1
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Morley WN, Murrant CL, Burr JF. Ergogenic effect of ischemic preconditioning is not directly conferred to isolated skeletal muscle via blood. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1851-1861. [PMID: 37074464 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in humans has been demonstrated to confer ergogenic benefit to aerobic exercise performance, with an improvement in the response rate when the IPC stimulus is combined with concurrent exercise. Despite potential performance improvements, the nature of the neuronal and humoral mechanisms of conferral and their respective contributions to ergogenic benefit remain unclear. We sought to examine the effects of the humoral component of ischemic preconditioning on skeletal muscle tissue using preconditioned human serum and isolated mouse soleus. METHODS Isolated mouse soleus was electrically stimulated to contract while in human serum preconditioned with either traditional (IPC) or augmented (AUG) ischemic preconditioning compared to control (CON) and exercise (ERG) preconditioning. Force frequency (FF) curves, twitch responses, and a fatigue-recovery protocol were performed on muscles before and after the addition of serum. After preconditioning, human participants performed a 4 km cycling time trial in order to identify responders and non-responders to IPC. RESULTS No differences in indices of contractile function, fatiguability, nor recovery were observed between conditions in mouse soleus muscles. Further, no human participants improved performance in a 4-km cycling time trial in response to traditional nor augmented ischemic preconditioning compared to control or exercise conditions (CON 407.7 ± 41.1 s, IPC 411.6 ± 41.9 s, ERG 408.8 ± 41.4 s, AUG 414.1 ± 41.9 s). CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not support the conferral of ergogenic benefit via a humoral component of IPC at the intracellular level. Ischemic preconditioning may not manifest prominently at submaximal exercise intensities, and augmented ischemic preconditioning may have a hormetic relationship with performance improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N Morley
- Human Performance & Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Coral L Murrant
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie F Burr
- Human Performance & Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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2
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Mieszkowski J, Stankiewicz BE, Kochanowicz A, Niespodziński B, Borkowska AE, Sikorska K, Daniłowicz-Szymanowicz L, Brzezińska P, Antosiewicz J. Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Reduces Marathon-Induced Oxidative Stress and Decreases Liver and Heart Injury Markers in the Serum. Front Physiol 2021; 12:731889. [PMID: 34552508 PMCID: PMC8450527 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.731889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies continue to provide evidence of organ protection by remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC). However, there is lack of insight into impact of RIPC on exercise-induce changes in human organs' function. We here aimed to elucidate the effects of 10-day RIPC training on marathon-induced changes in the levels of serum markers of oxidative stress, and liver and heart damage. The study involved 18 male amateur runners taking part in a marathon. RIPC training was performed in the course of four cycles, by inflating and deflating a blood pressure cuff at 5-min intervals (RIPC group, n=10); the control group underwent sham training (n=8). The effects of RIPC on levels of oxidative stress, and liver and heart damage markers were investigated at rest after 10 consecutive days of training and after the marathon run. The 10-day RIPC training decreased the serum resting levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), alanine transaminase (ALT), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and malondialdehyde (MDA). After the marathon run, creatinine kinase MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cardiac troponin level (cTn), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), ALT, total bilirubin (BIL-T), and MDA levels were increased and arterial ketone body ratio (AKBR) levels were decreased in all participants. The changes were significantly diminished in the RIPC group compared with the control group. The GGT activity remained constant in the RIPC group but significantly increased in the control group after the marathon run. In conclusion, the study provides evidence for a protective effect of RIPC against liver and heart damage induced by strenuous exercise, such as the marathon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mieszkowski
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland.,Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Błaz Ej Stankiewicz
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kochanowicz
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Niespodziński
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Andz Elika Borkowska
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sikorska
- Department of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Paulina Brzezińska
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jędrzej Antosiewicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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3
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O'Brien L, Jacobs I. Methodological Variations Contributing to Heterogenous Ergogenic Responses to Ischemic Preconditioning. Front Physiol 2021; 12:656980. [PMID: 33995123 PMCID: PMC8117357 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.656980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been repeatedly reported to augment maximal exercise performance over a range of exercise durations and modalities. However, an examination of the relevant literature indicates that the reproducibility and robustness of ergogenic responses to this technique are variable, confounding expectations about the magnitude of its effects. Considerable variability among study methodologies may contribute to the equivocal responses to IPC. This review focuses on the wide range of methodologies used in IPC research, and how such variability likely confounds interpretation of the interactions of IPC and exercise. Several avenues are recommended to improve IPC methodological consistency, which should facilitate a future consensus about optimizing the IPC protocol, including due consideration of factors such as: location of the stimulus, the time between treatment and exercise, individualized tourniquet pressures and standardized tourniquet physical characteristics, and the incorporation of proper placebo treatments into future study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam O'Brien
- Human Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ira Jacobs
- Human Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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4
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Cocking S, Landman T, Benson M, Lord R, Jones H, Gaze D, Thijssen DHJ, George K. The impact of remote ischemic preconditioning on cardiac biomarker and functional response to endurance exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:1061-1069. [PMID: 27430157 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC; repeated short reversible periods of ischemia) protects the heart against subsequent ischemic injury. We explored whether RIPC can attenuate post-exercise changes in cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and cardiac function in healthy individuals. In a randomized, crossover design, 14 participants completed 1-h cycling time trials (TT) on two separate visits; preceded by RIPC (arms/legs, 4 × 5-min 220 mmHg), or SHAM-RIPC (20 mmHg). Venous blood was sampled before and 0-, 1-, and 3-h post-exercise to assess high sensitivity (hs-)cTnT and brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Echocardiograms were performed at the same time points to assess left and right ventricular systolic (ejection fraction; EF and right ventricular fractional area change; RVFAC, respectively) and diastolic (early transmitral flow velocities; E) function. Baseline hs-cTnT was not different between RIPC and SHAM. Post-exercise hs-cTnT levels were consistently lower following RIPC (18 ± 3 vs 21 ± 3; 19 ± 3 vs 23 ± 3; and 20 ± 2 vs 25 ± 2 ng/L at 0, 1 and 3-h post-exercise, respectively; P < 0.05). There was no main effect of time, trial, or interaction for NT-proBNP and left ventricular EF or RVFAC (all P < 0.05). A main effect of time was evident for E which transiently declined immediately after exercise to a similar level in both trials (0.85 ± 0.04 vs 0.74 ± 0.04 m/s, respectively; P < 0.05). In summary, RIPC was associated with lower hs-cTnT levels after exercise but there was no independent effect of RIPC for NT-proBNP or LV systolic and diastolic function. The lower hs-cTnT levels after RIPC suggests that further research should evaluate the role of ischemia in exercise-induced elevation in hs-cTnT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cocking
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - T Landman
- Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M Benson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - R Lord
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - H Jones
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - D Gaze
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Cinical Blood Sciences, St. George's Healthcare National Health Service Trust, London, UK
| | - D H J Thijssen
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - K George
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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5
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Klinkenberg LJJ, Luyten P, van der Linden N, Urgel K, Snijders DPC, Knackstedt C, Dennert R, Kietselaer BLJH, Mingels AMA, Cardinaels EPM, Peeters FECM, van Suijlen JDE, Ten Kate J, Marsch E, Theelen TL, Sluimer JC, Wouters K, Bekers O, Bekkers SCAM, van Loon LJC, van Dieijen-Visser MP, Meex SJR. Cardiac Troponin T and I Release After a 30-km Run. Am J Cardiol 2016; 118:281-7. [PMID: 27282835 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged endurance-type exercise is associated with elevated cardiac troponin (cTn) levels in asymptomatic recreational athletes. It is unclear whether exercise-induced cTn release mirrors a physiological or pathological underlying process. The aim of this study was to provide a direct comparison of the release kinetics of high-sensitivity cTnI (hs-cTnI) and T (hs-cTnT) after endurance-type exercise. In addition, the effect of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC), a cardioprotective strategy that limits ischemia-reperfusion injury, was investigated in a randomized controlled crossover manner. Twenty-five healthy volunteers completed an outdoor 30-km running trial preceded by RIPC (4 × 5 min 220 mm Hg unilateral occlusion) or control intervention. hs-cTnT, hs-cTnI, and sensitive cTnI (s-cTnI) concentrations were examined before, immediately after, 2 and 5 hours after the trial. The completion of a 30-km run resulted in a significant increase in circulating cTn (time: all p <0.001), with maximum hs-cTnT, hs-cTnI, and s-cTnI levels of 47 ± 27, 69 ± 62, and 82 ± 64 ng/L (mean ± SD), respectively. Maximum hs-cTnT concentrations were measured in 60% of the participants at 2 hours after exercise, compared with maximum hs-cTnI and s-cTnI concentrations at 5 hours in 84% and 80% of the participants. Application of an RIPC stimulus did not reduce exercise-induced cTn release (time × trial: all p >0.5). In conclusion, in contrast to acute myocardial infarction, maximum hs-cTnT levels after exercise precede maximum hs-cTnI levels. Distinct release kinetics of hs-cTnT and hs-cTnI and the absence of an effect of RIPC favors the concept that exercise-induced cTn release may be mechanistically distinct from cTn release in acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke J J Klinkenberg
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Luyten
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Noreen van der Linden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kim Urgel
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle P C Snijders
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Knackstedt
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Dennert
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Alma M A Mingels
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Eline P M Cardinaels
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Frederique E C M Peeters
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D E van Suijlen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Hematology, Gelre ziekenhuizen, Apeldoorn/Zutphen, the Netherlands
| | - Joop Ten Kate
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Elke Marsch
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas L Theelen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Judith C Sluimer
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kristiaan Wouters
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Otto Bekers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan C A M Bekkers
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marja P van Dieijen-Visser
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Steven J R Meex
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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