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Gambella A, Senetta R, Collemi G, Vallero SG, Monticelli M, Cofano F, Zeppa P, Garbossa D, Pellerino A, Rudà R, Soffietti R, Fagioli F, Papotti M, Cassoni P, Bertero L. NTRK Fusions in Central Nervous System Tumors: A Rare, but Worthy Target. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030753. [PMID: 31979374 PMCID: PMC7037946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotrophic tropomyosin receptor kinase (NTRK) genes (NTRK1, NTRK2, and NTRK3) code for three transmembrane high-affinity tyrosine-kinase receptors for nerve growth factors (TRK-A, TRK-B, and TRK-C) which are mainly involved in nervous system development. Loss of function alterations in these genes can lead to nervous system development problems; conversely, activating alterations harbor oncogenic potential, promoting cell proliferation/survival and tumorigenesis. Chromosomal rearrangements are the most clinically relevant alterations of pathological NTRK activation, leading to constitutionally active chimeric receptors. NTRK fusions have been detected with extremely variable frequencies in many pediatric and adult cancer types, including central nervous system (CNS) tumors. These alterations can be detected by different laboratory assays (e.g., immunohistochemistry, FISH, sequencing), but each of these approaches has specific advantages and limitations which must be taken into account for an appropriate use in diagnostics or research. Moreover, therapeutic targeting of this molecular marker recently showed extreme efficacy. Considering the overall lack of effective treatments for brain neoplasms, it is expected that detection of NTRK fusions will soon become a mainstay in the diagnostic assessment of CNS tumors, and thus in-depth knowledge regarding this topic is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gambella
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Rebecca Senetta
- Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (R.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Giammarco Collemi
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Stefano Gabriele Vallero
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology Unit, Department of Pediatric and Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (S.G.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Matteo Monticelli
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (F.C.); (P.Z.); (D.G.)
| | - Fabio Cofano
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (F.C.); (P.Z.); (D.G.)
| | - Pietro Zeppa
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (F.C.); (P.Z.); (D.G.)
| | - Diego Garbossa
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (F.C.); (P.Z.); (D.G.)
| | - Alessia Pellerino
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University and City of Health and Science Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Roberta Rudà
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University and City of Health and Science Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Riccardo Soffietti
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University and City of Health and Science Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Franca Fagioli
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology Unit, Department of Pediatric and Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (S.G.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (R.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Paola Cassoni
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Luca Bertero
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.G.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-633-5466
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Guo H, Tian L, Zhang JZ, Kitani T, Paik DT, Lee WH, Wu JC. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation Delineates Adverse Effects of Nicotine on Embryonic Development. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:772-786. [PMID: 30827876 PMCID: PMC6449785 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine, the main chemical constituent of tobacco, is highly detrimental to the developing fetus by increasing the risk of gestational complications and organ disorders. The effects of nicotine on human embryonic development and related mechanisms, however, remain poorly understood. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived embryoid body (EB) in the presence or absence of nicotine. Nicotine-induced lineage-specific responses and dysregulated cell-to-cell communication in EBs, shedding light on the adverse effects of nicotine on human embryonic development. In addition, nicotine reduced cell viability, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), and altered cell cycling in EBs. Abnormal Ca2+ signaling was found in muscle cells upon nicotine exposure, as verified in hESC-derived cardiomyocytes. Consequently, our scRNA-seq data suggest direct adverse effects of nicotine on hESC differentiation at the single-cell level and offer a new method for evaluating drug and environmental toxicity on human embryonic development in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Guo
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, 265 Campus Drive G1120B, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lei Tian
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, 265 Campus Drive G1120B, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joe Z Zhang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, 265 Campus Drive G1120B, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tomoya Kitani
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, 265 Campus Drive G1120B, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David T Paik
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, 265 Campus Drive G1120B, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Won Hee Lee
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, 265 Campus Drive G1120B, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Angelim MKSC, Maia LMSDS, Mouffle C, Ginhoux F, Low D, Amancio-Dos-Santos A, Makhoul J, Le Corronc H, Mangin JM, Legendre P. Embryonic macrophages and microglia ablation alter the development of dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons in mouse embryos. Glia 2018; 66:2470-2486. [PMID: 30252950 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are known to regulate several aspects of the development of the central nervous system. When microglia colonize the spinal cord, from E11.5 in the mouse embryo, they interact with growing central axons of dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons (SNs), which suggests that they may have some functions in SN development. To address this issue, we analyzed the effects of embryonic macrophage ablation on the early development of SNs using mouse embryo lacking embryonic macrophages (PU.1 knock-out mice) and immune cell ablation. We discovered that, in addition to microglia, embryonic macrophages contact tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) C+ SN, TrkB+ SN, and TrkA+ SN peripheral neurites from E11.5. Deprivation of immune cells resulted in an initial reduction of TrkC+ SN and TrkB+ SN populations at E11.5 that was unlikely to be related to an alteration in their developmental cell death (DCD), followed by a transitory increase in their number at E12.5. It also resulted in a reduction of TrkA+ SN number during the developmental period analyzed (E11.5-E15.5), although we did not observe any change in their DCD. Proliferation of cells negative for brain fatty acid-binding protein (BFABP- ), which likely correspond to neuronal progenitors, was increased at E11.5, while their proliferation was decreased at E12.5, which could partly explain the alterations of SN subtype production observed from E11.5. In addition, we observed alterations in the proliferation of glial cell progenitors (BFABP+ cells) in the absence of embryonic macrophages. Our data indicate that embryonic macrophages and microglia ablation alter the development of SNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monara Kaélle Sérvulo Cruz Angelim
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS, IBPS), Paris, France.,Neurophysiology and pharmacology laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Luciana Maria Silva de Seixas Maia
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS, IBPS), Paris, France.,Neurophysiology and pharmacology laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Christine Mouffle
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS, IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Donovan Low
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jennifer Makhoul
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS, IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Hervé Le Corronc
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS, IBPS), Paris, France.,Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Marie Mangin
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS, IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Pascal Legendre
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS, IBPS), Paris, France
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Identification of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type O (PTPRO) as a Synaptic Adhesion Molecule that Promotes Synapse Formation. J Neurosci 2017; 37:9828-9843. [PMID: 28871037 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0729-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The proper formation of synapses-specialized unitary structures formed between two neurons-is critical to mediating information flow in the brain. Synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are thought to participate in the initiation of the synapse formation process. However, in vivo functional analysis demonstrates that most well known synaptic CAMs regulate synaptic maturation and plasticity rather than synapse formation, suggesting that either CAMs work synergistically in the process of forming synapses or more CAMs remain to be found. By screening for unknown CAMs using a co-culture system, we revealed that protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O (PTPRO) is a potent CAM that induces the formation of artificial synapse clusters in co-cultures of human embryonic kidney 293 cells and hippocampal neurons cultured from newborn mice regardless of gender. PTPRO was enriched in the mouse brain and localized to postsynaptic sites at excitatory synapses. The overexpression of PTPRO in cultured hippocampal neurons increased the number of synapses and the frequency of miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs). The knock-down (KD) of PTPRO expression in cultured neurons by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) reduced the number of synapses and the frequencies of the mEPSCs. The effects of shRNA KD were rescued by expressing either full-length PTPRO or a truncated PTPRO lacking the cytoplasmic domain. Consistent with these results, the N-terminal extracellular domain of PTPRO was required for its synaptogenic activity in the co-culture assay. Our data show that PTPRO is a synaptic CAM that serves as a potent initiator of the formation of excitatory synapses.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The formation of synapses is critical for the brain to execute its function and synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) play essential roles in initiating the formation of synapses. By screening for unknown CAMs using a co-culture system, we revealed that protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O (PTPRO) is a potent CAM that induces the formation of artificial synapse clusters. Using loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches, we show that PTPRO promotes the formation of excitatory synapses. The N-terminal extracellular domain of PTPRO was required for its synaptogenic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons and the co-culture assay. Together, our data show that PTPRO is a synaptic CAM that serves as a potent initiator of synapse formation.
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Önger ME, Delibaş B, Türkmen AP, Erener E, Altunkaynak BZ, Kaplan S. The role of growth factors in nerve regeneration. Drug Discov Ther 2016; 10:285-291. [PMID: 27746416 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2016.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nerve injuries result in functional loss in the innervated organ or body parts, and recovery is difficult unless surgical treatment has been done. Different surgical treatments have been suggested for nerve repair. Tissue engineering related to growth factors has arisen as an alternative approach for triggering and improving nerve regeneration. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis related to growth factors as tools for optimizing the regeneration process. Studies and reviews on the use of growth factors for nerve regeneration were compiled over the course of the review. According to literature review, it may be concluded that growth factors from different sources present promising treatment related to nerve regeneration involved in neuronal differentiation, greater myelination and axonal growth and proliferation of specific cells for nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Emin Önger
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University
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Tassano E, De Santis LR, Corona MF, Parmigiani S, Zanetti D, Porta S, Gimelli G, Cuoco C. Concomitant deletion of chromosome 16p13.11 and triplication of chromosome 19p13.3 in a child with developmental disorders, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. Mol Cytogenet 2015; 8:9. [PMID: 25705258 PMCID: PMC4335438 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-015-0115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Rare copy number variations (CNVs) are today recognized as an important cause of various neurodevelopmental disorders, including mental retardation and epilepsy. In some cases, a second CNV may contribute to a more severe clinical presentation. Results Here we describe a patient with epilepsy, mental retardation, developmental disorders, and dysmorphic features, who inherited a deletion of 16p13.11 and a triplication of 19p13.3 from his father and mother, respectively. The mother presented mild mental retardation and language delay too. Conclusions We discuss the phenotypic consequences of the two CNVs and suggest that their synergistic effect is likely responsible for the complicated clinical features observed in our patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Tassano
- Laboratorio di Citogenetica, Istituto G.Gaslini, L.go G.Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Dalila Zanetti
- SSD Genetica Medica, Ospedale S. Andrea, La Spezia, Italy
| | - Simona Porta
- Laboratorio di Citogenetica, Istituto G.Gaslini, L.go G.Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gimelli
- Laboratorio di Citogenetica, Istituto G.Gaslini, L.go G.Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Cristina Cuoco
- Laboratorio di Citogenetica, Istituto G.Gaslini, L.go G.Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
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Jeon M, Zinn K. R3 receptor tyrosine phosphatases: conserved regulators of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and tubular organ development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 37:119-26. [PMID: 25242281 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
R3 receptor tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) are characterized by extracellular domains composed solely of long chains of fibronectin type III repeats, and by the presence of a single phosphatase domain. There are five proteins in mammals with this structure, two in Drosophila and one in Caenorhabditis elegans. R3 RPTPs are selective regulators of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, and a number of different RTKs have been shown to be direct targets for their phosphatase activities. Genetic studies in both invertebrate model systems and in mammals have shown that R3 RPTPs are essential for tubular organ development. They also have important functions during nervous system development. R3 RPTPs are likely to be tumor suppressors in a number of types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mili Jeon
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, United States
| | - Kai Zinn
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States.
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Stoker AW. RPTPs in axons, synapses and neurology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 37:90-7. [PMID: 25234542 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatases represent a large protein family related to cell adhesion molecules, with diverse roles throughout neural development in vertebrates and invertebrates. This review focuses on their roles in axon growth, guidance and repair, as well as more recent findings demonstrating their key roles in pre-synaptic and post-synaptic maturation and function. These enzymes have been linked to memory and neuropsychiatric defects in loss-of-function rodent models, highlighting their potential as future drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Stoker
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom.
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