Midlife heart rate variability and cognitive decline: A large longitudinal cohort study

Biostrap Kairos Wristband Versus Electrocardiography for Resting Heart Rate Variability Assessment

The Kairos wristband offers on-demand heart rate variability (HRV) assessment through its "Spot Check" feature, enabling standardized recordings for clinical, research, or self-tracking purposes, but its validity is untested. Therefore, we compared the Kairos wristband to electrocardiography (ECG) for resting HRV assessment in young adults, and investigated the influence of skin pigmentation (M-index) on measurement accuracy. Simultaneous 3 min Kairos and ECG samples were obtained in the supine (n = 32) and seated (n = 30) position. Comparisons included resting heart rate (RHR) and time domain (root-mean square of successive differences [RMSSD], standard deviation of normal RR intervals [SDNN]), frequency domain (low [LF] and high frequency [HF]), and non-linear (standard deviation 1 [SD1] and SD2) HRV metrics. RHR showed excellent agreement whereas HF, LF, and SD2 showed poor agreement. For the remaining metrics, SDNN showed the strongest absolute and relative agreement, followed by SD1 and RMSSD. However, most HRV metrics exhibited heteroscedasticity or proportional bias, with greater error and underestimation at higher HRV values. M-index was unrelated to method difference scores, except for seated SD2 (p = 0.01). The Kairos wristband can be used to measure RHR, but HRV assessment should be limited to SDNN for global variability and SD1 or RMSSD for cardiac-parasympathetic activity. However, these metrics should be interpreted within the level of agreement identified in this study, and with consideration of the observed trend of diminished accuracy with higher HRV values.

A New Perspective on Agitation in Alzheimer's Disease: A Potential Paradigm Shift

Agitation is a common and difficult-to-manage neuropsychiatric syndrome in dementia. Recently, an association with the autonomous nervous system has been suggested. From the literature researched, however, only two studies investigating autonomic function concomitant to agitation situations appeared; one case series comprised two American veterans with vascular and Alzheimer's dementia, respectively, and in a case series of patients with CLN3 (juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis), this was found to be the most common neurodegenerative disease leading to dementia in childhood. In both case series, the measurement of the autonomic system disclosed a parasympathetic withdrawal and sympathetic hyperactivity in the temporal context with agitated behavior. If the time-wise-related autonomic imbalance shown previously can be demonstrated in a larger cohort of patients with Alzheimer's disease, the use of transcutaneous vagal stimulation might be a potential paradigm shift in the treatment of agitation in Alzheimer's disease.