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Schädler J, Lütgehetmann M, Schröder AS, Edler C, Püschel K, Ondruschka B, Fitzek A. Pilot study in Hamburg on the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections and pandemic survey in the German funeral industry. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2023:10.1007/s12024-023-00661-y. [PMID: 37354275 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-023-00661-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Funeral home and crematorium workers are an important occupational group in the corona crisis. The occupational setting led to concerns about an increased risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2. The seroprevalence in this occupational group is unclear. A questionnaire-based retrospective survey of funeral home and crematorium staff was conducted in December 2020. A second survey of funeral and crematorium staff was conducted 6 months later, in June 2021, to determine changes in pandemic management. Seroprevalence or vaccination status for SARS-CoV-2 was determined at these two time points. In December 2020, a seroprevalence of 2.3% (n = 1/44) was detected in funeral home and crematorium workers. In June 2021, one additional participant tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid. Of the participants, 48.5% (n = 16) were vaccinated at this time. The risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection for funeral home and crematorium workers is more similar to that of the general population in Hamburg, Germany. We found no evidence of an increased risk of infection at these two time points in our cohort. Further education on communicable diseases or appropriate protective measures in this occupational group for other infectious diseases would be useful in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schädler
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ann Sophie Schröder
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Edler
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Püschel
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ondruschka
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Fitzek
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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2
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Sharma M, Brijwal M, Chakraborty N, Choudhary A, Kumar A, Srivastav S, Lalwani P, Agrawal R, Dev Soni K, Madaan N, Malhotra R, Mathur P, Lalwani S, Dar L, Trikha A. Rate of shed of SARS COV-2 viral RNA from COVID-19 cadavers. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:1486-93. [PMID: 36410269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At what rate does the RNA of SARS CoV-2 shed from cadavers? Although, there have been numerous studies which have demonstrated the persistence of the virus on dead bodies, there is a lack of conclusive evidence regarding the variation of viral RNA content in cadavers. This has led to a knowledge gap regarding the safe handling/management of COVID-19 decedents, posing a barrier in forensic investigations. METHODS In this study, we report the presence of RNA of SARS CoV-2 by real time RT-PCR, in nasopharyngeal swabs collected after death from two groups of bodies - one who died due to COVID-19 and the other who died due to other diagnoses. A prospective study on 199 corpses, who had tested positive for COVID-19 ante-mortem, was conducted at a tertiary care center. RNA testing was conducted at different time intervals (T1-T5). RESULTS 112(56.3%) died primarily due to COVID-19 and 87(43.7%) died due to other diagnoses. 144(72.4%) were male and 55(27.6%) were female. A total of 115 (57.8%) tested positive for COVID-19 after death at different time points. The mean age was 50.7 ± 18.9 years and the length of hospitalization ranged from 1 to 50 days with a mean of 9.2 ± 7.6 days. Realtime RT-PCR positivity of SARS CoV-2 RNA decreases with time. CONCLUSION We observed that real time RT-PCR positivity, indicating viral RNA detection, decreases with time. Therefore, it is advisable to follow appropriate COVID-19 precautions to carry out scientific studies, medico-legal investigations and mortuary services on suspected/confirmed COVID-19 corpses.
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3
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Ortiz-Prado E, Vásconez JE, Vallejo-Janeta AP, Morales-Jadán D, Henriquez-Trujillo AR, Rivera-Olivero IA, Andrade F, Lozada T, Garcia-Bereguiain MA. High rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection in funeral home workers in Ecuador: Is it an occupational risk for COVID-19? Front Public Health 2022; 10:1012434. [PMID: 36438256 PMCID: PMC9692081 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1012434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The COVID-19 outbreak has already caused more than 6.5 million deaths, overwhelming health systems worldwide. The unusual demand for funeral home services could make these workers a potential risk group for occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2 associated with corpses management for COVID-19 patients. Methodology This is a cross-sectional study aimed to describe the infection rate of SARS-CoV-2 in funeral home staff by testing them with RT-qPCR in Quito, Ecuador. A total of 232 funeral home workers, representing more than 40% of funeral home personnel in Quito, were included in the study, in June 2020, immediately after the population lockdown was lifted in Ecuador. Results A total of 48 individuals tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, yielding an infection rate of 20.7%. The SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was 18.1 and 20.0% among personnel managing corpses or not managing corpses, respectively. Among the SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, 81.3% reported no symptoms related to COVID-19, and 3 individuals had high viral loads over 108 copies/ml. Conclusion The high SARS-CoV-2 infection rate in funeral home staff suggested a potential occupational risk for COVID-19 but not related to corpses management. Public health guidelines for safe corpses management for COVID-19 victims and safe funeral services should be reinforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Ortiz-Prado
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador,Universidad Latina de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica,*Correspondence: Esteban Ortiz-Prado
| | - Jorge Eduardo Vásconez
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Diana Morales-Jadán
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Ismar A. Rivera-Olivero
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Felipe Andrade
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Tannya Lozada
- Decanato de Investigación y Vinculación, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Miguel Angel Garcia-Bereguiain
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador,Universidad Latina de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica,Miguel Angel Garcia-Bereguiain
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4
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Alishaq M, Nafady-Hego H, Jeremijenko A, Al Ajmi JA, Elgendy M, Al Ansari NAA, Elgendy H, Abou-Samra AB, Butt AA. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Working Women and Impact of Workplace Restrictions. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:3871-3879. [PMID: 35903580 PMCID: PMC9315056 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s360241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection among female workers who were restricted to working from home compared with those who continued to attend in-person work. Methods As part of national surveillance program, serum samples for SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing and nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 PCR were obtained on 1636 female school staff and salon/spa workers who were restricted to work remotely (restricted group) and 1190 female health-care workers who continued in-person work (unrestricted group). Results Seropositivity rate was 5.1% among the restricted and 22.7% among the unrestricted group (P < 0.0001). Presence of symptoms at baseline (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.88; 95% CI 2.09–3.97), contact with a confirmed case (aOR 2.34; 95% CI 1.37–3.98), and unrestricted work type (aOR 4.71; 95% CI 3.24–6.86) were associated with a higher risk of infection, while increasing age was associated with a lower risk of infection. Conclusion Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection as determined by seropositivity was higher among women who were not subject to workplace restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moza Alishaq
- Department of Quality and Clinical Transformation, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hanaa Nafady-Hego
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mohamed Elgendy
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sains of Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | - Hamed Elgendy
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Anesthesia Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abdul-Badi Abou-Samra
- Department of Quality and Clinical Transformation, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Adeel A Butt
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Departments of Medicine and Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
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Martínez-Cortés M, León-Dominguez CM, Fernandez-Pinero J, Rodriguez M, Almonacid M, Ferrari MJ, Romero R, Antona A, Rivas MD, de La Fuente M, Pérez-Gómez B, Pollán M. SARS-CoV-2 surveillance strategy in essential workers of the Madrid City Council during the first epidemic wave in Spain, March-July 2020. Occup Environ Med 2022; 79:295-303. [PMID: 34599009 PMCID: PMC8492183 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2021-107654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study prevalence of infection in essential workers of Madrid City Council by occupation, related characteristics, use of protective devices, risk perception, and main concerns about COVID-19 during lockdown. METHODS A total of 30 231 workers were PCR tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Information was collected on COVID-19-related symptoms, risk factors, preventive equipment, and risk perception. The crude prevalence was calculated for infection, use of protective devices, perceived risk and main concerns. Additionally, adjusted prevalence and prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated for these variables using logistic regression models with age, gender, occupation, epidemiological week and laboratory as confounding factors. RESULTS Overall prevalence of infection was 3.2% (95% CI 3.0% to 3.4%), being higher among policemen (4.4%) and bus drivers (4.2%), but lower among emergency healthcare personnel, firefighters, food market workers and burial services (<2%). Lower excess risk was observed in workers reporting occupational contact with COVID-19 cases only (PR=1.42; 95% CI 1.18 to 1.71) compared with household exposure only (PR=2.75; 95% CI 2.32 to 3.25). Infection was more frequent in symptomatic workers (PR=1.28; 95% CI 1.11 to 1.48), although 42% of detected infections were asymptomatic. Use of facial masks (78.7%) and disinfectants (86.3%) was common and associated with lower infection prevalence (PRmasks=0.68; 95% CI 0.58 to 0.79; PRdisinfectants=0.75; 95% CI 0.61 to 0.91). Over 50% of workers felt being at high risk of infection and worried about infecting others, yet only 2% considered quitting their work. CONCLUSIONS This surveillance system allowed for detecting and isolating SARS-CoV-2 cases among essential workers, identifying characteristics related to infection and use of protective devices, and revealing specific needs for work-safety information and psychological support.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jovita Fernandez-Pinero
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA, CSIC), Valdeolmos, Comunidad de Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Beatriz Pérez-Gómez
- National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERESP, Madrid, Comunidad de Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Pollán
- National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERESP, Madrid, Comunidad de Madrid, Spain
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Neckel A, Korcelski C, Silva LFO, Kujawa HA, Bodah BW, Figueiredo AMR, Maculan LS, Gonçalves AC, Bodah ET, Moro LD. Metals in the soil of urban cemeteries in Carazinho (South Brazil) in view of the increase in deaths from COVID-19: projects for cemeteries to mitigate environmental impacts. Environ Dev Sustain 2022; 24:10728-10751. [PMID: 34658662 PMCID: PMC8502240 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-021-01879-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The increasing mortality of COVID-19 can aggravate soil contamination by metals, harmful to the health of the population, requiring new projects for future cemeteries capable of mitigating these impacts to the environment, justifying the importance of studying the concentrations of metals in the soil of urban cemeteries. The paper analyzed the levels of metals in the soil of urban cemeteries in the City of Carazinho, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, located in southern Brazil, considering the increase in deaths by COVID-19, for the purpose of future projects for cemeteries aimed at mitigating the impacts generated on the environment. The soils of the three urban cemeteries in Carazinho were sampled, with 5 internal and external points, with 3 repetitions at depths of 0-20 and 20-40 cm, adding 180 samples to measure the concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr and Pb (g kg-1), considering the analytical sequence: (1) analysis in triplicate with mean deviation (RDS); (2) R2 of the analytical curve; (3) traceability of the pattern of each metal; (4) quantification limit of each metal (QL), with the performance of nitroperchloric digestion of the samples and the determinations of metals by flame modality atomic absorption spectrometry. Quantitative data on deaths by COVID-19 were analyzed by univariate modeling of time series, in the integrated autoregressive moving averages model. The results of this study were made available to fifteen architects, who attributed future solutions for environmentally sustainable cemeteries. The results showed high levels of copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) in the soil of the cemeteries studied. Considering the increase in deaths and subsequent burials per COVID-19 revealed a prediction for the death toll of 6,082,306 for June 9, 2022, it is assumed that metal contamination can reach even higher levels. To mitigate these levels of contamination by metals, 80% of the architect respondents expressed their preference for a vertical cemetery, with treatment of gases and effluents to mitigate environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alcindo Neckel
- Faculdade Meridional (IMED), Rua Senador Pinheiro 304, Passo Fundo, RS 99070-220 Brazil
| | - Cleiton Korcelski
- Faculdade Meridional (IMED), Rua Senador Pinheiro 304, Passo Fundo, RS 99070-220 Brazil
| | - Luis F. O. Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of La Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55–66, Barranquilla, Atlántico Colombia
| | | | - Brian William Bodah
- Faculdade Meridional (IMED), Rua Senador Pinheiro 304, Passo Fundo, RS 99070-220 Brazil
- Thaines and Bodah Center for Education and Development, 840 South Meadowlark Lane, Othello, WA 99344 USA
| | | | | | - Affonso Celso Gonçalves
- Center of Agrarian Scienes, State University of Western Paraná - UNIOESTE, Rua Pernambuco, 1777, Centro, Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR 85960-000 Brazil
| | - Eliane Thaines Bodah
- Thaines and Bodah Center for Education and Development, 840 South Meadowlark Lane, Othello, WA 99344 USA
- State University of New York, Onondaga Community College, 4585 West Seneca Turnpike, Syracuse, NY 13215 USA
| | - Leila Dal Moro
- Faculdade Meridional (IMED), Rua Senador Pinheiro 304, Passo Fundo, RS 99070-220 Brazil
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Alishaq M, Jeremijenko A, Nafady-Hego H, Al Ajmi JA, Elgendy M, Thomas AG, Coyle PV, Elgendy H, Abou-Samra AB, Butt AA. SARS-CoV-2 PCR and antibody positivity among school staff at the beginning and end of the first school term. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2070. [PMID: 34763694 PMCID: PMC8582235 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is controversy regarding the role of in-person attendance in schools and transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Several studies have demonstrated no increase in transmission, while some have reported large outbreaks with in-person attendance. We determined the incidence and risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection among school staff after one school term. Methods Nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR and blood for SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing were obtained from staff at a large international school in Qatar at the beginning of the 2020–2021 school year and repeated at the end of the first term. Results A total of 376 staff provided samples for testing. At the beginning of the 2020–2021 school year, the PCR positivity for SARS-CoV-2 was 13%, while seropositivity was 30.1%. A majority of those who tested positive either by PCR or serologically, were non-teaching staff. At the end of the first school term four months later, only 3.5% of the initially antibody-negative staff had seroconverted. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, male gender (OR 11.48, 95%CI 4.77–27.64), non-teaching job category (OR 3.09, 95%CI 1.10–8.64), contact with a confirmed case (OR 20.81, 95%CI 2.90–149.18), and presence of symptoms in the preceding 2 weeks [1–2 symptoms OR 4.82, 95%CI 1.79–12.94); ≥3 symptoms OR 42.30, 95%CI 3.76–476.43) independently predicted SARS-CoV-2 infection in school staff before school starting. Conclusion Male gender, non-teaching job, presence of symptoms, and exposure to a confirmed case were associated with higher risk of infection. These data can help policymakers in determining the optimal strategy for school reopening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moza Alishaq
- Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hanaa Nafady-Hego
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Elgendy
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sains of Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Hamed Elgendy
- Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Medicine and Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Anesthesia Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abdul-Badi Abou-Samra
- Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Medicine and Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adeel A Butt
- Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar. .,Department of Medicine and Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. .,Anesthesia Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt. .,Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
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Alishaq M, Jeremijenko A, Al-Kanaani Z, Nafady-Hego H, Jboor DH, Saba R, Al-Ajmi J, Alansari NA, Thomas AG, Fareh SB, Vinoy S, Nooh M, Alanzi N, Abou-Samra AB, Butt AA. Prevalence and risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection and seroprevalence among clinical and non-clinical staff in a national healthcare system. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257845. [PMID: 34591920 PMCID: PMC8483404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While many studies have reported the rate and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers (HCWs), there are scant data regarding the impact of employment type and job grades upon such risk. METHODS We determined the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection based on a positive nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) PCR among employees of a large national healthcare system. Antibody testing was performed on those who agreed to provide a blood sample. Using logistic regression analysis, we determined the risk of infection (PCR+) associated with demographic characteristics, job family and job grade. RESULTS We identified 35,075 staff (30,849 full-time, 4,226 outsourced) between March 1-October 31, 2020. Among full-time employees, 78.0% had a NPS (11.8% positive). Among outsourced staff, 94.4% had a NPS (31.1% positive). Antibody testing was performed on 33.9% full-time employees (13.0% reactive), and on 39.1% of the outsourced staff (47.0% reactive). PCR-positivity was higher among outsourced staff (31.0% vs. 18.3% in non-clinical and 9.0% in clinical full-time employees) and those in the low-grade vs. mid-grade and high-grade job categories. Male sex (OR 1.88), non-clinical job family (OR 1.21), low-grade job category (OR 3.71) and being an outsourced staff (OR 2.09) were associated with a higher risk of infection. CONCLUSION HCWs are a diverse population with varying risk of infection. Clinical staff are at a lower risk likely due to increased awareness and infection prevention measures. Risk is higher for those in the lower socioeconomic strata. Infection is more likely to occur in non-healthcare setting than within the healthcare facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hanaa Nafady-Hego
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Abdul-Badi Abou-Samra
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Doha Qatar and New York NY, United States of America
| | - Adeel Ajwad Butt
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Doha Qatar and New York NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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