1
|
Alkhezi OS, Alsuhaibani HA, Alhadyab AA, Alfaifi ME, Alomrani B, Aldossary A, Alfayez OM. Heart failure outcomes and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: A systematic review of observational studies. Prim Care Diabetes 2021; 15:761-771. [PMID: 33926837 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM/OBJECTIVE Recently, the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) class showed a significant reduction in heart failure (HF) hospitalization in several meta-analyses of cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs). The objective of this systematic review is to summarize the real-world evidence regarding HF outcomes of GLP-1RAs. METHODS We searched the PubMed and EMBASE databases for observational studies that investigated HF outcomes of GLP-1RAs. RESULTS Our search yielded 10 observational studies. Of those, 7 were cohort studies, and 3 were nested case-control studies. The risk of HF was the outcome in four cohort studies. One study that compared exenatide and exenatide combined with insulin to insulin showed a reduction in HF risk in the exenatide and exenatide plus insulin groups (HR 0.34, 95% CI 0.22-0.52, p-value <0.001 and HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.32-0.50, p-value <0.001, respectively). The other three cohort studies did not show a statistically significant result. In the three cohort studies that investigated HF hospitalization as an outcome, two showed a lower rate of HF hospitalization [48 (16.7%) vs. 76 (28%), p-value <0.05 and HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.34-0.77, p = 0.002] in the GLP-1RA groups. Conversely, the remaining study showed a reduction of 14% in HF hospitalization in the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) group compared to the GLP-1RA group (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.83-0.90). In contrast to the cohort studies, the three nested case-control studies showed similar results of no association of GLP-1RA use and HF hospitalization with OR 0.67 (95% CI 0.32-1.42), HR 0.95 (95% CI 0.83-1.10), and OR 0.84 (95% CI 0.48-1.47), respectively. CONCLUSION The real-world evidence regarding the reduction in HF risk and hospitalization in GLP-1RA users is conflicting. Further well-designed, large multicenter, observational studies are needed to show clearer evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar S Alkhezi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | | | | | | - Ali Aldossary
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osamah M Alfayez
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Swedberg K. Heart failure subtypes: Pathophysiology and definitions. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 175:108815. [PMID: 33862057 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of heart failure is classified in two main types depending on left ventricular ejection fraction usually by ejection fraction < or > 40%. The division has important implications for the treatment of heart failure. Type 2 diabetes is an important and common co-morbidity in chronic heart failure. It makes the prognosis of heart failure worse and chronic heart failure impacts the choice of treatment for type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Swedberg
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Proença C, Ribeiro D, Freitas M, Carvalho F, Fernandes E. A comprehensive review on the antidiabetic activity of flavonoids targeting PTP1B and DPP-4: a structure-activity relationship analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4095-4151. [PMID: 33554619 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1872483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is an expanding global health problem, resulting from defects in insulin secretion and/or insulin resistance. In the past few years, both protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), as well as their role in T2D, have attracted the attention of the scientific community. PTP1B plays an important role in insulin resistance and is currently one of the most promising targets for the treatment of T2D, since no available PTP1B inhibitors were still approved. DPP-4 inhibitors are among the most recent agents used in the treatment of T2D (although its use has been associated with possible cardiovascular adverse events). The antidiabetic properties of flavonoids are well-recognized, and include inhibitory effects on the above enzymes, although hitherto not therapeutically explored. In the present study, a comprehensive review of the literature of both synthetic and natural isolated flavonoids as inhibitors of PTP1B and DPP-4 activities is made, including their type of inhibition and experimental conditions, and structure-activity relationship, covering a total of 351 compounds. We intend to provide the most favorable chemical features of flavonoids for the inhibition of PTP1B and DPP-4, gathering information for the future development of compounds with improved potential as T2D therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Proença
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marisa Freitas
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alfayez OM, Almutairi AR, Aldosari A, Al Yami MS. Update on Cardiovascular Safety of Incretin-Based Therapy in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Cardiovascular Outcome Trials. Can J Diabetes 2019; 43:538-545.e2. [PMID: 31175007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The authors of 2 large randomized trials have recently published their findings related to the effects of a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) (the HARMONY trial) and a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor (the CARMELINA trial) on cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In light of these new data, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of GLP-1RAs and DPP-4 inhibitors in CV outcome trials to assess their CV safety in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature search in the Embase and MEDLINE databases to identify trials involving GLP-1RAs and DPP-4 inhibitors with major CV-related outcomes reported, including major adverse CV events, CV death, myocardial infarction, stroke, death from any cause and hospitalization because of heart failure. A total of 9 CV outcome trials were included. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated based on the Mantel-Haenszel method. RESULTS Relative to placebo, GLP-1RAs were associated with a statistically significant reduction in the odds of major adverse CV events (13%), CV death (12%), death from any cause (11%) and stroke (13%). DPP-4 inhibitors were comparable to placebo for all outcomes. Moreover, DPP-4 inhibitors were associated with a nonsignificant 5% increase in the odds of hospitalization from heart failure compared to placebo. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis demonstrated that GLP-1RAs were associated with a significant reduction in major adverse CV events, CV death, stroke and death from any cause, while DPP-4 inhibitors were comparable to placebo for all CV outcomes, including hospitalizations for heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osamah M Alfayez
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College Of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulaali R Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States; Center for Health Outcomes and PharmacoEconomic, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Ali Aldosari
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S Al Yami
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ling J, Ge L, Zhang DH, Wang YF, Xie ZL, Tian JH, Xiao XH, Yang KH. DPP-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a methodology overview of systematic reviews. Acta Diabetol 2019; 56:7-27. [PMID: 29858660 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-018-1164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the methodological quality of systematic reviews (SRs), and summarize evidence of important outcomes from dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4-I) in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS We included SRs of DPP4-I for the treatment of T2DM until January, 2018 by searching the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE and three Chinese databases. We evaluated the methodological qualities with the AMSTAR (Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews) tool and the GRADE (The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach. RESULTS Sixty-three SRs (a total of 2,603,140 participants) receiving DPP4-I for the treatment of T2DM were included. The results of AMSTAR showed that the lowest quality was "a list of studies (included and excluded) item" with only one (1.6%) study provided, followed by the "providing a priori design" item with only four (6.3%) studies conforming to this item, the next were "the status of publication (gray literature) used as an inclusion criterion item", with only 18 (28.9%) studies conforming to these items. Only seven (11.1%) studies scored more than nine points in AMSTAR, indicating high methodological quality. For GRADE, of the 128 outcomes, high quality evidence was provided in only 28 (21.9%), moderate in 70 (54.7%), low in 27 (21.1%), and very low in three (2.3%). CONCLUSIONS The methodological quality of SRs of DPP4-I for type 2 diabetes mellitus is not high and there are common areas for improvement. Furthermore, the quality of evidence level is moderate and more high quality evidence is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ling
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Chinese GRADE Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Guideline Implementation and Knowledge Translation, Lanzhou, China
| | - Long Ge
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Chinese GRADE Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Guideline Implementation and Knowledge Translation, Lanzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ding-Hua Zhang
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong-Feng Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhuo-Lin Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Gansu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jin-Hui Tian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Chinese GRADE Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Guideline Implementation and Knowledge Translation, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Ke-Hu Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.
- Chinese GRADE Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
- WHO Collaborating Center for Guideline Implementation and Knowledge Translation, Lanzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Scheen AJ. GLP-1 receptor agonists and heart failure in diabetes. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2018; 43 Suppl 1:2S13-2S19. [PMID: 28431666 DOI: 10.1016/s1262-3636(17)30068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of heart failure (HF) is increasing in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), and glucose-lowering agents have distinctive effects on the risk of developing HF that requires hospitalization. Such an increased risk has been consistently reported with thiazolidinediones (glitazones) and perhaps also with the dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitor saxagliptin (at least in SAVOR - TIMI 53), whereas a markedly decreased risk was highlighted with the sodium - glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor empagliflozin in EMPA-REG OUTCOME. Yet, the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) on myocardial function remain controversial. Whereas some promising observations have been reported in various animal models, the effects of GLP-1RAs on myocardial function in humans are more heterogeneous, while the positive effect on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), if any, appears to be inconsistent and rather modest in most patients with HF. However, no increased risk of hospitalization for HF has been reported with GLP-1RAs in meta-analyses of phase-II/III trials (exenatide, albiglutide, dulaglutide, liraglutide), demonstrating the safety of this pharmacological class, and such findings have been confirmed by three large prospective cardiovascular outcome trials (ELIXA with lixisenatide, LEADER with liraglutide and SUSTAIN-6 with semaglutide). In particular, LEADER reported a trend towards a reduction in HF hospitalization (-13%, P = 0.14), together with a significant reduction in cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with T2D at risk of cardiovascular disease. These results are reassuring in the face of the somewhat negative results of the FIGHT trial, which evaluated the effects of liraglutide in patients with advanced HF and low LVEF, such that further studies and caution are now required when using this agent to treat such patients in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André J Scheen
- Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medicine, CHU Sart Tilman (B35), B-4000 Liege 1, Belgium; Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CHU Liège, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cardiovascular Safety of Incretin-Based Therapies in Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review of Integrated Analyses and Randomized Controlled Trials. Adv Ther 2017; 34:1-40. [PMID: 27844335 PMCID: PMC5216099 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-016-0432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Regulatory requirements mandate that new drugs for treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), such as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, are evaluated to show that they do not increase cardiovascular (CV) risk. Methods A systematic review was undertaken to evaluate the association between DPP-4 inhibitor and GLP-1 receptor agonist use and major adverse cardiac events (MACE). The National Institutes of Health Medline database was searched for pooled analyses, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists that included CV endpoints. Results Thirty-six articles met the inclusion criteria encompassing 11 pooled analyses, 17 meta-analyses, and eight RCTs (including secondary analyses). Over the short term (up to 4 years), patients with T2DM exposed to a DPP-4 inhibitor or GLP-1 receptor agonist were not at increased risk for MACE (or its component endpoints) compared with those who received comparator agents. Two meta-analyses showed a significant reduction in the incidence of MACE associated with DPP-4 inhibitor therapy as a drug class, but this beneficial effect was not observed in other meta-analyses that included large RCT CV outcome studies. In four RCTs that evaluated alogliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, or lixisenatide, there was no overall increased risk for MACE relative to placebo in T2DM patients at high risk for CV events or with established CV disease, although there was an increased rate of hospitalization for heart failure associated with saxagliptin. A fifth RCT showed that liraglutide reduced MACE risk by 13% versus placebo. Conclusion Overall, incretin therapy does not appear to increase risk for MACE in the short term.
Collapse
|
8
|
Trujillo JM, Wettergreen SA, Nuffer WA, Ellis SL, McDermott MT. Cardiovascular Outcomes of New Medications for Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2016; 18:749-758. [PMID: 27835045 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2016.0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) disease remains the leading cause of death in people with diabetes, highlighting the importance of using treatment options that do not increase CV risk or possibly decrease CV outcomes. Since 2008, the Food and Drug Administration has required demonstration of CV safety for all new medications developed for the glycemic management of diabetes. Seven trials have been published that have established CV safety for three DPP-4 inhibitors (alogliptin, saxagliptin, and sitagliptin), three GLP-1 receptor agonists (liraglutide, lixisenatide, and semaglutide), and one sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (empagliflozin). Three of those studies also established superiority with liraglutide, empagliflozin, and semaglutide at reducing the composite primary endpoint of major CV events (CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke). In addition, one trial found an increase in heart failure hospitalizations with saxagliptin. The findings of these trials must be compared and contrasted cautiously given the differences in patient populations and trial designs, but together they provide important information that can be used to shape our treatment guideline recommendations and patient-specific treatment decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Trujillo
- 1 Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado , Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Wesley A Nuffer
- 1 Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Samuel L Ellis
- 1 Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael T McDermott
- 1 Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado , Aurora, Colorado
- 3 School of Medicine, University of Colorado , Aurora, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|