.

Caffeic acid-grafted chitosan/sodium alginate/nanoclay-based multifunctional 3D-printed hybrid scaffolds for local drug release therapy after breast cancer surgery

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in women all over the world. Mastectomy is the most effective treatment, but there are serious problems such as high tumor recurrence rate and side effects of chemotherapy. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a therapeutic strategy that can effectively promote postoperative wound healing and inhibit local tumor recurrence. In this study, a 3D printing scaffold based on carbon dots-curcumin nano-drug release (CCNPs) was developed as a local drug delivery platform (named CCNACA using CCNPs, Sodium alginate, Nanoclay and Caffeic Acid grafted Chitosan as raw materials), which has the ability to visualize drug release. The 14-day drug release test in vitro showed that the tumor inhibition rate of CCNACA scaffolds on breast cancer cells (MCF-7) was 73.77 ± 1.68 %. And the CCNACA scaffolds had good long-term antibacterial (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) activity. Animal experiments have shown that implanting CCNACA scaffolds into surgical defects can inhibit postoperative residual cancer cells, reduce inflammation, promote angiogenesis, and repair tissue defects caused by surgery. In summary, the local drug delivery system of this manuscript has great potential in wound healing and prevention of tumor recurrence after breast cancer surgery.

A Comprehensive Review on Niosomes as a Tool for Advanced Drug Delivery

Over the past few decades, advancements in nanocarrier-based therapeutic delivery have been significant, and niosomes research has recently received much interest. The self-assembled nonionic surfactant vesicles lead to the production of niosomes. The most recent nanocarriers, niosomes, are self-assembled vesicles made of nonionic surfactants with or without the proper quantities of cholesterol or other amphiphilic molecules. Because of their durability, low cost of components, largescale production, simple maintenance, and high entrapment efficiency, niosomes are being used more frequently. Additionally, they enhance pharmacokinetics, reduce toxicity, enhance the solubility of poorly water-soluble compounds, & increase bioavailability. One of the most crucial features of niosomes is their controlled release and targeted diffusion, which is utilized for treating cancer, infectious diseases, and other problems. In this review article, we have covered all the fundamental information about niosomes, including preparation techniques, niosomes types, factors influencing their formation, niosomes evaluation, applications, and administration routes, along with recent developments.

Medicarpin suppresses proliferation and triggeres apoptosis by upregulation of BID, BAX, CASP3, CASP8, and CYCS in glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor and incurable. Medicarpin (MED), a flavonoid compound from the legume family, has multiple targets and anticancer properties. However, the role of MED in GBM remains unclear. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of MED on the apoptosis of GBM and to explain the potential molecular mechanisms. We found that the IC50 values of U251 and U-87 MG cells treated with MED for 24 h were 271 μg/mL and 175 μg/mL, and the IC50 values for 48 h were 154 μg/mL and 161 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, the cell cycle of U251 and U-87 MG cells were arrested at the G2/M phase. Furthermore, the apoptosis rate of U251 and U-87 MG cells increased from 6.26% to 18.36% and 12.46% to 31.33% for 48 h, respectively. The migration rate of U251 and U-87 MG decreased from 20% to 5% and 25% to 15% for 12 h and these of U251 and U-87 MG decreased from 50% to 28% and 60% to 25% for 24 h. MED suppressed GBM tumorigenesis, and improved survival rate of tumor-bearing mice. Taken together, MED triggered GBM apoptosis through upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins (BID, BAX, CASP3, CASP8, and CYCS), showed strong inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and cell migration, and displayed anti-tumor activity in nude mice.

Targeted delivery of oxaliplatin via folate-decorated niosomal nanoparticles potentiates resistance reversion of colon cancer cells

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent type of cancer, ranking third in incidence and fourth in cancer-related deaths globally. The increase in mortality rates related to colorectal cancer among younger patients is a cause for concern. Chemotherapy is the primary approach for palliative care in colon cancer, but the development of drug resistance limits its effectiveness. Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death that plays a crucial role in regulating normal cell death and abnormal tissue degeneration in cancer. Genes such as caspase-3, caspase-9, p53, and survivin are involved in apoptosis induction. The field of nanotechnology has presented exciting opportunities for controlled drug delivery and addressing drug resistance in cancer. Niosomes are among the nanocarriers known for their impressive features, making them excellent candidates for drug delivery. In the current study, we investigate whether niosomal nanoparticles coated with FA have the ability to deliver oxaliplatin to drug-resistant cells effectively and potentially resistance reversion in colon cancer cells.

Methods

The niosomal nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated using the thin-film hydration method and characterized using DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering), FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), and AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) systems. The drug release and drug encapsulation efficiency of the NPs were also determined. An MTT assay was performed on oxaliplatin-resistant cells to determine the IC50 values of the drug in its pure and nano-encapsulated forms. Gene expression of caspase-3, caspase-9, p53, and survivin was investigated using the qRT-PCR (quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction) technique, and cell apoptosis or necrosis was quantified using flow cytometry.

Results

Size, PDI, zeta potential, morphology, drug release, and encapsulation efficiency of fabricated niosomal NPs were acceptable. Oxaliplatin anti-cancer drug showed a higher impact on cancerous cells in nano-encapsulated form. The expression level of caspase-3, caspase-9, and p53 was increased which was in confirmation by flow cytometry results.

Conclusion

Taken together, results of this study demonstrated potential effect of folate decorated oxaliplatin-loaded niosomal NPs to resistance-reversion of Oxaliplatin-resistance colon cancer cells.