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Ono H, Tamada T, Shigematsu Y. Lactate/pyruvate in hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome. Pediatr Int 2018; 60:762-764. [PMID: 30058227 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ono
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tamada
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yosuke Shigematsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, Japan
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Oxidative stress in urea cycle disorders: Findings from clinical and basic research. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 477:121-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Zanatta Â, Rodrigues MDN, Amaral AU, Souza DG, Quincozes-Santos A, Wajner M. Ornithine and Homocitrulline Impair Mitochondrial Function, Decrease Antioxidant Defenses and Induce Cell Death in Menadione-Stressed Rat Cortical Astrocytes: Potential Mechanisms of Neurological Dysfunction in HHH Syndrome. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2190-8. [PMID: 27161368 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1933-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria (HHH) syndrome is caused by deficiency of ornithine translocase leading to predominant tissue accumulation and high urinary excretion of ornithine (Orn), homocitrulline (Hcit) and ammonia. Although affected patients commonly present neurological dysfunction manifested by cognitive deficit, spastic paraplegia, pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs, stroke-like episodes, hypotonia and ataxia, its pathogenesis is still poorly known. Although astrocytes are necessary for neuronal protection. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the effects of Orn and Hcit on cell viability (propidium iodide incorporation), mitochondrial function (thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide-MTT-reduction and mitochondrial membrane potential-ΔΨm), antioxidant defenses (GSH) and pro-inflammatory response (NFkB, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) in unstimulated and menadione-stressed cortical astrocytes that were previously shown to be susceptible to damage by neurotoxins. We first observed that Orn decreased MTT reduction, whereas both amino acids decreased GSH levels, without altering cell viability and the pro-inflammatory factors in unstimulated astrocytes. Furthermore, Orn and Hcit decreased cell viability and ΔΨm in menadione-treated astrocytes. The present data indicate that the major compounds accumulating in HHH syndrome impair mitochondrial function and reduce cell viability and the antioxidant defenses in cultured astrocytes especially when stressed by menadione. It is presumed that these mechanisms may be involved in the neuropathology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Zanatta
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos No 2600 - Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Marília Danyelle Nunes Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos No 2600 - Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Umpierrez Amaral
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos No 2600 - Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Débora Guerini Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos No 2600 - Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos No 2600 - Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos No 2600 - Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Zanatta Â, Viegas CM, Hickmann FH, de Oliveira Monteiro W, Sitta A, de Moura Coelho D, Vargas CR, Leipnitz G, Wajner M. Ornithine In Vivo Administration Disrupts Redox Homeostasis and Decreases Synaptic Na(+), K (+)-ATPase Activity in Cerebellum of Adolescent Rats: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Hyperornithinemia-Hyperammonemia-Homocitrullinuria (HHH) Syndrome. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:797-806. [PMID: 25772141 PMCID: PMC11486193 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria (HHH) syndrome is an inborn error of metabolism caused by a defect in the transport of ornithine (Orn) into mitochondrial matrix leading to accumulation of Orn, homocitrulline (Hcit), and ammonia. Affected patients present a variable clinical symptomatology, frequently associated with cerebellar symptoms whose pathogenesis is poorly known. Although in vitro studies reported induction of oxidative stress by the metabolites accumulating in HHH syndrome, so far no report evaluated the in vivo effects of these compounds on redox homeostasis in cerebellum. Therefore, the present work was carried out to investigate the in vivo effects of intracerebellar administration of Orn and Hcit on antioxidant defenses (reduced glutathione concentrations and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase), lipid oxidation (malondialdehyde concentrations), as well as on the activity of synaptic Na(+), K(+)-ATPase, an enzyme highly vulnerable to free radical attack, in the cerebellum of adolescent rats. Orn significantly increased malondialdehyde levels and the activities of all antioxidant enzymes, and reduced Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity. In contrast, glutathione concentrations were not changed by Orn treatment. Furthermore, intracerebellar administration of Hcit was not able to alter any of these parameters. The present data show for the first time that Orn provokes in vivo lipid oxidative damage, activation of the enzymatic antioxidant defense system, and reduction of the activity of a crucial enzyme involved in neurotransmission. It is presumed that these pathomechanisms may contribute at least partly to explain the neuropathology of cerebellum abnormalities and the ataxia observed in patients with HHH syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Zanatta
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos No 2600 – Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 90035-003 Brazil
| | - Carolina Maso Viegas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos No 2600 – Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 90035-003 Brazil
| | - Fernanda Hermes Hickmann
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos No 2600 – Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 90035-003 Brazil
| | - Wagner de Oliveira Monteiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos No 2600 – Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 90035-003 Brazil
| | - Angela Sitta
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | | | - Carmen Regla Vargas
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos No 2600 – Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 90035-003 Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos No 2600 – Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 90035-003 Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
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Zanatta A, Viegas CM, Tonin AM, Busanello ENB, Grings M, Moura AP, Leipnitz G, Wajner M. Disturbance of redox homeostasis by ornithine and homocitrulline in rat cerebellum: a possible mechanism of cerebellar dysfunction in HHH syndrome. Life Sci 2013; 93:161-8. [PMID: 23806752 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cerebellar ataxia is commonly observed in hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria (HHH) syndrome, an inherited metabolic disorder biochemically characterized by ornithine (Orn), homocitrulline (Hcit) and ammonia accumulation. Since the pathophysiology of cerebellum damage in this disorder is still unknown, we investigated the effects of Hcit and Orn on important parameters of redox and energy homeostasis in cerebellum of young rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS We determined thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBA-RS) levels, carbonyl content, nitrate and nitrite production, hydrogen peroxide production, GSH concentrations, sulfhydryl content, as well as activities of respiratory chain complexes I-IV, creatine kinase, Na(+),K(+)-ATPase, aconitase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. KEY FINDINGS Orn and Hcit significantly increased TBA-RS levels (lipid oxidation), that was totally prevented by melatonin and reduced glutathione (GSH). We also found that nitrate and nitrite production was not altered by any of the metabolites, in contrast to hydrogen peroxide production which was significantly enhanced by Hcit. Furthermore, GSH concentrations were significantly reduced by Orn and Hcit and sulfhydryl content by Orn, implying an impairment of antioxidant defenses. As regards energy metabolism, Orn and Hcit provoked a significant reduction of aconitase activity, without altering the other parameters. Furthermore, Orn-elicited reduction of aconitase activity was totally prevented by GSH, indicating that the critical groups of this enzyme were susceptible to oxidation caused by this amino acid. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, our data indicate that redox homeostasis is disturbed by the major metabolites accumulating in HHH syndrome and that this mechanism may be implicated in the ataxia and cerebellar abnormalities observed in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Zanatta
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Viegas CM, Tonin AM, Zanatta A, Seminotti B, Busanello ENB, Fernandes CG, Moura AP, Leipnitz G, Wajner M. Impairment of brain redox homeostasis caused by the major metabolites accumulating in hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome in vivo. Metab Brain Dis 2012; 27:521-30. [PMID: 22798168 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Ornithine, ammonia and homocitrulline are the major metabolites accumulating in hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome, a genetic disorder characterized by neurological regression whose pathogenesis is still not understood. The present work investigated the in vivo effects of intracerebroventricular administration of ornithine and homocitrulline in the presence or absence of hyperammonemia induced by intraperitoneal urease treatment on a large spectrum of oxidative stress parameters in cerebral cortex from young rats in order to better understand the role of these metabolites on brain damage. Ornithine increased thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS) levels and carbonyl formation and decreased total antioxidant status (TAS) levels. We also observed that the combination of hyperammonemia with ornithine resulted in significant decreases of sulfhydryl levels, reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations and the activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), highlighting a synergistic effect of ornithine and ammonia. Furthermore, homocitrulline caused increases of TBA-RS values and carbonyl formation, as well as decreases of GSH concentrations and GPx activity. Hcit with hyperammonemia (urease treatment) decreased TAS and CAT activity. We also showed that urease treatment per se was able to enhance TBA-RS levels. Finally, nitric oxide production was not altered by Orn and Hcit alone or in combination with hyperammonemia. Our data indicate that the major metabolites accumulating in hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome provoke lipid and protein oxidative damage and a reduction of the antioxidant defenses in the brain. Therefore, it is presumed that oxidative stress may represent a relevant pathomechanism involved in the brain damage found in patients affected by this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Maso Viegas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Viegas CM, Busanello ENB, Tonin AM, Grings M, Moura AP, Ritter L, Zanatta A, Knebel LA, Lobato VA, Pettenuzzo LF, Vargas CR, Leipnitz G, Wajner M. Chronic postnatal ornithine administration to rats provokes learning deficit in the open field task. Metab Brain Dis 2012; 27:479-86. [PMID: 22699997 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hyperornithinemia is the biochemical hallmark of hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria (HHH) syndrome, an inherited metabolic disease clinically characterized by mental retardation whose pathogenesis is still poorly known. In the present work, we produced a chemical animal model of hyperornithinemia induced by a subcutaneous injection of saline-buffered Orn (2-5 μmol/g body weight) to rats. High brain Orn concentrations were achieved, indicating that Orn is permeable to the blood brain barrier. We then investigated the effect of early chronic postnatal administration of Orn on physical development and on the performance of adult rats in the open field, the Morris water maze and in the step down inhibitory avoidance tasks. Chronic Orn treatment had no effect on the appearance of coat, eye opening or upper incisor eruption, nor on the free-fall righting reflex and on the adult rat performance in the Morris water maze and in the inhibitory avoidance tasks, suggesting that physical development, aversive and spatial localization were not changed by Orn. However, Orn-treated rats did not habituate to the open field apparatus, implying a deficit of learning/memory. Motor activity was the same for Orn- and saline- injected animals. We also verified that Orn subcutaneous injections provoked lipid peroxidation in the brain, as determined by a significant increase of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances levels. Our results indicate that chronic early postnatal hyperornithinemia may impair the central nervous system, causing minor disabilities which result in specific learning deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Maso Viegas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, CEP: 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Abstract
We reviewed the literature on ornithine supplementation and related topics. Nutritionists and physicians have reported that ornithine supplementation is useful. Paediatricians and biochemists have reported that ornithine is supplemented for NH3detoxification in the hyperornithinaemia–hyperammonaemia–homocitrullinuria (HHH) syndrome. In contrast, ophthalmic researchers have reported retinotoxicity associated with high-dose ornithine.In vivoandin vitroexperiments have shown that high concentrations of ornithine or its metabolites are toxic to the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Long-term (exceeding a few years) and high concentrations (exceeding 600 μmol/l) of ornithine in the blood induce retinal toxicity in gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina (GA). Intermittent high levels of ornithine do not lead to retinal lesions. Constant blood ornithine levels between 250 and 600 μmol/l do not induce retinal lesions or cause a very slowly progressive retinal degeneration. Blood ornithine levels below 250 μmol/l do not produce retinal alteration. We concluded that short-term, low-dose or transient high-dose ornithine intake is safe for the retina; its nutritional usefulness and effect on NH3detoxification are supported by many researchers, but the effect may be limited; and long-term, high-dose ornithine intake may be risky for the retina. Patients with GA should avoid taking ornithine; amino acid supplementation should be administered carefully for patients with the HHH syndrome, relatives of patients with GA (heterozygotes) and subjects with RPE lesions; and blood ornithine levels and retinal conditions should be evaluated in individuals taking long-term, high-dose ornithine.
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Viegas CM, Busanello ENB, Tonin AM, de Moura AP, Grings M, Ritter L, Schuck PF, Ferreira GDC, Sitta A, Vargas CR, Wajner M. Dual mechanism of brain damage induced in vivo by the major metabolites accumulating in hyperornithinemia–hyperammonemia–homocitrullinuria syndrome. Brain Res 2011; 1369:235-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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