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Vaz A, Morales KRDP, Fonseca EKUN, Souza JPS, Rahal MJS, Young LM, Pereira LM, Scoppetta LRPD, Parga Filho JR. Ring-like late gadolinium enhancement: differential diagnosis and mimics. Radiol Bras 2025; 58:e20240111. [PMID: 40084186 PMCID: PMC11905226 DOI: 10.1590/0100-3984.2024.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2024] [Revised: 11/12/2024] [Accepted: 11/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Advances in cardiac magnetic resonance have promoted tissue characterization with high spatial and contrast resolution, and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) sequences have improved the detection of myocardial fibrosis. The distribution pattern of LGE facilitates differentiation between ischemic and nonischemic etiologies and aids in refining diagnoses within nonischemic cardiomyopathies, suggesting specific etiological factors. A distinctive nonischemic LGE pattern that has recently gained prominence is the ring-like pattern, defined as a subepicardial or mid-wall circumferential or semi-circumferential enhancement, which involves at least three contiguous segments within the same short-axis slice. Initially identified as a diagnostic marker for desmoplakin and filamin C-related cardiomyopathies, the pattern has been reported in nongenetic conditions; nevertheless, it remains an uncommon finding in these diseases. In this article, we aim to present the differential diagnoses of ring-like LGE and its mimics. The combination of epidemiological, clinical, electrocardiographic, and additional features enables a focused refinement of the differential diagnosis associated with ring-like LGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Vaz
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas
da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (InCor/HC-FMUSP),
São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kevin Rafael De Paula Morales
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas
da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (InCor/HC-FMUSP),
São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Pato Serra Souza
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas
da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (InCor/HC-FMUSP),
São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Júlia Silveira Rahal
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas
da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (InCor/HC-FMUSP),
São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Mintzu Young
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas
da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (InCor/HC-FMUSP),
São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia Muniz Pereira
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas
da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (InCor/HC-FMUSP),
São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - José Rodrigues Parga Filho
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas
da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (InCor/HC-FMUSP),
São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Sharma R, Kouranos V, Cooper LT, Metra M, Ristic A, Heidecker B, Baksi J, Wicks E, Merino JL, Klingel K, Imazio M, de Chillou C, Tschöpe C, Kuchynka P, Petersen SE, McDonagh T, Lüscher T, Filippatos G. Management of cardiac sarcoidosis. Eur Heart J 2024; 45:2697-2726. [PMID: 38923509 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is a form of inflammatory cardiomyopathy associated with significant clinical complications such as high-degree atrioventricular block, ventricular tachycardia, and heart failure as well as sudden cardiac death. It is therefore important to provide an expert consensus statement summarizing the role of different available diagnostic tools and emphasizing the importance of a multidisciplinary approach. By integrating clinical information and the results of diagnostic tests, an accurate, validated, and timely diagnosis can be made, while alternative diagnoses can be reasonably excluded. This clinical expert consensus statement reviews the evidence on the management of different CS manifestations and provides advice to practicing clinicians in the field on the role of immunosuppression and the treatment of cardiac complications based on limited published data and the experience of international CS experts. The monitoring and risk stratification of patients with CS is also covered, while controversies and future research needs are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Sharma
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, part of Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
- King's College London, UK
| | - Vasileios Kouranos
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
- Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, part of Guys and St. Thomas's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Leslie T Cooper
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic in Florida, 4500 San Pablo, Jacksonville, USA
| | - Marco Metra
- Cardiology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Arsen Ristic
- Department of Cardiology, University of Belgrade, Pasterova 2, Floor 9, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bettina Heidecker
- Department for Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - John Baksi
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
- Cardiac MRI Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, part of Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Eleanor Wicks
- Department of Cardiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
- University College London, London, UK
| | - Jose L Merino
- La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Massimo Imazio
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
| | - Christian de Chillou
- Department of Cardiology, CHRU-Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
- Department of Cardiology, IADI, INSERM U1254, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- Department of Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), Angiology and Intensive Medicine (Campus Virchow) and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)- partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Center for Regenerative Therapies, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petr Kuchynka
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Steffen E Petersen
- NIHR Barts Biomedical Research Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, EC1A 7BE, London, UK
| | | | - Thomas Lüscher
- Royal Brompton Hospital, part of Guys and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust, Professor of Cardiology at Imperial College and Kings College, London, UK
| | - Gerasimos Filippatos
- Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Malhi JK, Ibecheozor C, Chrispin J, Gilotra NA. Diagnostic and management strategies in cardiac sarcoidosis. Int J Cardiol 2024; 403:131853. [PMID: 38373681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2024.131853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is increasingly recognized in the context of with otherwise unexplained electrical or structural heart disease due to improved diagnostic tools and awareness. Therefore, clinicians require improved understanding of this rare but fatal disease to care for these patients. The cardinal features of CS, include arrhythmias, atrio-ventricular conduction delay and cardiomyopathy. In addition to treatments tailored to these cardiac manifestations, immunosuppression plays a key role in active CS management. However, clinical trial and consensus guidelines are limited to guide the use of immunosuppression in these patients. This review aims to provide a practical overview to the current diagnostic challenges, treatment approach, and future opportunities in the field of CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine K Malhi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chukwuka Ibecheozor
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Chrispin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nisha A Gilotra
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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4
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Crisci G, Bobbio E, Gentile P, Bromage DI, Bollano E, Ferone E, Israr MZ, Heaney LM, Polte CL, Cannatà A, Salzano A. Biomarkers in Acute Myocarditis and Chronic Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy: An Updated Review of the Literature. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7214. [PMID: 38068265 PMCID: PMC10706911 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12237214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is a disease caused by cardiac inflammation that can progress to dilated cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and eventually death. Several etiologies, including autoimmune, drug-induced, and infectious, lead to inflammation, which causes damage to the myocardium, followed by remodeling and fibrosis. Although there has been an increasing understanding of pathophysiology, early and accurate diagnosis, and effective treatment remain challenging due to the high heterogeneity. As a result, many patients have poor prognosis, with those surviving at risk of long-term sequelae. Current diagnostic methods, including imaging and endomyocardial biopsy, are, at times, expensive, invasive, and not always performed early enough to affect disease progression. Therefore, the identification of accurate, cost-effective, and prognostically informative biomarkers is critical for screening and treatment. The review then focuses on the biomarkers currently associated with these conditions, which have been extensively studied via blood tests and imaging techniques. The information within this review was retrieved through extensive literature research conducted on major publicly accessible databases and has been collated and revised by an international panel of experts. The biomarkers discussed in the article have shown great promise in clinical research studies and provide clinicians with essential tools for early diagnosis and improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Crisci
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Italian Clinical Outcome Research and Reporting Program (I-CORRP), 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bobbio
- Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden; (E.B.); (E.B.)
- Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Piero Gentile
- De Gasperis Cardio Center, Niguarda Hospital, 20162 Milan, Italy;
| | - Daniel I. Bromage
- Department of Cardiology, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK; (D.I.B.); (E.F.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Entela Bollano
- Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden; (E.B.); (E.B.)
- Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Emma Ferone
- Department of Cardiology, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK; (D.I.B.); (E.F.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Muhammad Zubair Israr
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK;
| | - Liam M. Heaney
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK;
| | - Christian L. Polte
- Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Antonio Cannatà
- Department of Cardiology, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK; (D.I.B.); (E.F.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Andrea Salzano
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK;
- Cardiology Unit, AORN A Cardarelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
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