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Solaro N, Pagani M, Spataro A, Lucini D. Assessing the cardiac autonomic response to bicycle exercise in Olympic athletes with different loads of endurance training: new insights from statistical indicators based on multilevel exploratory factor analysis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1245310. [PMID: 37916219 PMCID: PMC10616979 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1245310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The mechanisms governing the organism's response to exercise are complex and difficult to study. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) could represent a convenient methodology for studying humans' autonomic nervous system (ANS). However, difficulties in interpreting the multitude of correlated HRV-derived indices, mainly when computed over different time segments, may represent a barrier to its usage. This preliminary investigation addressed to elite athletes proposes a novel method describing the cardiac autonomic response to exercise based on multilevel exploratory factor analysis (MEFA), which reduces the multitude of HRV-derived indices to fewer uncorrelated ANS indicators capable of accounting for their interrelationships and overcoming the above difficulties. Methods: The study involved 30 Italian Olympic athletes, divided into 15 cyclists (prevalent high-intensity endurance training) and 15 shooters (prevalent technical training with low-intensity endurance component). All athletes underwent a complete test of a dynamic protocol, constituted by a rest-stand test followed by a stepwise bicycle stress test subdivided into a single bout of progressive endurance (from aerobic to anaerobic) exercise and recovery. Then, by spectral analysis, values of 12 ANS proxies were computed at each time segment (9 epochs in all) of the complete test. Results: We obtained two global ANS indicators (amplitude and frequency), expressing the athletes' overall autonomic response to the complete test, and three dynamic ANS indicators (amplitude, signal self-similarity, and oscillatory), describing the principal dynamics over time of the variability of RR interval (RRV). Globally, cyclists have significantly higher amplitude levels (median ± MAD: cyclists 69.9 ± 20.5; shooters 37.2 ± 19.4) and lower frequency levels (median ± MAD: cyclists 37.4 ± 14.8; shooters 78.2 ± 10.2) than shooters, i.e., a parasympathetic predominance compared to shooters. Regarding the RRV dynamics, the signal self-similarity and oscillatory indicators have the strongest sensitivity in detecting the rest-stand change; the amplitude indicator is highly effective in detecting the athletes' autonomic changes in the exercise fraction; the amplitude and oscillatory indicators present significant differences between cyclists and shooters in specific test epochs. Conclusion: This MEFA application permits a more straightforward representation of the complexity characterizing ANS modulation during exercise, simplifying the interpretation of the HRV-derived indices and facilitating the possible real-life use of this non-invasive methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Solaro
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Pagani
- Exercise Medicine Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Lucini
- Exercise Medicine Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- BIOMETRA Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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2
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Gajda R, Drygas W, Gajda J, Kiper P, Knechtle B, Kwaśniewska M, Sterliński M, Biernacka EK. Exercise-Induced Arrhythmia or Munchausen Syndrome in a Marathon Runner? Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2917. [PMID: 37761288 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13182917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A 36-year-old professional marathon runner reported sudden irregular palpitations occurring during competitions, with heart rates (HR) up to 230 bpm recorded on a sports HR monitor (HRM) over 4 years. These episodes subsided upon the cessation of exercise. Electrocardiograms, echocardiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging results were borderline for athlete's heart. Because an electrophysiology study and standard exercise tests provoked no arrhythmia, doctors suspected Munchausen syndrome. Ultimately, an exercise test that simulated the physical effort of a competition provoked tachyarrhythmia consistent with the HRM readings. This case demonstrates the diagnostic difficulties related to exercise-induced arrhythmia and the diagnostic usefulness of sports HRMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gajda
- Center for Sports Cardiology at the Gajda-Med Medical Center in Pułtusk, ul. Piotra Skargi 23/29, 06-100 Pułtusk, Poland
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Prevention, Jan Dlugosz University, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Wojciech Drygas
- Faculty of Medicine, Lazarski University, ul. Swieradowska 43, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland
- National Institute of Cardiology, ul. Alpejska 42, 04-628 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jacek Gajda
- Center for Sports Cardiology at the Gajda-Med Medical Center in Pułtusk, ul. Piotra Skargi 23/29, 06-100 Pułtusk, Poland
| | - Pawel Kiper
- Healthcare Innovation Technology Lab, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Via Alberoni 70, 30126 Venice, Italy
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Kwaśniewska
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Lucjana Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Łódź, Poland
| | - Maciej Sterliński
- National Institute of Cardiology, ul. Alpejska 42, 04-628 Warszawa, Poland
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Romagnoli S, Ripanti F, Morettini M, Burattini L, Sbrollini A. Wearable and Portable Devices for Acquisition of Cardiac Signals while Practicing Sport: A Scoping Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23063350. [PMID: 36992060 PMCID: PMC10055735 DOI: 10.3390/s23063350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Wearable and portable devices capable of acquiring cardiac signals are at the frontier of the sport industry. They are becoming increasingly popular for monitoring physiological parameters while practicing sport, given the advances in miniaturized technologies, powerful data, and signal processing applications. Data and signals acquired by these devices are increasingly used to monitor athletes' performances and thus to define risk indices for sport-related cardiac diseases, such as sudden cardiac death. This scoping review investigated commercial wearable and portable devices employed for cardiac signal monitoring during sport activity. A systematic search of the literature was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. After study selection, a total of 35 studies were included in the review. The studies were categorized based on the application of wearable or portable devices in (1) validation studies, (2) clinical studies, and (3) development studies. The analysis revealed that standardized protocols for validating these technologies are necessary. Indeed, results obtained from the validation studies turned out to be heterogeneous and scarcely comparable, since the metrological characteristics reported were different. Moreover, the validation of several devices was carried out during different sport activities. Finally, results from clinical studies highlighted that wearable devices are crucial to improve athletes' performance and to prevent adverse cardiovascular events.
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Pagani E, Gavazzoni N, Bernardelli G, Malacarne M, Solaro N, Giusti E, Castelnuovo G, Volpi P, Carimati G, Lucini D. Psychological Intervention Based on Mental Relaxation to Manage Stress in Female Junior Elite Soccer Team: Improvement in Cardiac Autonomic Control, Perception of Stress and Overall Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:942. [PMID: 36673698 PMCID: PMC9859004 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20020942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress may represent one of the most important factors that negatively affects the health and performance of athletes. Finding a way to introduce psychological strategies to manage stress in everyday training routines is challenging, particularly in junior teams. We also must consider that a stress management intervention should be regarded as "efficacious" only if its application results in improvement of the complex underlying pathogenetic substratum, which considers mechanistically interrelated factors, such as immunological, endocrine and autonomic controls further to psychological functioning and behavior. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of implementing, in a standard training routine of the junior team of the Italian major soccer league, a stress management program based on mental relaxation training (MRT). We evaluated its effects on stress perception and cardiac autonomic regulation as assessed by means of ANSI, a single composite percentile-ranked proxy of autonomic balance, which is free of gender and age bias, economical, and simple to apply in a clinical setting. We observed that the simple employed MRT intervention was feasible in a female junior soccer team and was associated with a reduced perception of stress, an improved perception of overall health, and a betterment of cardiac autonomic control. This data may corroborate the scientific literature that indicates psychological intervention based on MRT as an efficacious strategy to improve performance, managing negative stress effects on cardiac autonomic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Pagani
- Department of General Psychology, Catholic University, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppina Bernardelli
- DISCCO Department, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Exercise Medicine Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Malacarne
- BIOMETRA Department, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Solaro
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Giusti
- Psychology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Castelnuovo
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University, 20123 Milan, Italy
- Clinical Psychology Research laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 28824 Verbania, Italy
| | - Piero Volpi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Lucini
- Exercise Medicine Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20135 Milan, Italy
- BIOMETRA Department, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
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Lundstrom CJ, Foreman NA, Biltz G. Practices and Applications of Heart Rate Variability Monitoring in Endurance Athletes. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:9-19. [PMID: 35853460 DOI: 10.1055/a-1864-9726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Heart rate variability reflects fluctuations in the changes in consecutive heartbeats, providing insight into cardiac autonomic function and overall physiological state. Endurance athletes typically demonstrate better cardiac autonomic function than non-athletes, with lower resting heart rates and greater variability. The availability and use of heart rate variability metrics has increased in the broader population and may be particularly useful to endurance athletes. The purpose of this review is to characterize current practices and applications of heart rate variability analysis in endurance athletes. Important considerations for heart rate variability analysis will be discussed, including analysis techniques, monitoring tools, the importance of stationarity of data, body position, timing and duration of the recording window, average heart rate, and sex and age differences. Key factors affecting resting heart rate variability will be discussed, including exercise intensity, duration, modality, overall training load, and lifestyle factors. Training applications will be explored, including heart rate variability-guided training and the identification and monitoring of maladaptive states such as overtraining. Lastly, we will examine some alternative uses of heart rate variability, including during exercise, post-exercise, and for physiological forecasting and predicting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas A Foreman
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, United States
| | - George Biltz
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, United States
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Relationship between Body Composition and Cardiac Autonomic Regulation in a Large Population of Italian Olympic Athletes. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12091508. [PMID: 36143294 PMCID: PMC9505674 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12091508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletic performance is determined by many factors, such as cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and psychological features, which all interact simultaneously. The large Italian National Olympic Committee database of Olympic athletes offers a unique healthy population to verify the strength of the interplay among a number of major elements of training, including autonomic nervous system (ANS) modulation, biochemical indicators and body composition, in a system medicine approach. This observational, retrospective study involved 583 individuals. As part of the yearly precompetitive examination, cardiac autonomic (heart rate variability), psychological, physical (cycloergometer stress test), biochemical and body composition (BOD POD) evaluations were performed. In subsequent analysis, we first considered the relationship between body composition and single individual variables in a simple correlation matrix, including a multitude of variables; then, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) restricted the information to six latent domains, each combining congruent information in relation to body composition. Finally, we employed a multiple quantile regression model to evaluate possible relationships between ANSIs (index capable of synthetizing ANS regulation) and the latent domains indicated by EFA reflecting body composition. We observed a clear relationship between ANS and body mass composition parameters, as indicated by both bivariate correlations and the quantile regression result of ANSIs versus the latent domain aggregating mainly body composition data expressed in % (p = 0.002). In conclusion, these results suggest that specific training may elicit parallel adaptation of ANS control and body composition. The analysis of Olympic athletes’ data allowed us to obtain a better understanding of the complex, multidimensional factors involved in determining sport performance. The latter appears to be determined by the simultaneous interaction not only of cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and psychological features, but also of ANS cardiovascular modulation and body composition.
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Gąsior JS, Rosoł M, Młyńczak M, Flatt AA, Hoffmann B, Baranowski R, Werner B. Reliability of Symbolic Analysis of Heart Rate Variability and Its Changes During Sympathetic Stimulation in Elite Modern Pentathlon Athletes: A Pilot Study. Front Physiol 2022; 13:829887. [PMID: 35295583 PMCID: PMC8918944 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.829887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Most studies on heart rate variability (HRV) in professional athletes concerned linear, time-, and frequency-domain indices, and there is lack of studies on non-linear parameters in this group. The study aimed to determine the inter-day reliability, and group-related and individual changes of short-term symbolic dynamics (SymDyn) measures during sympathetic nervous system activity (SNSa) stimulation among elite modern pentathletes. Methods Short-term electrocardiographic recordings were performed in stable measurement conditions with a 7-day interval between tests. SNSa stimulation via isometric handgrip strength test was conducted on the second day of study. The occurrence rate of patterns without variations (0V), with one variation (1V), two like (2LV), and two unlike variations (2UV) obtained using three approaches (the Max–min, the σ, and the Equal-probability methods) were analyzed. Relative and absolute reliability were evaluated. Results All SymDyn indices obtained using the Max–min method, 0V, and 2UV obtained using the σ method, 2UV obtained using the Equal-probability method presented acceptable inter-day reliability (the intraclass correlation coefficient between .91 and .99, Cohen’s d between −.08 and .10, the within-subject coefficient of variation between 4% and 22%). 2LV, 2UV, and 0V obtained using the Max–min and σ methods significantly decreased and increased, respectively, during SNSa stimulation—such changes were noted for all athletes. There was no significant association between differences in SymDyn parameters and respiratory rate in stable conditions and while comparing stable conditions and SNSa stimulation. Conclusion SymDyn indices may be used as reliable non-respiratory-associated parameters in laboratory settings to detect autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity modulations in elite endurance athletes. These findings provide a potential solution for addressing the confounding influence of respiration frequency on HRV-derived inferences of cardiac autonomic function. For this reason, SymDyn may prove to be preferable for field-based monitoring where measurements are unsupervised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub S. Gąsior
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Jakub S. Gąsior,
| | - Maciej Rosoł
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcel Młyńczak
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrew A. Flatt
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University (Armstrong Campus), Savannah, GA, United States
| | - Bartosz Hoffmann
- Physiotherapy Division, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Baranowski
- Department of Heart Rhythm Disorders, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Werner
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Gąsior JS, Hoffmann B, Silva LEV, Małek Ł, Flatt AA, Baranowski R, Werner B. Changes in Short-Term and Ultra-Short Term Heart Rate, Respiratory Rate, and Time-Domain Heart Rate Variability Parameters during Sympathetic Nervous System Activity Stimulation in Elite Modern Pentathlonists-A Pilot Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10121104. [PMID: 33348572 PMCID: PMC7766436 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10121104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring of markers reflecting cardiac autonomic activity before and during stressful situations may be useful for identifying the physiological state of an athlete and may have medical or performance implications. The study aimed to determine group and individual changes in short-term (5 min) and ultra-short-term (1 min) heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RespRate), and time-domain heart rate variability (HRV) parameters during sympathetic nervous system activity (SNSa) stimulation among professional endurance athletes. Electrocardiographic recordings were performed in stable measurement conditions (Baseline) and during SNSa stimulation via isometric handgrip in 12 elite modern pentathlonists. Significant increases in short-term HR and decreases in time-domain HRV parameters with no changes in RespRate were observed during SNSa stimulation. Significant differences were observed between Baseline (all minutes) and the last (i.e., 5th) minute of SNSa stimulation for ultra-short-term parameters. Analysis of intra-individual changes revealed some heterogeneity in responses. The study provides baseline responses of HR, RespRate, and time-domain HRV parameters to SNSa stimulation among elite pentathlonists, which may be useful for identifying abnormal responses among fatigued or injured (e.g., concussed) athletes. More attention to individual analysis seems to be necessary when assessing physiological responses to sympathetic stimuli in professional endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub S. Gąsior
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +48-793-199-222
| | - Bartosz Hoffmann
- Physiotherapy Division, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Luiz Eduardo Virgilio Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine of Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Łukasz Małek
- Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-635 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Andrew A. Flatt
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University (Armstrong Campus), Savannah, GA 31419, USA;
| | - Rafał Baranowski
- Department of Heart Rhythm Disorders, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Bożena Werner
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
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Hoffmann B, Flatt AA, Silva LEV, Młyńczak M, Baranowski R, Dziedzic E, Werner B, Gąsior JS. A Pilot Study of the Reliability and Agreement of Heart Rate, Respiratory Rate and Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Elite Modern Pentathlon Athletes. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E833. [PMID: 33081149 PMCID: PMC7602793 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10100833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on reliability of heart rate variability (HRV) parameters in athletes has received increasing attention. The aims of this study were to examine the inter-day reliability of short-term (5 min) and ultra-short-term (1 min) heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RespRate) and HRV parameters, agreement between short-term and ultra-short-term parameters, and association between differences in HR, RespRate and HRV parameters in elite modern pentathletes. Electrocardiographic recordings were performed in stable measurement conditions with a week interval between tests. Relative reliability was evaluated by intra-class correlation coefficients, absolute reliability was evaluated by within-subject coefficient of variation, and agreement was evaluated using Bland-Altman (BA) plot with limits of agreement and defined a priori maximum acceptable difference. Short-term HR, RespRate, log transformed (ln) root mean square of successive normal-to-normal interval differences (lnRMSSD), ln high frequency (lnHF) and SD2/SD1 HRV indices and ultra-short-term HR, RespRate and lnRMSSD presented acceptable, satisfactory inter-day reliability. Although there were no significant differences between short-term and ultra-short-term HR, RespRate and lnRMSSD, no parameter showed acceptable differences with BA plots. Differences in time-domain and non-linear HRV parameters were more correlated with differences in HR than with differences in RespRate. Inverse results were observed for frequency-domain parameters. Short-term HR, RespRate, lnRMSSD, lnHF, and SD2/SD1 and ultra-short-term HR, RespRate and lnRMSSD could be used as reliable parameters in endurance athletes. However, practitioners should interpret changes in HRV parameters with regard to concomitant differences in HR and RespRate and caution should be taken before considering 5 min and 1 min parameters as interchangeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Hoffmann
- Physiotherapy Division, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Andrew A. Flatt
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University (Armstrong Campus), Savannah, GA 31419, USA;
| | - Luiz Eduardo Virgilio Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine of Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Marcel Młyńczak
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Rafał Baranowski
- Department of Heart Rhythm Disorders, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Dziedzic
- Medical Faculty, Lazarski University in Warsaw, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Bożena Werner
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jakub S. Gąsior
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
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10
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Heart rate variability, autonomic regulation and myocardial ischemia. Int J Cardiol 2020; 312:22-23. [PMID: 32178902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Streamlining Analysis of RR Interval Variability in Elite Soccer Players: Preliminary Experience with a Composite Indicator of Cardiac Autonomic Regulation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17061844. [PMID: 32178377 PMCID: PMC7142606 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is well recognized that regular physical activity may improve cardiac autonomic regulation preventing chronic non-communicable diseases. Accordingly, the assessment of cardiac autonomic regulation (CAR) with non-invasive techniques, such as RR interval Variability (V) might be of practical interest. We studied 56 soccer players (21.2 ± 4.2 years.) and 56 controls (22.2 ± 1.5 years.) and used a ranked Autonomic Nervous System Index (ANSI), resulting from the combination of multivariate statistical methodologies applied to spectral analysis derived indices from RRV. We hypothesized that ANSI would be higher in soccer players as compared to controls (p < 0.001) and that values would be greatest in defenders and midfielders, who are known to run longer distances during competitions. Conversely in the intrinsically stationary goalkeepers ANSI would be similar to controls. Our data show that it is possible to assess the overall level of autonomic performance in soccer players as compared to the general population, using a ranked composite autonomic proxy (ANSI). This approach suggests as well that CAR is better in those players who during competitions run for a greater distance. We conclude that it is possible to highlight the differences in autonomic profile due to distinct exercise routines, using ANSI, a simple ranked, composite autonomic proxy.
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Multiannual, Intensive Strength-Endurance Training Modulates the Activity of the Cardiovascular and Autonomic Nervous System among Rowers of the International Level. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3989304. [PMID: 31662977 PMCID: PMC6791253 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3989304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Professional athlete training is significantly different from recreational physical activity, and sustained, repetitive exposure to over-strenuous and intensive training may result in critical changes of most systems and organs in a sportsman's body. Aim The assessment of the influence of multiannual strength-endurance training on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and cardiovascular system (CVS) among the rowers of Polish national team. Materials and Methods 20 rowers, aged 20–30, seniors of Polish national team were qualified into the study. The functional examination of ANS was conducted by means of Task Force® Monitor system. The assessed parameters included hemodynamic parameters, heart rate, and blood pressure variability and reflexes sensitivity of baroreceptors. In order to examine and compare the reaction of autonomic nervous system the subjects underwent a tilt test. Results In the study group, significantly higher levels of sBP (129.3 ± 12.2 vs 118.3 ± 8.4, p = 0.0030), SI (59.9 ± 8.8 vs 41.2 ± 6.8, p > 0.001), CI (3.2 ± 0.5 vs 2.4 ± 0.4, p > 0.001), and significantly lower levels of HR (54.2 ± 5.3 vs 60.1 ± 5.7, p = 0.0034) and TPRI (2333.3 ± 389.9 vs 2950.2 ± 604.2, p = 0.0012) compared to the control group, were found. After the tilt test the levels of HR (p = 0.0005) and TPRI (p = 0.0128) were significantly higher but SI (p > 0.001) and CI (p = 0.0006) were significantly lower in the study group compared to the control. Conclusions Multiannual strength-endurance training connected with rowing activities substantially modulates the activity of cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system, influences the volumetric workload of the heart and structural changes, and increases the sensitivity of reflexes of arterial baroreceptors.
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Solaro N, Malacarne M, Pagani M, Lucini D. Cardiac Baroreflex, HRV, and Statistics: An Interdisciplinary Approach in Hypertension. Front Physiol 2019; 10:478. [PMID: 31114505 PMCID: PMC6503090 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interests about the fine underpinnings of cardiovascular beat-by-beat variability have historical roots. Over the last decades, various aspects of the relationships between arterial pressure and heart period were taken as a proxy of the baroreflex in physiology and medicine, stimulating the interest of investigators in several interconnected scientific fields, in particular, bioengineering, neurophysiology, and clinical medicine. Studies of the overall system facilitated the emergence of a simplified negative (vagal) feedback model of the baroreflex and overshadowed the simultaneous interaction with excitatory, sympathetic positive-feedback mechanisms that would, however, better suit the model of a "paired antagonistic (parasympathetic/sympathetic) innervation of the internal organs." From the bioengineering side, the simplicity of obtaining the series of subsequent RR intervals stimulated the analysis of beat-by-beat variations, providing a multitude of heart rate variability (HRV) indices considered as proxies of the underlying sympatho-vagal balance, and participating to the management of several important clinical conditions, such as hypertension. In this context, advanced statistical methods, used in an integrated manner and controlling for age and gender biases, might help shed new light on the relationship between cardiac baroreflex, assessed by the frequency domain index α, and the HRV indices with the varying of systolic arterial pressure (SAP) levels. The focus is also on a novel unitary Autonomic Nervous System Index (ANSI) built as a synthesis of HRV considering its three most informative proxies [RR, RR variance, and the rest-stand difference in the normalized power of low-frequency (LF) variability component]. Data from a relatively large set of healthy subjects (n = 1154) with a broad range of SAP [from normal (n Nt = 778) to elevated (n Ht = 232)] show that, e.g., α and ANSI significantly correlate overall (r = 0.523, p < 0.001), and that this correlation is lower in hypertensives (r = 0.444, p < 0.001) and higher in pre-hypertensives (r = 0.618, p < 0.001) than in normotensives (r = 0.5, p < 0.001). That suggests the existence of curvilinear "umbrella" patterns that might better describe the effects of the SAP states on the relationships between baroreflex and HRV. By a mix of robust, non-parametric and resampling statistical techniques, we give empirical support to this study hypothesis and show that the pre-hypertensive group results at the apex/bottom in most of the studied trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Solaro
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Carnevali L, Mancini M, Koenig J, Makovac E, Watson DR, Meeten F, Critchley HD, Ottaviani C. Cortical morphometric predictors of autonomic dysfunction in generalized anxiety disorder. Auton Neurosci 2019; 217:41-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Oggionni G, Spataro A, Pelliccia A, Malacarne M, Pagani M, Lucini D. Left ventricular hypertrophy in world class elite athletes is associated with signs of improved cardiac autonomic regulation. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 28:1118-1124. [PMID: 37039767 DOI: 10.1177/2047487319830534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM In this study we sought to assess whether in elite athletes the physiological increase in cardiac mass attending severe long-term training leading to athlete's heart is accompanied by an improvement of autonomic performance, as assessed by post exercise vagal indices and a novel unitary Autonomic Nervous System Index for sports (ANSIs). METHODS The study involved 500 elite athletes (23.9 ± 6.4 years) participating in a screening organised by the National Italian Olympic Committee. All subjects underwent a complete medical examination, rest and stand autonomic assessment (heart rate variability) as well as bicycle exercise. ANSIs was also derived as radar plot from rest, stand and heart rate recovery individual proxies of autonomic nervous system regulation. All subjects were grouped into those with left ventricular hypertrophy present (LVH(+)), or not (LVH(-)), according to recognised thresholds. RESULTS We observed that LVH(+) athletes (24.8%) showed a marked increase of post-exercise vagal indices ( p < 0.001) and of ANSIs ( p < 0.001), while no difference was observed for heart-rate variability indices. These changes were contingent upon sport intensity categories. CONCLUSIONS Elite athletes with physiological cardiac hypertrophy (LVH(+)) present a selective profile of indices of autonomic nervous system performance, characterised by increases of markers of vagal recovery and of the novel unitary autonomic index for sports while RR variance and spectral indices seem to be unmodified. Athlete's heart may be characterised by a specific combination of anatomical and neurocardiac remodeling. This approach might furnish potential warning signs differentiating normal training induced physiology from pathological adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mara Malacarne
- 1 BIOMETRA Department, University of Milan, Italy.,3 Exercise Medicine Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Lucini
- 1 BIOMETRA Department, University of Milan, Italy.,3 Exercise Medicine Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Italy
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16
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Abstract
Background Wearable sensors (wearables) have been commonly integrated into a wide variety of commercial products and are increasingly being used to collect and process raw physiological parameters into salient digital health information. The data collected by wearables are currently being investigated across a broad set of clinical domains and patient populations. There is significant research occurring in the domain of algorithm development, with the aim of translating raw sensor data into fitness- or health-related outcomes of interest for users, patients, and health care providers. Objectives The aim of this review is to highlight a selected group of fitness- and health-related indicators from wearables data and to describe several algorithmic approaches used to generate these higher order indicators. Methods A systematic search of the Pubmed database was performed with the following search terms (number of records in parentheses): Fitbit algorithm (18), Apple Watch algorithm (3), Garmin algorithm (5), Microsoft Band algorithm (8), Samsung Gear algorithm (2), Xiaomi MiBand algorithm (1), Huawei Band (Watch) algorithm (2), photoplethysmography algorithm (465), accelerometry algorithm (966), ECG algorithm (8287), continuous glucose monitor algorithm (343). The search terms chosen for this review are focused on algorithms for wearable devices that dominated the commercial wearables market between 2014-2017 and that were highly represented in the biomedical literature. A second set of search terms included categories of algorithms for fitness-related and health-related indicators that are commonly used in wearable devices (e.g. accelerometry, PPG, ECG). These papers covered the following domain areas: fitness; exercise; movement; physical activity; step count; walking; running; swimming; energy expenditure; atrial fibrillation; arrhythmia; cardiovascular; autonomic nervous system; neuropathy; heart rate variability; fall detection; trauma; behavior change; diet; eating; stress detection; serum glucose monitoring; continuous glucose monitoring; diabetes mellitus type 1; diabetes mellitus type 2. All studies uncovered through this search on commercially available device algorithms and pivotal studies on sensor algorithm development were summarized, and a summary table was constructed using references generated by the literature review as described (Table 1). Conclusions Wearable health technologies aim to collect and process raw physiological or environmental parameters into salient digital health information. Much of the current and future utility of wearables lies in the signal processing steps and algorithms used to analyze large volumes of data. Continued algorithmic development and advances in machine learning techniques will further increase analytic capabilities. In the context of these advances, our review aims to highlight a range of advances in fitness- and other health-related indicators provided by current wearable technologies.
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Guzik P, Piekos C, Pierog O, Fenech N, Krauze T, Piskorski J, Wykretowicz A. Classic electrocardiogram-based and mobile technology derived approaches to heart rate variability are not equivalent. Int J Cardiol 2018; 258:154-156. [PMID: 29544922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We compared classic ECG-derived versus a mobile approach to heart rate variability (HRV) measurement. METHODS & RESULTS 29 young adult healthy volunteers underwent a simultaneous recording of heart rate using an ECG and a chest heart rate monitor at supine rest, during mental stress and active standing. Mean RR interval, Standard Deviation of Normal-to-Normal (SDNN) of RR intervals, and Root Mean Square of the Successive Differences (RMSSD) between RR intervals were computed in 168 pairs of 5-minute epochs by in-house software on a PC (only sinus beats) and by mobile application "ELITEHRV" on a smartphone (no beat type identification). ECG analysis showed that 33.9% of the recordings contained at least one non-sinus beat or artefact, the mobile app did not report this. The mean RR intervals were significantly longer (p = 0.0378), while SDNN (p = 0.0001) and RMSSD (p = 0.0199) were smaller for the mobile approach. CONCLUSIONS Measures of identical HRV parameters by ECG-based and mobile approaches are not equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Guzik
- Department of Cardiology - Intensive Therapy, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Caroline Piekos
- Department of Cardiology - Intensive Therapy, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland
| | - Olivia Pierog
- Department of Cardiology - Intensive Therapy, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland
| | - Naiman Fenech
- Department of Cardiology - Intensive Therapy, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Krauze
- Department of Cardiology - Intensive Therapy, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Piskorski
- Institute of Physics, University of Zielona Gora, Poland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wykretowicz
- Department of Cardiology - Intensive Therapy, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland
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Lucini D, Solaro N, Pagani M. Autonomic Differentiation Map: A Novel Statistical Tool for Interpretation of Heart Rate Variability. Front Physiol 2018; 9:401. [PMID: 29740334 PMCID: PMC5924813 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the large body of evidence suggesting Heart Rate Variability (HRV) alone or combined with blood pressure variability (providing an estimate of baroreflex gain) as a useful technique to assess the autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system, there is still an ongoing debate about methodology, interpretation, and clinical applications. In the present investigation, we hypothesize that non-parametric and multivariate exploratory statistical manipulation of HRV data could provide a novel informational tool useful to differentiate normal controls from clinical groups, such as athletes, or subjects affected by obesity, hypertension, or stress. With a data-driven protocol in 1,352 ambulant subjects, we compute HRV and baroreflex indices from short-term data series as proxies of autonomic (ANS) regulation. We apply a three-step statistical procedure, by first removing age and gender effects. Subsequently, by factor analysis, we extract four ANS latent domains that detain the large majority of information (86.94%), subdivided in oscillatory (40.84%), amplitude (18.04%), pressure (16.48%), and pulse domains (11.58%). Finally, we test the overall capacity to differentiate clinical groups vs. control. To give more practical value and improve readability, statistical results concerning individual discriminant ANS proxies and ANS differentiation profiles are displayed through peculiar graphical tools, i.e., significance diagram and ANS differentiation map, respectively. This approach, which simultaneously uses all available information about the system, shows what domains make up the difference in ANS discrimination. e.g., athletes differ from controls in all domains, but with a graded strength: maximal in the (normalized) oscillatory and in the pulse domains, slightly less in the pressure domain and minimal in the amplitude domain. The application of multiple (non-parametric and exploratory) statistical and graphical tools to ANS proxies defines differentiation profiles that could provide a better understanding of autonomic differences between clinical groups and controls. ANS differentiation map permits to rapidly and simply synthesize the possible difference between clinical groups and controls, evidencing the ANS latent domains that have at least a medium strength of discrimination, while the significance diagram permits to identify the single ANS proxies inside each ANS latent domain that resulted in significant comparisons according to statistical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadia Solaro
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Rave G, Fortrat JO, Dawson B, Carre F, Dupont G, Saeidi A, Boullosa D, Zouhal H. Heart rate recovery and heart rate variability: use and relevance in European professional soccer. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1460053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Rave
- Stade Lavallois MFC, Plaine des Gandonnières rue Coupeau, Laval, France
| | | | - Brian Dawson
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | | | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Exercise Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF, Brazil
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) – EA 1274, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
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Lucini D, Sala R, Spataro A, Malacarne M, Benzi M, Tamorri S, Pagani M. Can the use of a single integrated unitary autonomic index provide early clues for eventual eligibility for olympic games? Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:919-926. [PMID: 29450627 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Optimal autonomic regulation and stress resilience might be considered critical elements of athletic performance. We hypothesize that a novel unitary autonomic index for sports (ANSIs), together with a somatic stress related symptom score (4SQ) might help characterize athletes who were eventually selected for the Rio 2016 Olympic Games Italian team (Rio +). METHODS In this retrospective study we examined 778 athletes (age 24.4 ± 6.7 yrs) who underwent a planned yearly pre-participation screening. All athletes underwent clinical, autonomic and exercise ECG evaluation. The combination of vagal and sympathetic indices from RR variability into ANSIs was performed by radar plot and percent ranking of index variables. We assessed (Rio +) versus (Rio -) athletes also after subdivision into three sport intensity groups (low, mid and high intensity). RESULTS Overall there were no significant differences between (Rio +) and (Rio -) athletes when considering individual spectral derived variables. Conversely, the unitary Index ANSIs was significantly higher in (Rio +) compared to (Rio -) athletes (respectively 54.5 ± 29.5 and 47.9 ± 28.4 p = 0.014). This difference was particularly evident (p = 0.017) in the group of athletes characterized by both high static and dynamic components. 4SQ was smaller in the (Rio +) group, particularly in the groups of athletes characterized by both low-medium static and dynamic components. CONCLUSIONS ANSIs, a proxy of integrated cardiac autonomic regulation and simple assessment of resilience to stress, may differentiate Italian athletes who were eventually selected for participation in the 2016 Rio Olympic Games from those who were not, suggesting the possibility of a "winning functional phenotype".
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lucini
- BIOMETRA University of Milano, Via Alessandro Manzoni, 56, 20089, Rozzano (Milano), Italy. .,Exercise Medicine Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (Milano), Italy.
| | - Roberto Sala
- BIOMETRA University of Milano, Via Alessandro Manzoni, 56, 20089, Rozzano (Milano), Italy
| | | | - Mara Malacarne
- BIOMETRA University of Milano, Via Alessandro Manzoni, 56, 20089, Rozzano (Milano), Italy.,Exercise Medicine Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (Milano), Italy
| | | | | | - Massimo Pagani
- BIOMETRA University of Milano, Via Alessandro Manzoni, 56, 20089, Rozzano (Milano), Italy
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Rundfeldt LC, Maggioni MA, Coker RH, Gunga HC, Riveros-Rivera A, Schalt A, Steinach M. Cardiac Autonomic Modulations and Psychological Correlates in the Yukon Arctic Ultra: The Longest and the Coldest Ultramarathon. Front Physiol 2018; 9:35. [PMID: 29483874 PMCID: PMC5816048 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on human physical performance in extreme environments have effectively approached the investigation of adaptation mechanisms and their physiological limits. As scientific interest in the interplay between physiological and psychological aspects of performance is growing, we aimed to investigate cardiac autonomic control, by means of heart rate variability, and psychological correlates, in competitors of a subarctic ultramarathon, taking place over a 690 km course (temperatures between +5 and -47°C). At baseline (PRE), after 277 km (D1), 383 km (D2), and post-race (POST, 690 km), heart rate (HR) recordings (supine, 15 min), psychometric measurements (Profile of Mood States/POMS, Borg fatigue, and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale scores both upon arrival and departure) were obtained in 16 competitors (12 men, 4 women, 38.6 ± 9.5 years). As not all participants reached the finish line, comparison of finishers (FIN, n = 10) and non-finishers (NON, n = 6), allowed differential assessment of performance. Resting HR increased overall significantly at D1 (FIN +15.9; NON +14.0 bpm), due to a significant decrease in parasympathetic drive. This decrease was in FIN only partially recovered toward POST. In FIN only, baseline HR was negatively correlated with mean velocity [r -0.63 (P.04)] and parasympathetic drive [pNN50+: r -0.67 (P.03)], a lower HR and a higher vagal tone predicting a better performance. Moreover, in FIN, a persistent increase of the long-term self-similarity coefficient, assessed by detrended fluctuation analysis (DFAα2), was retrieved, possibly due to higher alertness. As for psychometrics, at D1, POMS Vigor decreased (FIN: -7.0; NON: -3.8), while Fatigue augmented (FIN: +6.9; NON: +5.0). Sleepiness increased only in NON, while Borg scales did not exhibit changes. Baseline comparison of mood states with normative data for athletes displayed significantly higher positive mood in our athletes. Results show that: the race conditions induced early decreases in parasympathetic drive; the extent of vagal withdrawal, associated to the timing of its recovery, is crucial for success; pre-competition lower resting HR predicts a better performance; psychological profile is reliably depicted by POMS, but not by Borg fatigue scales. Therefore, assessment of heart rate variability and psychological profile may monitor and partly predict performance in long-duration ultramarathon in extreme cold environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea C Rundfeldt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina A Maggioni
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Robert H Coker
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Hanns-Christian Gunga
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alain Riveros-Rivera
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriane Schalt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Steinach
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Benchmarking Heart Rate Variability to Overcome Sex-Related Bias. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1065:191-205. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-77932-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Design and Clinical Evaluation of a Non-Contact Heart Rate Variability Measuring Device. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17112637. [PMID: 29144400 PMCID: PMC5712847 DOI: 10.3390/s17112637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The object of the proposed paper is to design and analyze the performance of a non-contact heart rate variability (HRV) measuring device based on ultrasound transducers. The rationale behind non-contact HRV measurement is the goal of obtaining a means of long term monitoring of a patient’s heart performance. Due to its complexity as a non-contact measuring device, influential physical quantities, error source and other perturbations were thoroughly investigated. For medical purposes it is of utmost importance to define the target uncertainty of a measuring method from the side of physicians, while it is the role of scientists to realistically evaluate all uncertainty contributions. Within this paper we present a novelty method of non-contact HRV measurement based on ultrasound transducers operating at two frequencies simultaneously. We report laboratory results and clinical evaluations are given for healthy subjects as well as patients with known heart conditions. Furthermore, laboratory tests were conducted on subjects during a relaxation period, and after 1 min physical activity
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